final exam
According to Muhammad, what was the umma? a. The path by which a Muslim achieved salvation b. A tribal community united by family ties C. A community of people who shared a religious faith and commitment D. The most important ritual a Muslim could practice
A community of people who shared a religious faith and commitment
What was the Genevan Consistory? A. The pope's secret police and inquisitional body B. The council of Swiss bishops who rejected Calvin's teachings C. A group of Calvin's supporters who persecuted Catholics and Jews D. A group of Calvinist pastors and laymen who monitored citizens' behavior
A group of Calvinist pastors and laymen who monitored citizens' behavior
To what does the Carolingian Renaissance refer? a. A growing veneration of the fathers of Roman Christianity b. An enthusiastic interest in Roman military history c. Charlemagne's clever invention of a bureaucracy necessary to operate a vast empire a. A growing interest in the ideas of classical Greece and Rome
A growing interest in the ideas of classical Greece and Rome
Which of these best describes the Holy Roman Empire? A. A loose confederation B. A theocracy C. An absolute monarchy D. A highly centralized state
A loose confederation
What was the Hanseatic League? A. An organization formed to combat heresy in Europe B. An organization created to challenge Venice for control of trade with the East C. A mercantile association of towns that controlled trade in much of northern Europe D. A coalition of the southern Italian cities
A mercantile association of towns that controlled trade in much of northern Europe
From where did Africans first gain ideas about settled agriculture? A. Indian Ocean traders brought plants and technology to Africa. B. The Greeks and Romans shared agricultural techniques with North Africa. C. Africans learned about settled agriculture from the Middle East. D. Agriculture in Africa developed independently without outside influence.
Africans learned about settled agriculture from the Middle East.
What likely caused the fifteenth-century decline of Great Zimbabwe? A. Exhausted goldmines B. Corrupt rulers C. Agriculturally unproductive land D. High mortality rates owing to diseases brought by Arab traders
Agriculturally unproductive land
The Aztecs created a strong position in the lands of Mexico through which of the following? A. Superior military technology B. An alliance system based on trade and tribute, backed by the use of force C. Their promotion of a strong agricultural and commercial economy D. Their worship of the god of war, Huitzilopochtli
An alliance system based on trade and tribute, backed by the use of force
Which statement is true about Tupac Amaru's resistance to the Spanish? A. His small-scale attacks only sped up Spanish colonization. B. He used Christian arguments to appeal directly to the king. C. Any time he got too close to the Spanish, he and his men were exposed to disease. D. His resistance was undermined by his allies.
Any time he got too close to the Spanish, he and his men were exposed to disease.
Henry VIII of England and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain used similar moves to diminish the power of which of the following groups? A. Aristocrats and nobles B. Urban merchants C. Judges and sheriffs D. Monks and other clergy
Aristocrats and nobles
Why did the wealthy sponsor artists during the Renaissance? A. In order to control unemployment B. Because it was good for their businesses C. In order to please God D. As a means of glorifying themselves and their families
As a means of glorifying themselves and their families
With the spread of new ideas at the beginning of the Renaissance, how did the wealthy begin to view life? A. As requiring constant physical activity B. As a painful penitential journey C. As an opportunity for enjoyment and not just a painful pilgrimage to heaven D. As a superior alternative to the afterlife, which was viewed with apprehension
As an opportunity for enjoyment and not just a painful pilgrimage to heaven
How have Chinese historians traditionally viewed Chinese history? A. As repeating cycles of dynastic birth, vigor, and decline B. As centering on conflict with Japan C. As a battle against a strong central state D. As one of uninterrupted progress
As repeating cycles of dynastic birth, vigor, and decline
What policy guided the Viking king Canute's rule of England? A. Increased tribute payments B. Divide and conquer C. Assimilation and reconciliation D. Rule of law enforced by sheriffs
Assimilation and reconciliation
What did the Arab invaders of the Sind and the Turkish invaders of Khurasan have in common? A. Respect for Hinduism B. Ethnic background C. Interest in Buddhism D. Belief in Islam
Belief in Islam
According to the Qur'an and Muslim law, what kinds of punishments were required for licentious behavior? a. Both men and women were to receive the same punishments. b. Harsh punishments were given to women, but no punishments were given to men. c. No punishments were given, because sexual behavior is not controlled. d. Only light punishments were given to women; none were given to men.
