Feline Navle Questions
Fleet enemas are composed of what? Tx?
*Phosphate* *Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia* CS: muscle weakness, seizures Tx: fluids, calcium gluconate, phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide)
Lymphoma caused by FeLV peaks at what age groups?
1-3 years 7-8 years Multicentric* (generalized lymphadenopathy) Mediastinal*** (dyspnea) Extranodal (ocular, cutaneous, renal)
Tx plan for ethylene glycol toxicity
1. Decrease absorption (induce vomiting +/- gastric lavage, activated charcoal) 2. Diuresis: IV fluids 3. Correct metabolic acidosis: add bicarbonate to IV fluids 4. Prevent metabolism: 4-MP (<3 hours), ethanol (>3 hours) *Oliguric renal failure: hemodialysis
What are the core vaccines for cats?
1. Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1) 2. Feline panleukopenia (FPV) 3. Feline calivirus (FCV) = FVRCP (rabies (canarypox, YEARLY), FeLV)
When is declawing appropriate?
1. Poses a zoonotic risk 2. Multiple attempts to control destructive scratching have been made
PE findings of HCM
1. Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve 2. Aortic thromboembolism (secondary to stasis in dilated LA) 3. Tachycardia 4. Systolic murmur 5. Pulmonary edema, +/- pleural effusion
FeLV causes what 4 main syndromes
1. immune suppression-- secondary infections (viral, resp, stomatitis, etc) 2. myleosuppression (infects BM)-- non-regenerative anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia 3. neoplasia-- lymphoma 4. neurological disease (RARE)
Rule of 3 for injection site fibrosarcoma
1. increase in size more than 1 month post injection 2. >2cm diameter 3. persists for more than 3 months post vaccination
To increase the PCV 1%, what mg/ml packed RBCs should you do? Fresh whole blood?
1mL/kg to raised the PCV by 1% 2mL/kg
Dental formula for cat
2 (I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1) Total: 30
TOC for heliobacter infection
2 Abx: amoxicillin + metronidazole 1 H2 blocker: famotidine
Length of interestrus interval?
2-3 weeks
Which diabetes is MC in cats?
20% Type 1 (insulin dependent), 80% Type 2 Male neutered, obese
When does the placenta take over in progesterone secretion during pregnancy?
25-30 days gestation
CS and signalment of feline panleukopenia? Tx?
3-4 month old kittens (unvaccinated) High fever, dehydration, severe fetid diarrhea, vomiting (similar to canine parvovirus) Tx: IV fluids (K+), broad spectrum Abx (ampicillin), NPO, then bland diet, antiemetics (maropitant) BLEACH kills, ISOLATE
MC location for feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions
307 and 407; first premolars Abnormal formation of cementum--> *cemental resorption* Very painful Take dental radiographs (lesions may be internal) Diets high in vitamin D, low in Ca/P/K/Mg Tx: *alendronate* bisphosphage-- inhibits deminerlization of bone, removal affected teeth, avoid excessive vitamin D
Length of estrus
7-9 days
What percentage of mammary tumors are malignant in cats?
80-90% (BAD); MC: adencarcinoma (dog: 50%)
Spaying cats before their first heat reduces risk of mammary tumors by how much?
91% (dog: 99.9%)
Predilection for feline asthema
<10 years old, urban areas Siamese, Himalayan Cough, dyspnea, wheezing Dx: rads (bronchial), TTW**
Mammary tumor <2 cm what is median survival time? >3cm?
<2cm= 3 years >3cm= 6 months Dx: excisional biopsy
CS associated with cholecalciferol toxicity
=vitamin D3 rodenticide Leads to hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia which can calcify tissues (GI, myocardium, kidneys)
Signalment of hyperthyroidism
>10 years old Valentine heart (HCM)= *concentric hypertrophy* Ravenous appetite with weight loss, hypertension (>180 mm Hg), tachycardia Excess T3 & T4 due to *adenomatous hyperplasia* Bilateral
HW test of choice for cats
ANTIBODY *Antigen* test detects *female* heartworms-- MALES (spindle tail) more common in cats Aberrant migration MC in cats (CNS, ocular) 1-7 worms total LOW or transient microfilaria
Drug combo of choice for declaw?
Ace, midazolam, morphine, and digital local blocks with bupivicaine Post operative pain management is VITAL
In diabetes mellitus, what may cause insulin resistance?
Acromegaly (Increased GH--pituitary adenoma) Increased glucagon Obesity
PU/PD/PP with weight GAIN in unregulated diabetic strongly suggests what?
