FANR FINAL EXAM
If immigration is 35, emigration is 15, the birth rate is 35, and the death rate is 20 (each per 1000 people), what is the percentage growth rate for this country? a. 0.5% b. 5.0% c. 35% d. 3.5%
3.5%
the population of earth is projected to reach approximately what level by 2050? a. 70 billion b. 700 million c. 7 billion d. 9 billion e. 900 billion
9 billion
Loam soils are the most productive for agricultural cultivation. What percent sand does a loam soil usually possess? a. <25% b. Between 25% and 75% c. >75% d. Loams do not contain sand.
Between 25% and 75%
You are shopping for fertilizer at the local gardening center. The numbers on the bag are 28-10-14. These represent the percentage by weight of which collection of elements? a. Na - P - C b. N - P - K c. K - C - S d. Sand - Silt - Clay
N-P-K
All invasive species are exotic, but not all exotic species are invasive. a) True b) False
a) True
Match the "Soilees" with their corresponding soil characteristics: a) Gritty = sand; Sticky = clay; Smoothy = silt b) Gritty = loam, Sticky = silt, Smoothy = sand c) Gritty = minerals, Sticky = humus, Smoothy = pore spaces d) Gritty = wind erosion; Sticky = gully erosion; Smoothy = water erosion e) Gritty = grumpy, Sticky = silly, Smoothy = fun
a) gritty = sand; sticky = clay; smoothy = silt
Which of the following biomes would be the least productive measured on annual biomass production per unit area? a. northern latitude, boreal forests b. estuaries c. algal beds and reefs d. tropical rain forests e. swamps and marshes
a) northern latitude, boreal forests
What percent of the surface water on earth is fresh water in liquid form? a. 1% or less b. 3% c. 30% d. 43%
a. 1% or less
This law ended market hunting in the United States. a. Lacey Act b. Weeks Act c. Endangered Species Act d. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) e. Pittman-Robertson Act
a. Lacey Act
Which of the following describes the process of photosynthesis? a. Solar energy + CO2 + H20 x C6H1206 + O2 b. Solar energy + CO2 + H2O x C6H1206 + ENERGY c. Solar energy + C6H12O6 + 02 x CO2 + H20 d. Solar energy + CO2 + O2 x C6H12O6 + O2
a. Solar energy + CO2 + H20 C6H1206 + O2
"Ecologists remind us that when we throw something away, there really is no "away". Waste remains in one form or another, forever." This is an application of the: a. The law of conservation of matter b. The second law of energy c. The competitive exclusion principle d. The first law of energy
a. The law of conservation of matter
In the Fish Conservation video called "End of the Line", the fishery stock that was depleted (primarily due to overfishing) in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada was a. Atlantic cod b. Striped bass c. Bluefin tuna d. Atlantic salmon e. B and C
a. atlantic cod
In the article Go Forth and Multiply a Lot Less from the Economist Magazine, we learned that the fertility rate in half of the world's countries today has fallen under 2.1 - the global "replacement fertility level". Which of the following was NOT discussed as a possible reason? a. Food shortages and famines b. Improved living standards c. Greater education of females d. Use of family planning and contraception e. None of the above
a. food shortages and famines
In the article Pennywise and Pound Fuelish, the impacts of changing the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards in the 1980s were discussed. Which of the following did NOT result from the higher CAFE standards? a. highway deaths decreased significantly b. average fuel mileage for passenger cars increased from 13 to 27 mpg c. sales of light trucks and SUVs increased d. people averaged driving more miles each year e. use of imported oil increased
a. highway deaths decreased significantly
substitution is most likely to occur when: a. the price of the good increases until it is no longer the least-cost combination b. a resource is publicly owned c. there is only one good suitable for the production process d. prices of the good and any substitutes remain stable
a. the price of the good increases until it is no longer the least cost combination
Georgia probably has had a higher deer population since 1980 than at any time since 1500. a. True b. False
a. true
Which of the following is NOT true of recreation on private lands? a) It often involves a larger fee than public land recreation. b) It is managed for a broad spectrum of users c) It is viewed as elitist. d) It provides more choices for users e) It provides economic opportunities for landowners.
b) It is managed for a broad spectrum of users
Why do we use lethal measures to control feral hog populations far more often than we do to control feral cat populations? a) Lethal measures are more effective for controlling feral hogs than for controlling feral cats. b) The public is uncomfortable with the idea of using lethal measures on feral cats. c) Trap-neuter-release programs have proven effective for controlling feral cat populations. d) Feral hogs spread diseases while feral cats do not. e) Feral hogs pose a public health risk while feral cats do not.
b) The public is uncomfortable with the idea of using lethal measures on feral cats.