Both men and women were to receive the same punishments.
In organizing his army, Chinggis Khan sought to do which of the following? A. Break traditional tribal loyalties B. Use exclusively Chinese units C. Incorporate women into the cavalry D. Mix infantry and cavalry in one unit
Break traditional tribal loyalties
Which of the following was true of the harem system? A. By 800, women in more prosperous households stayed out of sight. B. Harems were most often founded in cities as a means to protect unmarried women from predatory males. C. Harems, or the seclusion of women, occurred only in areas where the Byzantines had previously ruled. D. Only women on the Arabian peninsula were required to remain in this type of
By 800, women in more prosperous households stayed out of sight.
What facilitated thirteenth-century Christian expansion into the Iberian Peninsula? A. Priests reduced taxes in the peninsula's Christian kingdoms. B. Civil wars between the Muslim regions created opportunities for the church. C. Dominican preachers and the Inquisition forced out all non-Christians. D. The pope ordered the building of new churches to make worshiping easier.
Civil wars between the Muslim regions created opportunities for the church.
Which of the following was a focus of the religious movement known as Sufism? A. Divine love and knowledge through intuition rather than rational deduction and study B. The interests of women C. Knowledge through rational deduction and the rejection of the mysticism of other major religions of the time D. The overthrow of the caliphate
Divine love and knowledge through intuition rather than rational deduction and study
How did Muslim trade routes affect the development of agriculture? A. Muslim society focused exclusively on trade and avoided working with agricultural products or commodities. B. Extensive trade through Muslim lands led to the spread of many useful plants like cotton, sugarcane, and rice. C. Muslim traders often forced innovative farmers to return home with them. D. Muslim merchants accidently spread plant and animal diseases wherever they travelled.
Extensive trade through Muslim lands led to the spread of many useful plants like cotton, sugarcane, and rice.
Of all the ways that Renaissance society was hierarchically divided, what was regarded as the most "natural" distinction and therefore the most important one to defend? A. Gender B. Race C. Level of education D. Social class
Gender
Who were the Vikings? A. Frankish raiders B. Russian outlaws C. Celtic peoples from northern Europe D. Germanic peoples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
Germanic peoples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
How did Cortés defeat the Aztec Empire? A. He allied with the Tlaxcala. B. He had help from Pizarro. C. He promised Aztec slaves freedom. D. With only six hundred Spaniards, he marched into Tenochtitlan.
He allied with the Tlaxcala.
Why did Emperor Theodosius destroy the pagan temples in the late fourth century? a. He wanted to use the buildings for official purposes. b. He believed they were centers of sedition. c. He saw that they were no longer being used. d. He expected the Christian Church's support in return.
He expected the Christian Church's support in return.
Which of the following was one of Saint Augustine's key ideas? a. His belief that the pope was Peter's successor b. His doctrine of original sin c. His doctrine of Christ's divinity d. His belief in monastic celibacy
His doctrine of original sin
What was a consequence in Europe of Marco Polo's travels to China? A. His writings inspired Europeans try to conquer China. B. He convinced the Pope to dispatch a mission to convert the Chinese. C. He was jailed for serving Khubilai Khan. D. His writings helped convince Europeans that Asia was a land of riches.
His writings helped convince Europeans that Asia was a land of riches.