Acromegaly-- pituitary adenoma--increased GH (somatotropin) Mandibular prognathism Tx: external beam radiation
CS associated with Easter or Tiger lily toxicity
Acute vomiting, tremors, ataxia, and abdominal pain followed by fatal renal failure
MC feline mammary tumor
Adenocarcinoma (90% malignant) Mets: lungs, LNs (80% metastasize) Siamese 2X more likely
Where should rabies and FeLV vaccines be given?
Adjuvant associated Rabies: low on RH FeLV: low on LH
Feline lungworm
Aelurostronglyus abstrusus IH: slugs, snail (L3) Paratenic host: small mammals Dx: fecal baerman Tx: ivermectin, fenbendazole
MC type of lymphoma in cats?
Alimentary and FeLV negative Tx: prednisolone + chlorambucil
Injection site fibrosarcoma
Aluminum adjuvant-- rabies, FeLV Dx: incisional biopsy for staging, thoracic rads (mets)
Why is placing a penrose drain in a cat bite abscess so important?
Anaerobic bacteria (+ Pasteurella) predominate, if the wound closes they will multiply Abx: cefovecin (convenia)
Hookworm of cats? Routes of infection?
Ancylostoma tubaeforme Skin penetration, transmammary*, transplacental, ingestion Blood suckers
Sequela of FeLV
Anemia Leukemia Lymphoma Myleodysplasia (BM suppression)
MC cause of cataracts in cats
Anterior uveitis
What is metoclopramide?
Anti-emetic and prokinetic MOA: dopamine antagonist
Test of choice for HW disease in cats?
Antibody Negative antigen test common: low worm burden, male only infection, early infection, or HARDs
Tx of CKD
Appetite stimulants Anti-emetics K+ supplementation FLUIDS Amlodipine (hypertension) Phosphorus binders Renal diet (phosphorus restricted)
What is mirtazapine?
Appetite stimulation and anti-emetic MOA: increases NE (appetite), serotonin antagonist (anti-emetic)
Cholangiohepatitis is typically due to what?
Ascending infection or immune mediated destruction of liver Triaditis: pancreatitis, cholangiohepatitis, IBD CS: icterus Elevated WBC, *elevated ALT/ALP/GGT*, elevated bilirubin
CS of ethylene glycol toxicity
Ataxia, stuporus, PU/PD Calcium oxalate crystals Dx: ethylene glycol test kit
Tx of organophosphate poisoning
Atropine first, then 2-PAM (pralidoxime chloride) (in that order!)
TOC for cryptosporidium
Azithromycin
Clinical parameters of CKD
BUN/creatine/phosphorus increased, HYPOkalemia Normochormic, normocytic non-regenerative anemia Isostenuria, renal azotemia
Etiology of scratch scratch fever
Bartonella henselae (flea feces) Tx: doxycycline + flea preventative Humans: fever, malaise, pyogranulomatous lymphadenopathy (ZOONOTIC)
MC skin tumor of cats
Basal cell tumor (>90% benign) High mitotic rate-- still benign Firm, freely moveable, 2-4cm, well circumscribed Head, neck, shoulder
MC skin tumor of cats
Basal cell tumor (>90% benign) White cats= SCC (ears, ON nasal planum, eyelids)-- associated with UV light Dx: excisional biopsy Tx: sx removal Good prognosis w/ sx
CS associated with Toxoplasmosis?
Bilateral anterior uveitis, chorioretinitis, CNS signs, hepato-splenomeglay, and fever
How is FIV spread?
Bite (mean cat disease)
CS associate with warfarin toxicity
Bleeding Antagonizes vitamin K1 enzymes leading to deficency of 2, 7, 9, 10 clotting factors
Host of cytauxzoon felis?
Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
CS and lab findings with Cytauxzoon felis?
Bobcat, tick (dermacentor) Hemolytic anemia, icterus, marked pyrexia, cranial organomegaly (lungs, spleen, liver), pancytopenia, +/- DIC
Why is azathioprine contraindicated in cats?
Bone marrow suppression (chemotherapy agent/immune suppressive)
What drugs are involved with CHOP?
C: cyclophosphamide H: doxirubicin (nephrotoxic in cats) O: oncovin (vincristine) P: prednisone
What conditions may result from taurine deficiency?
CENTRAL retinal degeneration Dilated cardiomyopathy (eccentric hypertrophy of LV) Reproductive failure Growth retardation
CS of amitraz toxicity. Reversal?
CS: *lethargy*, bradycardia, V/D, PU/PD, hypothermia, ataxia Reversal: yohimbine, atipamazole
Why is amlodipine used for tx of hypertension?
Ca2+ channel blocker-- blocks Ca2+ influx into vascular smooth muscles, causing vasodilation
MC stones in cat's bladder
Calcium oxalte, struvite
What type of toxin do azaleas produce? What type of toxicity?
Cardiotoxic Andromedotoxins (grayanotoxins)
TOC for hyperextension injuries of carpal joint
Carpal athrodesis
What is high rise syndrome? TOC?