Hunting is an example of a) a consumptive, activity-based form of recreation b) a consumptive, resource-based form of recreation c) a non-consumptive, activity-based form of recreation d) a non-consumptive, resource-based form of recreation
b) a consumptive, resource-based form of recreation
The greatest potential for adverse environmental effects from pesticides involves: a) impacts on the climate that could accelerate global warming b) contamination of the hydrologic (water) system by pesticides and/or their byproducts c) allow higher human populations through control of diseases such as malaria d) development of resistance in pests contamination of food by pesticide residues
b) contamination of the hydrologic (water) system by pesticides and/or their byproducts
Which type of outdoor recreation activities have been on the rise over the past 30 years? a) consumptive activities b) non-consumptive activities
b) non-consumptive activities
What is the definition of a consumptive use of water? a. After use, the water is returned to surface waters (river, stream, etc.) b. After use, the water is found in the atmosphere (evaporation, etc.)
b. After use, the water is found in the atmosphere (evaporation, etc.)
Which of the following is the best definition of wildlife management? a. Planned use, protection, and control of wildlife by the application of ecological principles b. Art and science of making decisions and taking actions to manipulate habitat, wildlife, and people to achieve human goals
b. Art and science of making decisions and taking actions to manipulate habitat, wildlife, and people to achieve human goals
The greatest consumptive use of water in the United States is for which use? a. Drinking and cooking b. Cooling electricity generating plants c. Hydropower d. Waste disposal e. Transportation
b. Cooling electricity generating plants
During winter, elk will move from open habitat at high elevations to forests at lower elevations to avoid the effects of strong winds and heavy snow. When spring arrives, elk will move back to higher elevations as snow recedes. Which term below describes this type of animal movement? a. Dispersal b. Migration c. Immigration d. Emigration
b. Migration
Compared to 1900, the land area covered by forests in the southern United States has: a. Declined significantly b. Remained essentially unchanged c. Increased rapidly
b. Remained essentially unchanged
Which of the following is not a role of a consulting forester in working with a forest landowner client? a. Performing an inventory of the timber on the property and writing a management plan b. Setting management objectives for the client c. Mark trees to be cut or sale boundary lines prior to offering timber for sale d. Inspecting the work of contractors on the property to ensure contract compliance e. Helping to regenerate the forest after harvest
b. Setting management objectives for the client
Economists are nearly unanimous in agreeing that the most economically efficient way to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the United States and spur innovation to find substitutes would be: a. a cap & trade system regulating CO2 emissions b. a direct tax on fossil fuel use c. subsidies for research into alternatives d. a higher fuel mileage standard for automobiles e. mandating the use of renewable for electricity production
b. a direct tax on fossil fuel use
Which marine turtle is reliant on the southeastern USA for its only major Atlantic rookery? a. Kemp's Ridley b. Atlantic loggerheads c. Flatback d. Hawksbill e. Green
b. atlantic loggerheads
Drought frequency and severity as measured by the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index has increased significantly for the Southeast over the past century. a. True b. False
b. false
Of the following users of pesticides, which one tends to apply them with the least training and is least likely to safely handle them? a. forest managers b. homeowners c. row crop farmers d. golf courses
b. homeowners
Which is NOT a drawback of solar power: a) It is intermittent and unreliable b) It requires water to keep panels clean c) Drought can negatively impact power generation d) It is land intensive e) It requires mining minerals used for power storage
c) Drought can negatively impact power generation
As a consumer or homeowner using pesticides, what is the most important thing you can do to use these products safely? a) Always consider weather conditions before application b) Mix only the amount needed for application c) Read and follow the label instructions d) Take steps to ensure that you are protected during application e) None of the above
c) Read and follow the label instructions
Which of the following regulatory measures proved successful in controlling acid deposition? a) command-and-control regulations b) taxing emitters c) a cap-and-trade system d) banning harmful products
c) a cap-and-trade system
Kudzu is an example of a) a native, intentionally introduced, invasive species b) a native, intentionally introduced, ornamental species. c) an exotic, intentionally introduced, invasive species d) an exotic, accidentally introduced, invasive species
c) an exotic, intentionally introduced, invasive species