Following the conversion of North Africans to Islam, where did the deepest penetration of Islam occur south of the Sahara? A. In the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali B. Along the southern coast of Africa C. Along the east coast of Africa D. In Namibia
In the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali
The process of nixtamalization, boiling the maize with lime, did what? A. Hardened maize for use in tools and cookware B. Increased the nutritional value of maize C. Provided a medicine for common ailments D. Rendered maize kernels digestible
Increased the nutritional value of maize
From where did the Srivijayan rulers of Sumatra draw their ideas on governing? A. Vietnam/Funan B. The Khmer Empire C. China's Tang Dynasty D. India
India
Which of the following is true of Justinian's law code? A. It was only used in the Byzantine Empire. B. It focused on practical civil law but not the philosophy of law. C. It became the foundation of law for most modern European nations. D. It was the first time laws had been written in Europe.
It became the foundation of law for most modern European nations.
How did the Qur'an influence the selection of Muhammad's successor? a. It instructed that his eldest son or son-in-law would follow him. b. It stated that the successor should be elected by a group of followers. c. It suggested that the successor should be an individual he personally chose. d. It didn't. The Qur'an did not provide guidance for the succession.
It didn't. The Qur'an did not provide guidance for the succession.
What was accomplished by the Treaty of Verdun? a. It moved the territory today known as Italy, Austria, and France out of the Carolingian Empire and into that of the Merovingian. b. It removed substantial territory from the Byzantine Empire, creating the beginnings of the Holy Roman Empire. c. It created peace between the Muslim armies of the Iberian Peninsula and Charlemagne's armies. d. It divided the Carolingian Empire, forming the precursors to the modern states of Germany, France, and Italy.
It divided the Carolingian Empire, forming the precursors to the modern states of Germany, France, and Italy.
Which of the following is true of the Mongol conquest of southern China? A. It drew on the skills of experts in naval and siege warfare. B. It took less than two years. C. It was successful, in large part, as a result of their expert use of horses. D. It included the killing of the Chinese empress dowager.
It drew on the skills of experts in naval and siege warfare.
How did the development of the saddle contribute positively to the growth of trans-Saharan trade? A. It enabled merchants to cross the desert safely. B. Its creation made animals useful for the first time in the trans-Saharan caravan trade. C. It increased the speed of the caravan trade. D. It enabled the Berbers to dominate the desert.
It enabled the Berbers to dominate the desert.
How did the development of the Japanese phonetic script change Japan's culture? A. The culture changed very little as it was reserved for only sacred religious documents. B. Fewer people learned to write because it was extremely complicated. C. It fostered the spread of literacy. D. It was used exclusively for writing government documents.
It fostered the spread of literacy.
Which of the following was true of the Mongol system of tax-farming in China? A. It involved the sale of tax licenses to Central Asian Muslim merchants. B. It allotted farmland to the highest bidders. C. It helped establish social stability. D. It was favored by ordinary Chinese over their traditional taxes.
It involved the sale of tax licenses to Central Asian Muslim merchants.
What was a consequence of the controversy over icons in the Eastern Christian Church? a. The controversy had few consequences beyond theology. b. It resulted in the destruction of all pagan icons. c. It led to further separation between Western Europe and Byzantium. d. It settled the issue of church-state relations in Byzantium.
It led to further separation between Western Europe and Byzantium.
Why might Pure Land Buddhism have appealed to ordinary people? A. It rejected all Chinese and Indian influences. B. It taught that simple faith in Buddha was enough for salvation. C. It incorporated many aspects of native Japanese religion. D. It urged a social reordering to improve the conditions of the peasantry.
It taught that simple faith in Buddha was enough for salvation.
By 800, how might the Tang Dynasty be characterized? A. It was in the midst of a golden age. B. It was in decline with a weak government. C. It was just beginning its rise. D. It had just been defeated by the Uighur.
It was in decline with a weak government.
How did the expansion of Islam into northern Ethiopia in the eighth century affect the city of Aksum? A. It sparked a civil war and many political assassinations. B. It resolved religious conflicts that had weakened the region for four centuries. C. It weakened Aksum's commercial prosperity. D. It brought a huge influx of trade to the city.