Cat falls from high places will land on all 4 feet but will hit mandible-- mandibular symphysis separation TOC: Circummandibular cerclage wire placed caudal to the lower canine teeth. Remove in 6 weeks.
Cat insulin is from what animal? Dog?
Cat: cow Dog: pig
Who is more prediposed to DM in cats and dogs?
Cat: neutered male Dog: spayed female
Explain the rationale behind cat blood typing.
Cats have naturally occurring antibodies against the blood type they don't have Type A has antibodies to B: less severe Type B has antibodies to A: FATAL hemolytic anemia Type AB: antibodies to neither (type A or AB)
Summary of Cheyletiella mites (walking dandruff)
Cats, rabbits, dogs Highly contagious Lives on stratum corneum (superficial) Causes scaling and crusting on dorsal surface Dx: acetate tape test, fecal exam (eggs), flea comb (large hooks) Tx: lime sulfur dips or flea products
What is the reticulocyte count have to be in cats and dogs to be considered regenerative?
Cats: 50,000 Dogs: 60,000
CS associated with bromethalin toxicity
Cats: paralysis, vestibular, ocular signs Dogs: seizures, paralysis Decreases ATP production in the CNS
Pre-natal exposure for feline parvovirus/panleukopenia causes what?
Cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal degeneration Virus or via MLV vaccine
What is maropitnant?
Cernia! Anti-emetic MOA: neurokinin 1 inhibitor Which decreases substance P in CNS
Inclusion body in the conjunctival scraping of a cat's eye suggests?
Chlamydia felis Basophillic elementary bodies
MC cause of EPI (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency)
Chronic pancreatitis
What chemotherapy agents are contraindicated in cats?
Cisplatin- fatal pulmonary edema (cats), nephrotoxic (dogs) 5-florouracil- neurotoxic Azathioprine- bone marrow suppression Doxorubicin- nephrotoxic
What should be told to pregnant women with cats who are concerned about Toxoplasmosis? If the cat is tested, what is the preferred result?
Clean litter box within 24 hours (oocysts take up to 3 days to sporulate), cook meat, wear gloves when gardening +: means the cat has been infected and has shed the virus already (only sheds virus once in life) People MC: ingestion of undercooked meat
Tx of Toxoplasmosis
Clindamycin
Examples of tricyclic antidepressants
Clomipramine and amitriptyline
Benzodiazepine derivatives
Clorazepate (Tranxene) and alprazolam (Xanax)
Cryptosporidium vs coccidia oocyts
Coccidia are bigger (10-40um) vs cryptosporidium (4-6um)
Etiology of FIP?
Coronavirus (mutates into evil form) Replicates in enterocytes, mutates, replicates in *macrophages* and distributed throughout the body causing *pyogranulmatous vasculitis* Not contagious, all cats have been exposed and only some cats develop the mutation
Pathophysiology of FIP
Coronavirus mutates into evil form causing an *Ab-Ag complex immune mediated* vasculitis-- effusions, necrosis, and *pyogranulomatous inflammation* Causes effusions (abdominal, thoracic), CNS signs, or anterior uveitis Progressive and fatal (high mortality)= GRAVE Transmission: fecal-oral (FCoV)
Etiology of Roman Nose
Cryptococcus (C. neoformans, C, gatti) *pigeon droppings* Mucopurulent to bloody nasal discharge, +/- lysis of nasal bones Dx: cytology of nasal exudate (narrow, budding, thin-walled yeasts surrounded by *clear capsules*) Tx: fluconazole
Dx of cryptococcus
Cytology of nasal exudate or CSF(yeast) Serology on serum, CSF, or urine (latex agglutination)
Dx of Demodex cati and Demodex gatoi
D. cati: deep skin scrape D. gatoi: acetate tape test Tx: lime sulfur dip, amitraz--TOXIC IN CATS, ivermectin
Difference between Demodex cati and Demodex gatoi
D. cati: long slender, lives in hair follicles, no pruritis D. gatoi: short, stubby, lives superficially, contagious and pruritic HOST SPECIFIC- not zoonotic
Mycoplasma hemofelia
DDx: PCR Tx: doxycyline + prednisolone
Tx of hemothorax
DO NOT REMOVE
How do glucocorticoids help in the tx of idiopathic hypercalcemia?
Decrease calcium by decreasing intestinal absorption, increasing renal excretion, and decreasing renal absorption
Feline acne
Deep pyoderma of the chin Tx: topical aseptic cleaning daily
CS associated with nasopharyngeal polyp
Depends on location Unilateral nasal discharge, vestibular signs, stritor/stertor, Horner's syndrome Sx excision, may regrow
What CS are associated with feline panleukopenia (parvovirus/distemper)?