The public's awareness of an invasive species occurs when the species becomes abundant and difficult to control. Management action to control invasive species should be proactive and implemented before an invasive species becomes abundant. Which of the following is the correct management scheme used for this action: a) adaptive environmental assessment and management (AEAM) b) trap, neuter, and release (TNR) c) early detection and rapid response (EDRR) d) proactive, active, reactive response (PARR) e) best management practices (BMP)
c) early detection and rapid response (EDRR)
The loss of a species from a local area or from part of its range is called: a) mass extinction b) extinction c) extirpation d) invasive e) endangerment
c) extirpation
The primary reason why most of America's coal currently comes from Wyoming is: a) it is closer to coal-using power plants b) it is easier to extract c) it is lower in sulfur d) it is lower in carbon e) the passage of the Clean Water Act
c) it is lower in sulfur
In the outdoor recreation context, carrying capacity is defined by two factors: a) resource-based and activity-based carrying capacity b) consumptive and non-consumptive carrying capacity c) social and ecological carrying capacity d) educational and regulatory carrying capacity
c) social and ecological carrying capacity
Georgia has a significant number of streams where "intersex" fish are found. What chemicals are suspected of causing this situation? a. Diet pills to reduce weight quickly b. Statin drugs to reduce cholesterol c. Estrogen-based birth control pills d. Herbicides e. Nitrogen-based fertilizers
c. Estrogen-based birth control pills
Recently, a fire in Yosemite National Park has threatened the Hetch Hetchy reservoir, which serves as the municipal water source for San Francisco. In the early 1900s, when San Francisco proposed to build this reservoir, which two early environmental activists came into conflict over the proposal? a. Teddy Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot b. Aldo Leopold and Gifford Pinchot c. John Muir and Gifford Pinchot d. Albert Gore Jr. and Aldo Leopold e. John Muir and Aldo Leopold
c. John Muir and Gifford Pinchot
Who owns most of the forestlands in the eastern United States? a. Forest industry (Weyerhaeuser, Georgia-Pacific, etc) b. Public (US Forest Service, states, etc) c. Private individuals such as members of your own family d. Environmental groups (Nature Conservancy, Audubon Society, etc)
c. Private individuals such as members of your own family
This type of water pollution can be a consequence of natural or human activities often resulting in habitat destruction, filled reservoirs, and clogged electric turbines. a. DDT b. Mercury c. Sedimentation d. Pharmaceuticals e. Excessive nutrients
c. Sedimentation
How does an animal's home range differ from its territory? a. Home range is smaller than territory. b. Home range is defended by the animal and maintained by marking. c. The territory is defended, and the animal excludes others of the same species from it. d. Home range includes the area over which the animal travels each day.
c. The territory is defended, and the animal excludes others of the same species from it.
According to the video "The End of the Line," fish farming... a. is good because it is sustainable b. is good because it provides jobs c. is bad because it kills more fish than it produces d. is bad because it produces fish that don't taste as good as wild-caught fish e. A and B
c. is bad because it kills more fish than it produces
All of the following are examples of externalities EXCEPT: a) air pollution emitted from your car b) recreational opportunities in a national forest c) monopolies d) aesthetics e) endangered species
c. monopolies
All of the energy in an ecosystem originally came from a. the soil b. the food chain c. the sun d. the energy pyramid e. the wind
c. the sun
Which of the following is an accurate list of the stated objectives of the Multiple Use Sustained Yield policy in National Forests? a. timber, grazing, recreation, wildlife, and mining b. timber, grazing, mining, wildlife, and fishing c. timber, grazing, recreation, wildlife, and water d. timber, recreation, wildlife, mining, and air e. timber, grazing, recreation, wildlife, and fishing
c. timber, grazing, recreation, wildlife, and water
Wildlife needs food, cover, and water to survive. Which of these is typically not a limiting factor in the eastern United States? a. Cover b. Food c. Water d. A and B e. B and C
c. water
Before adding lime or fertilizer to your soil, what step should you take first? a. obtain a permit from EPA b. inform your neighbors c. wait until after first frost d. collect a soil sample and have it tested for the plants you plan to grow e. wear eye and skin protection including rubber gloves
collect a soil sample and have it tested for the plants you plan to grow
What is the most important concept to follow in preventing soil erosion? a. do not over water b. cover the soil c. minimize tillage d. do not apply too much fertilizer e. use herbicides responsibly
cover the soil
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding efficiency and equity? a) Efficiency and equity can be difficult to calculate or measure. b) Equity involves an assessment of fairness. c) Efficiency occurs when consumer demands are met using the available resources. d) An efficient outcome is the same as an equitable outcome. e) Efficiency and equity are both fundamental objectives of an economy.