It weakened Aksum's commercial prosperity.
In the sixth century, the Byzantine emperor Justinian fought the Ostrogoths for control of what territory? A. France B. Germania C. Asia Minor D. Italy
Italy
What led to the creation of the Magna Carta, known as the cornerstone of modern English law? A. King Henry II's loss of territory B. King John's missteps and the revolt of the barons against him C. Widespread failure of the common law D. The meeting of the Fourth Lateran Council
King John's missteps and the revolt of the barons against him
Khubilai discouraged the Mongols in China from doing what? A. Learning to read Chinese B. Returning to Mongolia C. Marrying the Chinese D. Harming Chinese citizens
Marrying the Chinese
In order to do well on the civil service examinations, Song students typically did what to prepare? A. Traveled abroad to learn the ways of other cultures B. Studied pending and recent legislation C. Adopted Zen Buddhist meditation techniques D. Mastered specific forms of composition, including poetry
Mastered specific forms of composition, including poetry
What happened after the Maya abandoned their cultural and ceremonial centers? A. Mayans preserved their culture by living in small farming communities. B. The Moche moved in and established their own civilization. C. Mayan civilization declined and disappeared. D. The Maya were enslaved by the Aztecs.
Mayans preserved their culture by living in small farming communities.
How did Christianity influence marriage norms in Ethiopia? A. Polygamy was banned throughout the kingdom. B. Monogamy became common. C. Monogamy was unusual but not unknown. D. Polygamy remained common but was scorned.
Monogamy became common.
How did Muslims and non-Muslims interact in Ghana? A. Everyone was thoroughly integrated into the local society. B. Not well; eventually the Muslims converted to animism as a result of political pressure. C. Muslims lived separately from the African artisans and traders. D. Muslims provided valuable unskilled labor for the mines.
Muslims lived separately from the African artisans and traders.
What did Henry VIII of England use to transform his country into a Protestant state? A, Taxes on Catholics B. Parliament C. Permission of the pope D. His army
Parliament
Feudalism was based on the exchange of which of the following? A. Money and gifts B. Personal allegiance C. Children to foster D. Titles and dignitaries
Personal allegiance
What was one distinction between wealthy, powerful barbarians and ordinary barbarians of lesser status? a. Only ordinary Barbarians were allowed to drink beer. b. Only powerful men were expected to fight. c. Powerful men sometimes had more than one wife. d. Powerful men owned cattle, while ordinary men herded sheep.
Powerful men sometimes had more than one wife.
What invention helped to improve the education and scholarly culture of Song China? A. Private universities B. Printing of books C. Iron smelting D. A new writing system
Printing of books
The Mongol reordering of Chinese society and restrictions on trade was designed to do which of the following? A. Develop a new Mongol society B. Protect Mongol privileges C. Integrate Chinese and Mongol cultures D, Allow for more social mobility
Protect Mongol privileges
What role did race play in the African slave trade? A. Slavery was generally associated with lighter-skinned peoples. B. Caucasians were never enslaved in Africa. C. Race had little or no association with slavery. D. Only black Africans were enslaved.
Race had little or no association with slavery.
Which of the following was one of the central ideals of the Italian Renaissance? A. Recognition of individual achievement B. Concern for the improvement of the common people C. The desire to educate the rural masses D. Christian humility and self-effacement
Recognition of individual achievement
What was an important consequence of the Crusades? A. Italian merchants were among those to suffer most economically. B. Most trade routes between the Middle East and Europe were closed. C. Relations between Jews and Christians worsened considerably. D. Significant intellectual links between Europe and the Middle East failed to develop.
Relations between Jews and Christians worsened considerably.