Depression Dehydration Diarrhea Unvaccinated kittens Attacks rapidly dividing cells leading to gastroenteritis and BM suppression Profound leukopenia (500-3000 WBC/uL) Causes cerebellar hypoplasia and retinal degeneration in newborn kittens (transplacental)
Good injectable pre-med for cats? (kitty magic)
Dexmetodomidine or xylazine (x2 agonist) Butorphanol (opioid) Ketamine (dissociative) Meloxicam + Buprinomorphine for post-op pain
Acromegaly is associated with what diseases?
Diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, and renal disease
What medication is contraindicated in HCM patients?
Digitalis-- positive ionotrope (increases HR)
Tapeworms of cats?
Dipylidium caninum (flea) Tanenia taeniaformis (rodents) Tx: praziquantel (droncit)
Where is declawing performed? What is removed?
Distal interphalangeal ligament (onychectomy) P3 + nail
Definitive hosts for each of the following? Sarcocystis neurona S. cruzi S. hirsuta S. hominis
Dog Dog Cat Human
Esophagus straited muscle in the following: Dog Cat Horse
Dog: striated entire length Cat/Horse: striated proximal 2/3
Dx and Tx of eosinophillc granuloma complex
Dx: biopsy (eosinophills) Tx: oral prednisolone Females MC
What are the Dx and Tx of cytauxzoon felis?
Dx: schiozonts in macrophages and merozoites in RBCs Severe: blood transfusion, IV fluids, heparin (DIC), atovaquone 100% fatal
Mode of transmission of Capillaria plica (urinary worm)?
Earthworms
Pathognomic lesion in eye for herpesvirus/rhinotrachitis
Eosinophillic keratitis and corneal sequestrum 80-100% become CARRIERS
Type of placentation in the cat?
Epitheliochorial and zonary
Most important aspect of treating cat with hepatic lipidosis
Esophagostomy or nasograstric tube feeding*** IV fluids Neomycin and lactulose-- decrease hepatic encephalopathy Vitamin K1 L carnitine
New name of Capillaria aerophilus (lungworm)
Eucoleus aerophilus (A)
What is psychogenic alopecia?
Excessive grooming Alopecia on ventrum Dx: blunted hairs w/ normal skin
Toxoplasmosis is typically associated with what other disease?
FIV (immune suppression)
T/F: Cuterebra penetrate the skin
False-- *ingested* then undergo aberrant migration to skin, lung, or brain
Typical CS of hepatic lipidosis cat
Fat, anorexic, icteric
IMHA, while rare in cats, is usually associated with what disease?
FeLV
What can predipose cats to lymphoma?
FeLV (not GI form), FIV, IBD (GI), lymphocytic plasmacytic rhinits (nasal), herbicides, smoking Dx: FNA
How is Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosed?
Fecal baerman (L1 larva) Causes mucoid diarrhea and anemia in puppies and kittens Tx: fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate
Routes of transmission of feline panleukopenia (parvovirus/distemper)?
Feces, urine, and transplacental (cerebellar hypoplasia) Shed virus for 6 weeks after recovery
What are other names for feline panleukopenia? Etiology?
Feline distemper, feline parvovirus Etiology: Parvovirus (ss DNA)
What may cause hydrocephalus in cats?
Feline panleukopenia (in utero) Genetic (Siamese) Toxins Griseofulvin (in utero)
MC cause of miliary dermatitis
Flea allergy-- type 1 & 4 Back, face, neck
Tx of Cryptococcus
Fluconazole or itraconazole Dx: cytology of nasal exudate (narrow, budding, thin-walled yeasts surrounded by clear capsules)
What is unquie about feline pancreatic duct?
Fuses with common bile duct which opens at the major duodenal papilla
MOA of alprazolam (benzodiazepine behavior modifying drug)
GABA receptor potentiation
MOA of cisapride
GI motility enhancer
Cryptosporidium causes what?
Gastroenteritis in cats, dogs, foals, young ruminants, swine, and humans Dx: SUGAR flotation, direct smear with acid fast stain (carbonfuscien) ZOONOTIC, egg immediately sporulated and infective
What drugs are teratogenic to cats?
Glucs, griseofluvin, and FVRCP vaccine
MOA of ivermectin
Glutamate and GABA gated chloride channels (mammals are protected via p-glycoprotein (coded by MDR1 gene))
MC feline ovarian tumor
Granulosa cell tumor
Prognosis for unilateral facial nerve paralysis
Guarded-- typically progresses to other side PERMANENT Idiopathic*, polyp, neoplasia, trauma Tx: supportive
How to differentiate feline herpesvirus and calicivirus?
H: dendritic ulcers C: oral ulcerations
How do hyperthryoidism and kidney disease lead to retinal degeneration?