d) An efficient outcome is the same as an equitable outcome.
Each of the following factors make a species vulnerable to endangerment or extinction EXCEPT: a) low reproductive rates b) specialized habitat needs c) competitors d) ability to migrate e) vulnerability to disease and parasites
d) ability to migrate
Recycling is requires: a) labor b) water c) energy d) all of the above e) A and C only
d) all of the above
Which of the following are environmental impacts of outdoor recreation that we can minimize by using the Leave No Trace principles? a) widening trails b) expanding fire-rings c) soil compaction d) all of the above e) A and B only
d) all of the above
Restricted pesticides differ from general pesticides in which of the following ways? a. They are less expensive. b. Restricted pesticides require a pesticide applicators license when purchased. c. They are more likely to be persistent or be potentially hazardous to applicators. d. B&C e. All of the above
d) b&c
Carrying capacity is defined as: a) the number of species that a community can support b) the ability of a human population to feed and clothe itself c) the number of times Todd Gurley ran the ball against Alabama in 2012 d) the number of organisms that an ecosystem can support
d) the number of organisms that an ecosystem can support
The environmental impact of one child in the more developed countries (MDC) is how much greater than one child in the less developed countries (LDC)? a. 2X b. 5X c. 10X d. >20X
d. >20X
He is often called the father of wildlife management. a. Theodore Roosevelt b. John Muir c. Gifford Pinchot d. Aldo Leopold e. Phil Robertson
d. Aldo Leopold
Given that deer are polygamous animals (one buck breeds many does), which of the following deer harvest management approaches would make sense to reduce the size of a deer herd? a. Harvest only a few large-antlered bucks b. Not allow harvesting of does c. Permit harvesting of only young bucks d. Encourage the harvesting of many does and restrict the harvest of bucks e. All of the above are useful for this goal
d. Encourage the harvesting of many does and restrict the harvest of bucks
Of the following threats to marine turtles, what poses the most significant threat in the southeastern United States? a. Disease b. Marine debris c. Nesting beach development and lighting d. Fisheries bycatch and boating interactions e. Direct take of turtles or eggs by people or animals
d. Fisheries bycatch and boating interactions
Of the following sources of water pollution, indicate the one that is considered nearly irreversible a. Nutrients from a suburban lawn that received too much fertilizer b. Thermal effluent from a nuclear power plant c. Pesticide runoff from a cotton field d. Introduction of an invasive aquatic species e. All of the above
d. Introduction of an invasive aquatic species
A group of organisms that look alike and can actually or potentially interbreed is called a a. Community b. Genus c. Ecosystem d. Species
d. Species
The term wildlife is best defined by which of the following statements? a. Birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, feral animals, fin fish b. Birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, cattle, insects c. Only terrestrial mammals d. Terrestrial vertebrates that are not domesticated or cultivated
d. Terrestrial vertebrates that are not domesticated or cultivated
A clear, clean-looking stream could still be contaminated with what type(s) of pollution? a. chemical b. physical c. biological d. all of the above e. A and C only
d. all of the above
In which of the following ways does urbanization alter the biology of streams? a. increases the size and frequency of peak stream flows b. increases the concentration of toxic substances c. increases the concentration of nutrients d. all of the above e. B and C only
d. all of the above
The tendency of toxic materials to be found in higher concentrations in the tissues of animals higher up in the food chain is termed: a. toxic accumulation b. the toxicity pyramid c. bioaccumulation d. biomagnification
d. biomagnification
If two species occupy the same ecological niche, one will drive the other to extinction. This is known as: a. environmental resistance b. law of conservation of habitats c. carrying capacity d. competitive exclusion principle e. law of environmental intolerance
d. competitive exclusion principle
The "benchmark streams" used by government agencies as examples of clean streams in Georgia typically have a lot of which type of landscape cover in their watersheds? a. Agriculture b. Residential development c. Industrial sites d. Forests
d. forests
Consider the following population pyramid for Japan in 2013. Which of the following statements below are NOT supported by the graph? - http://i40.tinypic.com/aclz4.png a. Women over age 75 outnumber men. b. The number of teenage girls and boys are roughly equal. c. The country has many more people past child bearing years than entering them. d. It is a typical pyramid for a growing population. e. The birth rate has fallen since 1990.