What did the Aztecs believe they had to do to keep the sun moving and preserve life? A. Build magnificent pyramids for their gods B. Sacrifice human beings C. Destroy all competing societies D. Sacrifice livestock, particularly cattle
Sacrifice human beings
Among the many weaknesses of the First Crusaders' army was their lack of what? A. Strong leadership B. Military experience C. Knights D. Enthusiasm
Strong leadership
Tendai Buddhism, brought to Japan from China by the monk Saichô, taught what? A. That all living beings share Buddha's nature and can be brought to salvation B. That Buddha's secret teachings contained the secrets to enlightenment C. That only through the rejection of the material world could one find nirvana D. That only intense meditation can help one achieve salvation
That all living beings share Buddha's nature and can be brought to salvation
In the tenth century, Ghana became powerful by capturing what territory? A. The territory of the Soninke king B. The neighboring kingdom of Mali and its goldmines C. The Berber town of Awdaghost and the southern portion of the trans-Saharan trade route D. The majority of Berber strongholds and their mosques
The Berber town of Awdaghost and the southern portion of the trans-Saharan trade route
Which of the following was a consequence of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325? A. Egypt and Arabia closed itself off from Mali trade. B. Berbers began invading Mali in order to capture its gold. C. The Mediterranean world gained knowledge of the wealth of Mali. D. Europeans attempted to convert the people of Mali to Christianity.
The Mediterranean world gained knowledge of the wealth of Mali.
How did the introduction of large numbers of Turks affect the Islamic world? A. The large number of foreigners made the caliph uneasy. B. The new converts rapidly increased a shift toward pastoralism. C. The Turks usually embraced Shi'ism, which greatly increased the number of Shi'ites. D. The Turks brought badly needed military strength to the Islamic world.
The Turks brought badly needed military strength to the Islamic world.
What role did Christianity play in the lives of ordinary people in Europe during the Middle Ages? A. The church was the center of community life. B. Priests generally had little direct impact on their daily lives. C. Religious symbols and rituals were uncommon. D. No faith other than Christianity was allowed.
The church was the center of community life.
Which of the following was an important consequence of the Renaissance? A. The gulf between the learned minority and uneducated majority increased. B. Scholars and artists increasingly came from economically humble origins. C. The culture of village life came to be dominated by Christian humanism. D. The social and economic status of women improved.
The gulf between the learned minority and uneducated majority increased.
Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" was a response to which of the following? A. Being charged with clerical immorality B. His personal struggle with the question of salvation C. The local archbishop's promotion of the sale of indulgences D. The draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy
The local archbishop's promotion of the sale of indulgences
How did the influx of migrants from the Arabian peninsula affect the lives of the coastal people of East Africa? A. The Arabs introduced a strict social and racial hierarchy to the native culture and prohibited marriage between Arabs and Africans. B. The Arabs aggressively spread Islamic culture throughout the region and suppressed more traditional religious beliefs and cultural practices. C. The migrants had little to no influence as they remained strictly segregated from the indigenous peoples. D. The migrants introduced Islamic culture, intermarried with Africans, and helped form a society that combined Asian, African, and Islamic traits.
The migrants introduced Islamic culture, intermarried with Africans, and helped form a society that combined Asian, African, and Islamic traits.
What did Fujiwara dominance of the Japanese government represent? A. A reassertion of the imperial family's power B. The privatization of political power and a reversion to clan politics C. The rise of samurai political power D. A complete embrace of Chinese-style bureaucracy
The privatization of political power and a reversion to clan politics
Under the Abbasids and Harun al-Rashid, what role did the city of Baghdad play in the caliphate? A. As a secondary capital, Baghdad was an important regional administrative center. B. Like Mecca, Baghdad was a primary pilgrimage site for Muslims. C. The relatively new capital became a commercial, artistic, and scientific center. D. Baghdad's primary importance was that it was on the Silk Road.
The relatively new capital became a commercial, artistic, and scientific center.