HYPERtension Retinal detachment Increased thickening of LV Tx: amlodipine (Ca2+ channel blocker)
What are trichobezoars?
Hairballs
Acetaminophen toxicity causes what?
Heinz body anemia, *methhemoglobinuria (chocolate brown blood/urine)*, hepatic necrosis, *facial and paw edema* GLUCORONYL TRANSFERASE Death 18-36 hours Tx: *N-acetylcystine (mucomyst)*, induce vomiting (<4 hours), IV fluids, SAMe (liver protectant) Poor prognosis: rising liver enzymes (ALP/ALT), methemoglobinemia >50%
Tx of thromboembolism
Heparin + analgesia Saddle thrombus-- poor prognosis
What type of diet should diabetic cats be on?
High protein, low carb
What is a feline traumatic sarcoma?
Hx of trauma--> pthisis bulbi, corneal edema, blind - menance or PLR MALIGNANT Tx: enucleation
Blood chemistry values in a cat with hepatic lipidiosis? Definitive diagnosis?
Hyperbilirubinemia, bilirubinuria *High ALT/ALP, normal GGT** U/S: HYPERechoic liver DD: liver biopsy floats in formalin or liver FNA (vacuolization of hepatocytes) Intrahepatic cholestasis
Clinical parameters of blocked cat
Hyperkalemia, acidosis (decreased pH & HCO3), post renal azotemia, hyperphosphatemia Hyperkalemia, bradycardia EMERGENCY!!! Tx: urethral catheterization, retropulsion if cannot pass catheter; urethrestomy (salvage) Bethanecol: contracts bladder after chronically distended bladder (parasympathetic like; contracts detrusor)
What disease typically masks renal disease in cats?
Hyperthyroidism-- check BUN/creatinine
Cat in congestive heart failure would have what CS?
Hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia
Risk factors associated with thyroidectomy?
Hypothyroidism, horner's syndrome, hypocalcemia, and laryngeal paralysis
TOC for cholecalciferol toxicity
IV saline, prednisone (decreases calcium)
What are causes of anterior uveitis in cats?
Idiopathic** FIP, FIV, FeLV, Fungal (Crypto), Toxo, Bartonella Neoplasia (lymphoma) Tx: topical steroids, oral steroids (- for infectious causes), atropine
What is the significane of measuring IgM and IgG in cases of Toxoplasma gondii infections?
IgM: increases in acute/active infections (>1:64) IgG: increases and stays increased for life (exposure) (paired titers) Ex: high IgM, high IgG= active infection
TOC for HCM
Increase *diastolic* filling, slow HR Beta blocker (atenolol) OR calcium channel blocker (diltiazem), low salt diet Failure: ace inhibitor (enalapril), Pull fluids off lungs (furosemide) Severe: oxygen, thoracocentesis (Diuretic, Diet, Dilator)
Dx of hyperthyroidism
Increased liver enzymes (ALT) Increased total T4** Increased free T4 T3 suppression: give T3, T4 does NOT suppress TRH stimulation Increased MCV (macrocytic)
Summary of Toxoplasma gondii
Ingestion of feces, infected meat (rat or insect), transmammary (sporulated oocyts) DH: cat (ingests IH) Associated with immune suppression from FIV, FeLV, etc Generalized, respiratory, and ocular signs Dx: 4X increase in serology titers 2-3 weeks apart (IgG), IgM (>1:64)
Polycystic kidney disease
Inherited conditions in *Persian Autosomal dominant*-- heterozygotes Dx: ultrasound Tx: fluids, low protein diet, famotidine, maropitant, and appetite stimulants (same as CKD) Blue smoke Persian: Chediak-Hijaskhi-- large granules in neutrophils
Shock dose of isotonic saline for cats? Colloids? Hypertonic saline?
Iso: 40-60 ml/kg Colloids: 15mL/kg Hyper: 5mL/kg
Why is metaclopramide contraindicated as an anti-emetic in patients with foreign bodies?
It is also a prokinetic agent
Which heartworm drug kills microfilaria slowly, this making it efficacious for heartworm treatment?
Ivermectin Milbemycin kills microfilaria quickly, carrying a greater risk for anaphylaxis
What is Feline Dysautonomia?
Key-Gaskell Syndrome Rare condition where there is dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (megaesophagus, GI hypomotility, urinary and fecal incontinence)
MC presentation of FeLV
Kitten or young adult (<1 year) Male > female, free roaming ADR: anemia, weight loss, fever, lethargy Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia Abdominal masses (mediastinal), anterior uveitis Tx: stress free, Abx (secondary infections), separate + from - cats Fair to poor: most die within 2 years :( FeLV vaccine not given after 6 years of age
TOC for lymphoma (hypercalcemia of malignancy)
L-asparginase May cause allergic reaction, usually given with antihistamines
Esophagostomy tube
LEFT side of neck-- patient placed in right lateral recumbency, tube sticks out of left side
What drug facilitates colonic hydration and stool evacuation for megacolon?