d. it is a typical pyramid for a growing population
which of the following is a renewable resource? a. Granite mined in Elbert County for countertops and grave markers b. Coal mined from West Virginia and used to make electricity in Orlando, FL c. Kaolin clay mined in Johnson County, Georgia used to make bathroom fixtures d. Pine trees harvested for building products, pulp, and energy near Waycross e. None of the above
d. pine trees harvested for building products, pulp, and energy near Waycross
On August 28, 2005 Hurricane Katrina struck the coast of Louisiana and Mississippi as a Category 3 hurricane. Many acres of forests in the area were lying on the ground the next day. Many of those sites were allowed to regenerate naturally and today support healthy forests. This is an example of: a. competitive exclusion principle b. law of conservation of matter c. primary succession d. secondary succession e. exponential growth rates
d. secondary succession
The Weeks Act passed in 1911 allowed the US Forest Service to purchase privately owned land to add to the National Forest System. This allowed them to greatly expand the system primarily in which regions? a. Alaska b. Pacific Northwest (WA, OR, CA) c. Maine d. the eastern states e. New Mexico and Arizona
d. the eastern states
Of the following activities, which actions are considered to be a "take" of an endangered species according to the Endangered Species Act? a) trap/capture b) harass by getting very close to take a photograph c) hunt/shoot d) destroying their habitat e) All of the above
e) All of the above
When one recreational user is more affected by a conflict than the other party to the conflict, we say that the conflict is: a) Urban b) Consumptive c) Resource-based d) Activity-based e) Asymmetrical
e) Asymmetrical
Which of the following is NOT true of the Endangered Species Act of 1973? a) It will be enforced no matter what the economic cost is b) It applies to private citizens and corporations c) It applies to the federal government d) It protects species that do not occur in the United States e) It only protects vertebrate and invertebrate species
e) It only protects vertebrate and invertebrate species
Which of the following is a tool employed by public land managers to minimize the impacts of outdoor recreation? a) permits b) education c) restoration areas d) user fees e) all of the above
e) all of the above
The leading cause of species endangerment is: a) pollution b) overexploitation c) disease d) exotic species e) habitat degradation
e) habitat degradation
Thermal pollution (increased water temperature) has which of the following effects? a. Reduces dissolved oxygen in water b. Higher temperatures can kill organisms c. Warmer water benefits some fish or marine life during summer months d. All of the above e. A and B only
e. A and B only
Recreational ocean fishing today typically has size limits that are known as "slots". For example, spotted sea trout currently must be at least 15 inches long but no more than 24 inches long to be kept in one Gulf Coast state. Why do these work better than simply a minimum size limit to keep? a. Recreational fishermen are not interested in keeping large fish. b. It protects older, larger fish that are key to reproductive success for nearly all species. c. Smaller fish need to be protected until they can breed in significant numbers. d. It prevents "fishing down the chain". e. Both B and C
e. Both B and C
Which of the following statements are true about deer over-browsing of vegetation in an ecosystem? a. It can result in the complete failure of forest regeneration. b. It can increase the diversity of plant species in the ecosystem. c. Undesirable and invasive species often benefit from it. d. All of the above. e. Only A and C are correct.
e. Only A and C are correct.