What was an important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance? A. The creation of powerful, centralized monarchies B. The decline of religious feeling and belief C. The rise of wealthy, urban patrons of the arts D. The desire to rebound from the Black Death
The rise of wealthy, urban patrons of the arts
Why did people in the early Americas not use the wheel? A. There were no large animals to pull wagons. B. They failed to invent the wheel. C. Anything circular was viewed as an omen of bad luck. D. Boats were preferred for transportation.
There were no large animals to pull wagons.
What was a consequence of the Peace of Augsburg? A. Catholics reasserted their claim over all Germans. B. There were no religious wars in Germany for many decades. C. Nearly all Germans converted to Lutheranism. D. All Europeans were given religious freedom
There were no religious wars in Germany for many decades.
Why were madrasas important to the Muslim world? A. They encouraged young men to develop military talents. B. They encouraged the understanding of Aristotelian thought. C. They prepared young men for business careers. D. They attempted to prepare men for religious and legal responsibilities.
They attempted to prepare men for religious and legal responsibilities.
How did Muslim Turkic rulers generally treat Hindus in India? A. They considered them exempt from taxation because of their holiness. B. They considered them a "protected people" like the Christians and Jews. C. They ignored the caste system, viewing all Hindus as untouchables. D. They saw them as an inferior race subject to extermination.
They considered them a "protected people" like the Christians and Jews.
How did people of the Byzantine Empire view themselves? A. They considered themselves Persians because most of the rulers of the Byzantine Empire were Persian. B. They considered themselves Romans as Byzantium was the eastern part of the Roman Empire. C. They saw themselves as Greeks because of their close cultural relationship with Greece. D. They saw themselves as something new, calling themselves the Byzantines.
They considered themselves Romans as Byzantium was the eastern part of the Roman Empire.
Which of the following was an important activity of the Eastern Turks? A. They controlled a united confederation. B. They were Buddhists. C. They frequently raided China. D. They practiced settled agriculture.
They frequently raided China.
How did the Mongols use conquest to improve their empire? A. They treated all subjugated men as slaves who were used as soldiers and agricultural workers. B. They improved their own capital city by importing skilled workers from conquered regions. C. They often exploited the labor of women of conquered territories who were forced to work at Mongol military camps. D. To further the Mongol social system, they imposed their traditional tribal groupings on subjugated peoples.
They improved their own capital city by importing skilled workers from conquered regions.
How did the Song prevent the Khitans from invading? A. They paid the Khitans tribute to prevent attacks. B. They launched an invasion against them before they could attack. C. They expanded the Great Wall. D. They formed an alliance with the Jin.
They paid the Khitans tribute to prevent attacks.
What was life like for Jews living under Islam? A. They participated fully in commercial and professional activities. B. They frequently found themselves subject to violent oppression. C. They occupied a similar place to that of Jews living in Christian Europe. D. They had a status that was considerably lower than that of Christians.
They participated fully in commercial and professional activities.
How did Italian humanists view the education of women? A. They saw value in exposing women to classical models of reasoning. B. They believed education for women should remain focused on improving domestic duties. C. They believed that women were incapable of intellectual improvement. D. They supported it and established schools for girls in northern Italy.
They saw value in exposing women to classical models of reasoning.
What roles did the druids fill in Celtic society? a. They were largely military leaders and scribes b. They served religious and legal functions. c. They served as clan elders and bards. d. They were chieftains and scribes.
They served religious and legal functions.
What was one of the Carolingians' disadvantages when faced with Viking attacks? A. They lacked money for supplies. B. They suffered because of their lack of a navy to fight Viking ships. C. They relied on the gods to intercede and save them. D. They had inadequate military equipment made of inferior metals.
They suffered because of their lack of a navy to fight Viking ships.
What is the purpose of flying buttresses on Gothic cathedrals? A. They supported the weight of the roof and the walls. B. They provided private entrances for the cathedral clergy. C. They attached the walls of the church to the roof. D. They provided a place for nuns to watch the mass in private.