Lactulose Cisapride-- pro-motility agent
Etiology of FIV
Lentivirus (feline AIDs)
What is ursodiol?
Liver protectant, promotes bile flow
Tx of lymphoma (small cell, GI form)
Low grade: chlorambucil + prednisolone High grade: CHOP
How to differentiate lymphocytic portal hepatitis from cholangiohepatitis?
Lympho: infiltration of *lymphocytes and plasma cells* (GOOD prognosis) Chol: infiltration of *neutrophils* (VARIABLE prognosis)
MC tumor IN nose
Lymphoma Lymphoma MC tumor in cats (30% of all tumors-- FeLV associated)
MC tumor in stomach
Lymphosarcoma
MC ocular tumor of cats
Lymphosarcoma Intraocular- diffuse iris melanoma
What breed is predisposed to HCM?
Maine Coon, Ragdoll Autosomal DOMINATE
Siamese are predisposed to?
Mast cell tumors, mammary tumors, megaesophagus
MC presentation of FIV
Mature (10-15 years), male (2X), outdoor, scratched up Neutropenia, anemia, leukopenia, STOMATITIS Pupil w/ reverse "D" shape, ADR, neurologic signs (seizures) Lymphoid tumors-- abdominal mass Immune suppression-- risk for gingivostomatitis, Toxo, FeLV Tx: dental, abx (secondary infections), AZT? Human inferon? EPO? GOOD prognosis w/ veterinary care
MC cause of feline obstipation
Megacolon (idiopathic) Tx: enema, pysillum (fiber), cisapride (pro-motility), lactulose; subtotal colonectomy (if unresponsive to medical tx)
What are Manx cats predisposed to?
Megacolon, sacrococcygeal dysgeneisis
MC feline brain tumor
Meningioma
Ringworm of cats
Microsporum canis ZOONOTIC Ears, face, legs Dx: wood's lamp (50%), culture w/ DTM or KOH (definitive) Tx: itraconazole, terbinafine, lime sulfur
Physiologic leukogram
Mild neutrophilia +/- milk lymphocytosis Common in cats, horses when entering veterinary hospitals
What is laxatone?
Mineral oil/petroleum jelly that can be added to diet in DLH with chronic hairballs
Appetite stimulants of cats?
Mirtazapine and cyproheptadine Oral diazepam= hepatotoxic
Etiology of feline leprosy
Mycobacterium lepraemurium Acid fast
Tx of acetaminophen toxicity
N-acetylcysteine (mucomyst)-- broad spectrum for liver failure Xyalzine (induce emesis if <4 hours), IV fluids, SAMe
Which classification are the following types of insulin? NPH Lente Ultralente Glargine PZI Which is best for cats?
NPH, Lente, PZI (vetsulin): intermediate Ultralente, glargine: long Glargine (lantus), PZI: long (best for cats)--BID High protein, low carb diet Exercise
Best NPV and PPV test for FIP
NPV (- rules out): Rivalta test PPV: immunofluoresnce staining of macrophages in effusion
Pyrethrin toxicity
Na+ ion channels--> hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors Tx: methocarbomol, bathe
Sarcoptic mite of cats
Notoedres cati Tx: lime sulfur RARE RARE RARE
Etiology of FeLV
Oncovirus (formely retrovirus)
What is methimazole?
Oral anti-thyroid medication AE: intense facial pruritus Monitor every 2 weeks for first 3 months
What is glipizide?
Oral hypoglycemia agent
Best treatment for LONG term managment of feline asthma?
Oral prednisolone, oral terbutaline or theophylline (bronchodilator/B2 agonist) (inhalants (albuterol-B2 agonist) are shorting acting relief, asthmatic attacks)
Ear mite of cats?
Otodectes cyanotis "coffee grounds" in ears *Very contagious (dogs, cats)*, not zoonotic Tx: selamectin (revolution), moxidection (advantage multi), ivermectin (accarex), otic transaderm (acaricidal) 2 injections weeks apart (wont kill eggs)
What is triaditis?
Pancreatitis, IBD, and cholangitis Pancreatitis-- low fat diet NOT important in cats
MC cause of pneumonia in cats
Pasterurella multocida
MC bacteria isolated from cat bites?
Pasturella multocida
MC site for blockage in males
Penile urethra
What drug may be used to RELAX the internal urethral sphincter? (blocked cat)
Phenoxybenzamine-- relaxes alpha receptors of internal urethra sphincter SE: hypotension
Difference between eosinophillic plaque, ulcer, and granuloma
Plaque: abdomen and medial thighs Ulcer: upper lip Granuloma: mouth, nose, chin, and caudal thighs
Liver fluke of cats?