Which of the following components is required for a site to be classified as a wetland? a. Hydric soils - soils that show signs of frequent saturation or inundation b. Hydrophytic plants - plants present that are adapted for hydric soils c. Hydrology - frequency and extent of flooding or saturation d. Enrollment in the Wetlands Reserve Program. e. A, B, and C are correct
e. a, b, & c are correct
White-tailed deer are found from South America to the Canadian boreal forest. This suggests that this animal is a. Limited in its ability to adapt b. A generalist rather than a specialist in its use of habitat c. Unlikely to become endangered d. Able to coexist well with human populations e. All but A
e. all but A
Which of the following regeneration systems would produce an even-aged forest? a. Clearcuts b. Selection cuts c. Shelterwood cuts d. Seed-tree cuts e. All but B
e. all but B
Which one of the following is a reason that a landowner would commonly harvest timber? a. To improve forest health. b. To improve habitat for certain wildlife species. c. To reduce income taxes. d. To generate revenue to help pay forest management expenses. e. All but C
e. all but C
As demonstrated by the Acme Concrete Company during our economics review lecture, when businesses take entrepreneurial risks, _________ can be the result. a. increased profits b. decreased costs c. benefits for consumers d. benefits for the environment e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Excessive nutrient loads in streams are one form of water pollution. What are some sources of these? a. Untreated sewage b. Manures c. Detergents d. Fertilizers e. All of the above
e. all of the above
Soils contain which of the following components?: a. dead and living organic matter b. minerals c. air d. water e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Some species of cave-roosting bats found in Georgia are threatened by human activities. What are some actions that should be taken to protect these creatures? a. Maintain air flow into and through the cave b. Limit disturbance (entry into cave) during susceptible periods c. Try to maintain cave humidity and temperature levels d. Remove all trash, including human waste, associated with visits to the cave e. All of the above.
e. all of the above
Which of the following factors impact the effectiveness and risk of using pesticides? a. concentration rate b. environmental conditions (wind, rainfall, temperature, season) c. application method d. frequency of application e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following pose challenges to the management and protection of marine turtles? a. They are long lived animals b. Individual populations nest on specific beaches c. They roam the oceans during their lives across jurisdictions of multiple nations d. They are inadvertently caught by commercial fishing fleets in international waters e. All of the above
e. all of the above
Why is Alaska considered to be an example of a well-managed fishery? a. The fleet size is matched with the resources. b. The fishing policy is determined by science and catch limits are closely monitored c. The fishery is well below the maximum sustainable yield d. The average exploitation rate is 10%. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Governments intervene in the economy when a. the economy is meeting social objectives b. there is an inequitable distribution of income c. there is imperfect competition d. there is imperfect knowledge e. all of the above except for (a)
e. all of the above except for (a)
Which of the following is not a key concept of no-till agriculture? a. maximize biodiversity - plant a variety of crops b. minimize tillage - use herbicides instead c. add organic matter by using mulch and leaving crop residues in the field d. keep the soil covered e. use only heirloom seeds that have not been genetically improved
e. use only heirloom seeds that have not been genetically improved
prior to 1900 in the US, our approach to land management can best be described as: a. preservation of natural resources b. protection of wildlife c. environmental activism d. exploitation for human wants and needs
exploitation for human wants and needs
A production possibility frontier is a good way to visualize: a. the equilibrium price b. the supply curve c. the demand curve d. equity or fairness e. opportunity cost or trade-offs
opportunity cost or trade-offs
As countries undergo demographic transition, they generally pass through each of the following four phases (in chronological order): a. transitional, pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial b. pre-industrial, transitional, industrial, and post-industrial c. pre-industrial, industrial, transitional, and post-industrial d. pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial, and transitional
pre-industrial, transitional, industrial, and post-industrial
The "Tragedy of the Commons" often occurs when a resource is: a. publicly owned b. privately owned c. limited to users who have a permit d. regulated by the government e. used by John Stossel
publicly owned
The humus layer provides several benefits to a soil. Which is NOT a benefit?: a. reduced erodibility b. increased macropore space c. increased biodiversity in soil microfauna d. reduced water retention e. reduced leaching of nutrients
reduced water retention
Which president signed most of the major laws that guide our government regulation of environmental protection today? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Warren Harding c. Franklin Roosevelt d. Theodore Roosevelt e. Richard Nixon
richard nixon
