Final Exam Chapter 10- Emotional Development

Social Referencing

"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Bowlby Phase 2

2-7 Months Attachment becomes focused on one figure

Bowlby phase 4

24 months on Social stage

Bowlby phase 3

7-24 months Specific attachments develop

Attachment

A close emotional bond between two people

Emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are engaged in an interaction that is important to them, especially one that influences their well-being

Social Smile

A smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face

Reflexive smile

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli, it happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep

slow-to-warm-up child

A temperament style in which the child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

Easy Child

A temperament style in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences

Difficult child

A temperament style in which the child tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept new experiences

Strange Situation

Ainsworth's observational measure of infant attachment to a caregiver, which requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order

shortest; unpaid

Among advanced industrialized countries, the United States grants the ______________ period of parental leave and is among a few countries that offer only __________ leave.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

An example of how labeling a child as difficult can cause a problem is when _____ take place

Stranger anxiety

An infant's fear of and wariness toward strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life. Emerges gradually

Imprinting

An instinctual behavior consisting of trying to maintain proximity to an object

Middle and late childhood

At what point in childhood do children show a growing awareness about controlling and managing emotions to meet societal standards?

Insecure disorganized babies

Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented

Securely Attached Babies

Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

Bowlby Phase 1

Birth- 2 month Infants react to humans

Michael Lewis

Distinguished between Primary and Self-conscious emotions

Primary Emotions

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals, and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, fear, sadness, and disgust

Self-conscious emotions

Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarassment

Keller

Experimenter who came up with extended early contact as a factor to effect attachment Looked at differences between parents who were present/ not present/ or held their child or not

Frailberg

Experimenter who came up with mutual gaze intensive eye contact FOund helpful but not necessary for attachment

Situation Characteristics of stranger Behavior of stranger Number of adults in environment and everyday life

Factors in Stranger fear

Provides food

Freud's ideas about attachment emphasize the fact that the infant is most likely to be more attached to the mother because she

Contact comfort

In Harlow's (1958) study, what did they find was most important to infant attachment?

Temperament

Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

Intelligence

Involves perceiving and expressing emotions accurately, understanding emotion and possessing emotional knowledge, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively

Dismissing

Kiley is reacting negatively to not being allowed to have a toy she wants in the store. Her mother tells Kiley to stop being mad, and walks away as Kiley follows her, crying, is using emotion ______.

Lorenz

Man who made duck imprinting experiment

Separation Protest

Occurs when infants experience a fear of being separated from a caregiver, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves

Asocial Stage (stage 1)

Schaffer and Emerson 0-2 Months Not social Like to see novel things

Human Stage (Stage 2)

Schaffer and Emerson 3-4 months Prefer humans

Discrimination stage (Stage 3)

Schaffer and Emerson 5-7 months Shows preference between humans

Attachment Stage (Stage 4)

Schaffer and Emerson 7-12 months Prefer one specific human

Harlow

Secondary Reinforcement Experimenter with wires and clothes

Carolyn Saarni

Someone who argues that becoming emotionally competent involves developing a number of skills such as being aware of one's emotional states, discerning others' emotions, adaptively coping with negative emotions, and understanding the role of emotions in relationships

Strange Situation

Susan and her infant son recently participated in a research study at the local college campus. Susan's simplified description of the study is "mom and baby together, baby by itself, someone else with baby, and then mom back with baby." Based on this description, you would be correct in assuming that Susan had participated in a study using a ________ paradigm.

Sleeping

The infant who is most likely to display a reflexive smile is

Goodness of fit

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Strange Situation

What technique did Mary Ainsworth develop to measure the infant's attachment to the caregiver?

Immediately

When should babies be soothed after crying?

Chef and thomas

Which two scientists classify infants as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up

Freud

Who reasoned that infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction?

insecure resistance babies

babies who might cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away

Insecure avoidant babies

babies who show insecurity by avoiding the mother

Emotional regulation

consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal.

Functionalist View of Emotions

emphasizes the importance of contexts and relationships in emotion

Functionalism

indicates that emotion is relational rather than intrapsychic, and that there is a close link between emotion and the person's goals and effort.

Developmental Cascade model

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

Reassurance, retelling events, encouraging discussion, protecting children from re-exposure, help make sense of situation

methods of helping a child cope with extreme stress include