Platynosoum concinnum IH: toads, lizards MC in tropical areas Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease
Drug of choice for heartworm disease in cats
Prednisone (melarsomine is toxic)
Pathophysiology of HCM
Primary myocardial disease leading to concentric (thickening) hypertrophy of LV, leads to *diastolic filling* defect of LV and dilated LA, increased HR and force to try and compensate Leads to LEFT sided CHF, pulmonary edema, +/- pleural effusion
Hormone responsible for feline mammary hyperplasia
Progesterone Tx: spay or progesteron blocker (aglepriston)
What is anisocoria?
Pupils of different sizes Check by having lights on then turning them off
CS of Chlamydophila felis
Purulent ocular and/or nasal discharge, chemosis
What is pyothroax? TOC?
Pus in thoracic cavity Bacteria: degenerate neutrophils Fungus: non degenerative neutrophils Glucose less in effusion that serum Tx: place thoracotomy tube, lavage 3X daily, Abx for 6 weeks
TOC of rounds and hooks
Pyrantel pamoate (Strongid)
Difference between herpes, calici, and chlamydia
R: nasal and ocular discharge, dendritic ulcer in eye; CARRIERS in times of STRESS; famciclovir or L-lysine C: oral ulcers, stomatitis; clindamycin, sucralfate, buprenorphine (pain) Chal: acute, severe chemosis, IBs in conjunctival scrape; tetracycline ISOLATION, vaccinate
Prevention of injection site fibrosarcoma
Rabies-- distal right hind FeLV-- distal left hind Others: distal right front Only use NON adjuvanted Don't over vaccinate
TOC for vaccine associated fibrosarcoma
Radical excision of mass (wide 3-5cm margins, 1 fascial plane deep) Radiation PRIOR to sx Chemotherapy
TOC for feline mammary tumors
Radical mastectomy (removal of entire chain)
TOC for hyperthyroidism
Radioactive iodine (I-131) Others: methimazole, sx thyroidectomy
HCM findings on radiograph, echo, and ECG
Radiographs (DV): valentine heart, +/- pulmonary edema ***Echo: LV hyperthrophy, SAM of mitral valve, mitral regurg,+/- LA enlargement ECG: Large R waves (LV enlargement), sinus tachycardia
How to eradicate FeLV from cattery?
Remove FeLV + Vaccinate FeLV - FeLV free once all cats are - on 2 consecutive test 3 months apart
Why do we check level of azotemia in patients with aortic throboembolism?
Renal infarcts
Breeds associated with familial systemic amyloidosis
Renal: Abyssinian Liver: Siamses, oriental shorthair Dx: biopsy with congo red stain
FIV infects what cells?
Replicates in *lymphoid and salivary tissues*, host immune system suppresses viremia (years), spreads to mononuclear cells causing slow decline in CD4+ (T helper cells), thus decreased immune system Macrophages, *CD4+ (T helper)****, CD8 (cytotoxic T cells), B cells Acute--> latent (years)--> terminal
Dx of FIP
Rivalta test: drop retains shape Effusion: non-septic exudate with protein >3.5mg/dL, increased globulin Chem: HYPOalbuminemia, HYPERglobinulinemia Albumin/globulin <0.6 Confirmation: antigen detection in *macrophages by immunofluoresence* or* RT-PCR on biopsy* (gold standard--pyogranulomatous vasculitis) POSITIVE CORONA TITER ONLY MEANS EXPOSURE (ubiquitous in cats)-- 7B protein ELISA
MC oral tumor in cats
SCC Dx: biopsy Tx: piroxicam Poor prognosis (MST 45 days)
Normal SG for cat urine
SG > 1.035 (dog: SG > 1.030)
CS of organophasphate toxicosis
SLUD, vomiting, tremors (rapid onset) cholinesterase inhibitor--> excessive Ach at NMJ Irreversible
How is FeLV spread?
Saliva (friendly cat disease) Placenta and milk
Estrous cycle of cat
Seasonally polyestrous (long day, January-September) *Induced ovulators--- ferret, rabbit, llama, and cat* Exhibit true lactational anestrus (won't cycle until they are no longer lactating)
What is fluoxetine?
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI)
Chronic renal disease
Senior cat PU/PD, weight loss, vomiting, oral ulcers SMALL lumpy kidneys BUN/creatine/phosphorus increased, HYPOkalemia Normocytic, normochromic non-regenerative anemia Isostenuria, renal azotemia
CS associated with virulent systemic feline calicivirus
Severe acute upper respiratory disease, *cutaneous edema (head/neck) and ulcerative lesions on the skin and paws* Fecal oral
How should doxycycline be administered to cats?