They supported the weight of the roof and the walls.
What important belief did the Arians hold? A. They believed in the supremacy of the bishop of Rome. B. They thought that Christ was not co-eternal with God or equal to him in power. They asserted that God and Christ were equals. They argued that the powers of church and state should be separate.
They thought that Christ was not co-eternal with God or equal to him in power.
What was the religious policy of the Gupta emperors? A. They encouraged the adoption of Islam. B. They persecuted Buddhists. C. They demanded that their subjects be Hindus. D. They were Hindu but tolerated all faiths.
They were Hindu but tolerated all faiths.
Why did the Huns retreat from Italy in in the mid-fifth century? a. They did not find what they needed. b. Their leader, Attila, had died, and their new leader wanted to return home. c. They were weakened by disease and poor food supply. d. They were forced out by Visigoths.
They were weakened by disease and poor food supply.
What did Incan emperors force conquered peoples to do in order to unify their empire? A. To send their children to be raised in the capital B. To use Quechua, the Incan language C. To wear an Incan clothing style D. To accept Inca, the royal name
To use Quechua, the Incan language
Who dominated political affairs in northern and central Arabia before Muhammad? a. Kings and queens b. Religious authorities c. Warrior elite d. Commercial elite
Warrior elite
What place did concubines have in Chinese families in Song China? A. They were subordinate to wives, and their children were only recognized if the wife failed to bear children. B. Wives outranked concubines, but the children born to concubines and wives held equal status. C. Wives enjoyed the freedom a concubine gave them, so jealousy from wives was very unusual. D. They held more authority in families than did wives.
Wives outranked concubines, but the children born to concubines and wives held equal status.
What conventions guided family decision making in Mongol society? A. Women participated in family decisions. B. A democratically elected council made decisions. C. As in most patriarchies, men made decisions. D. Elders were responsible for decisions.
Women participated in family decisions.
How did marriage in Mexica society duplicate what was found in premodern Asian and European societies? A. Once married, women were allowed to work only in agriculture. B. Women were expected to manage the family business so their husbands could serve as warriors. C. Young people were married off to a person of their parents' choosing. D. Some women were able to escape marriage through religious service.
Young people were married off to a person of their parents' choosing.
A common belief in most African religions held that A. the gods created social hierarchies. B. an individual needs to explore their own spirituality. C. a supreme being had created the universe. D. natural phenomena could not be explained or controlled.
a supreme being had created the universe.
Paper money developed in China A. as a way for the government to simplify tax collections. B. as a response to a shortage of copper for coins. C. to reduce the amount of counterfeit money. D. as a way to avoid carrying heavy bags of coins.
as a way to avoid carrying heavy bags of coins.
The isolation of the Americas until 1492 means that A. we can never know much about the premodern societies of the Americas. B. their civilization was not corrupted by wealth or greed. C. by studying the early peoples of the Americas we can determine universal aspects of the human experience. D. the peoples in the Western Hemisphere were backward and stagnant compared to those in Europe and Asia.
by studying the early peoples of the Americas we can determine universal aspects of the human experience.
Changes in the ocean current patterns brought by El Niños A. brought cyclical floods that regenerated the land. B. were necessary for farming in the Andes. C. devastated whole civilizations. D. brought winds that enabled trade with the Pacific islands.
devastated whole civilizations.
The Moche flourished along Peru's northern coast by A. serving as guides through the Andes. B. mining gold. C. creating a warrior culture. D. developing a complex irrigation system.
developing a complex irrigation system.
According to the text, the Qur'an's injunctions regarding the treatment of women A. were a substantial improvement on earlier treatment of women in Arab societies. B. were determined strictly by the sexual needs of men. C. restricted their freedom substantially compared to earlier Arab tradition. D. implied that women were spiritually superior to men.
were a substantial improvement on earlier treatment of women in Arab societies.