Slurry or followed by a bolus of water
MC location for mast cell tumors in cats
Spleen Met: skin Rarely metastasize, not graded 2nd MC skin tumor-- Siamese (histocytic form)
Tx of FIP
Steroids (immune supression), thoracocentesis, abdominocentesis, oxygen support Supportive Prognosis: POOR
Tx for coccidia
Sulfamethoxazine. Symptomatic animals only (Cystisospora felis. C. rivolta)
TOC of SCC
Sx excision with wide margins Sx not possible: radiation + intralesional 5FU or carboplatin
SE of Griseofulvin
Tetratogenic
Main route of infection of roundworms in cats
Transmammary (dogs: transplacental) Toxocara cati PPP: 8 weeks Cats can VOMIT roundworms
Dx of choice for feline asthma
Transtracheal wash Eosinophills, mucus, PMNs
What is clomiprimine? SE?
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) SE: vomiting, constipation, anorexia, sedation
T/F: Osteosarcomas in cats are slow to metastasize and amputation is typically curative
True
T/F: Sarcoptes mites rarely effect cats and are difficult to find on superficial skin scrape
True, true
Dx of cholangiohepatitis
U/S: liver w/ normal echogenicity, hyperechoic common bile duct, +/- cholelith (obstruction), enlarged gallbladder with thickened wall Infiltration of NEUTROphils into portal area
Where do eosinophilic ULCERS typically occur?
Upper lip (rodent ulcer)
TOC for blocked cat. Prevention?
Urethral catheterization, retrograde urohydropulsion, perineal urethrostomy (salvage) Ca2+ gluconate, 0.9% NaCl (hyperkalemia) AVOID: cystocentesis, manual expression Prevention: canned food with HIGH moisture, weight loss
Dx of CKD
Urinalysis, CBC/Chem Urine culture Fundic exam, BP (hypertension) Ionized CA2+, PTH Urine protein/creatine ratio Ultrasound
Tx of cholangiohepatitis
Ursodeoxycholic acid-- liver protectant, promotes bile flow Amoxi-clav, metronidazole-- 2 months Sx decompression of cholelith Prognosis: 50% die within 3 months, 50% respond to tx
MC causes of obstructive dystocia in cats?
Uterine torsion, large fetus
MC congenital heart defect in the cat
VSD
What vitamin and other substances do cats require in their diet?
Vitamin A Taurine Arachadonic acid
Signs of vaccine reaction
Vomiting Facial swelling-- around eyes and muzzle Urticaria Usually ~10 minutes
Circulating LS of WBC, RBC
WBC: 5-9 hours RBC: 70 days
Drug used for induction of emesis in cats
Xylazine
Etiology of plague
Yersinia pestis Dx: culture--*bipolar coccobaccilus (safety pin)* Transmitted by fleas Reservoir: rats, prairie dogs CS: covered in fleas, outdoor cat, *mandibular lymphadenopathy with draining tracts* *Zoonotic & Reportable*
Acute cholangiohepatitis
Young (~3 years), males Neutrophilia, increased ALT, ALP and bilirubin Histopath: fibrosis of portal triads, bile duct proliferation, and centrilobular accumulation of bile Tx: amoxc-clav, metronidazole, and ursodeoxycholic acid
Clinical picture of Tritrichomonas foetus
Young cats or kittens *Large intestinal diarrhea* (cow patty, mucoid), recurring, spontaneous remission (~ 2 years old) Fecal oral transmission of trophozoites Asymptomatic carriers Dx: direct fecal smear "falling leaf, undulating membrane", fecal culture and/or PCR Tx: Ronidazole (AE: neurotoxic at high doses)
Cervical ventroflexion of the neck is seen in what conditions?
hypokalemia** thiamine deficency coral snake envenomation hyperthyroidism tick paralysis
Detection of pregnancy Palpation: Radiographs: Ultrasound:
palpation: 25 days radiographs: 45 days U/S: 25 days
Tests of choice for FIV?
screen: ELISA (antibody) confirm: Western blot (antibody) Vaccinations and maternal antibodies interfere with test results, should wait until 6 months old Virus is never cleared, remain antibody + for life No reason to vaccinate + cat
Tests of choice for FeLV
screen: ELISA (p27 antigen) confirm: IFA (p27 antigen) + for both: persistently infected/viremic for LIFE
TOC for idiopathic chylothorax
thoracic duct ligation, pericardectomy Medical: low fat diet, rutin, thoracocentesis
What transmits Cytauxzoon felis to cats?
ticks (Dermatocenter) DH: bobcat *Hemolytic anemia*, almost 100% fatal
Gestation period of cats?
~ 2 months (66 days)
When do permanent canines erupt in cats and dogs?
~ 6 months