Final Exam (chapters 11-14)

One study showed that what percentage of slave men in the South did agricultural work?

90 percent

The U.S. slave population on the eve of the Civil War was approximately

4 million.

In 1850, a majority of southern slaveholders owned how many slaves?

6 to 10 X at least 35 X

On the eve of the Civil War, approximately how much of the world's cotton supply came from the southern United States?

75 percent

In 1860, what percentage of southern white families were in the slave-owning class? Group of answer choices

25 percent

Approximately how many slaves are thought to have successfully escaped in the thirty years before the Civil War?

30,000

Which of the following would be an example of "silent sabotage"? Group of answer choices

A slave on a large plantation slowed the work pace.

What was true of the South and slavery in nineteenth-century America?

As it moved closer to 1860, the rate of natural increase for the slave population was decreasing. X The South's total population consisted of 20 percent slaves. X

On what grounds did southerners claim that slavery was "modern"?

It was the foundation of the cotton economy, whose products were essential to modern life.

In the southern slave society, white women on plantations were seen as weak and helpless.

True

Why is 1831 considered a turning point for slavery in the American South?

The proslavery argument became more strident as forces seemed to be aligning against slavery.

Slaves frequently named children after other family members to retain family continuity.

True

Slaves had a few legal rights, but they were not well enforced.

True

Some slaves actually used trains to escape to freedom in the North.

True

A shared religion (Christianity) resulted in slave values that were very similar to the values of their masters.

False

All but one of America's significant slave revolts occurred prior to 1820.

False

As a general rule, slaveowners never allowed their slaves to listen to a white preacher in church.

False

Denmark Vesey's 1822 slave rebellion resulted in the deaths of more than thirty whites in Charleston.

False

In the two decades before the Civil War, public debate about the morality and future of slavery became common throughout the South.

False

Most white southern families owned at least one slave.

False

Nat Turner was not a particularly religious man.

False

Slave owners were very successful at keeping slaves from encountering the rhetoric of political liberty or from hearing about the efforts of abolitionists.

False

Slave traders tried hard to keep slave families together.

False

Slave trading, while legal and profitable, was considered disreputable and slave traders were looked down up by their fellow southerners.

False

Slavery did not affect northern merchants and manufacturers.

False

The United States had three racial categories in the mid-nineteenth century: black, white, and mulatto.

False

The respective Canadian and Mexican governments regularly returned escaped slaves to southern slaveholders.

False

What view did Nat Turner express prior to his execution?

He compared his death to the crucifixion of Jesus.

After escaping slavery in the South, what was the primary reason why Henry "Box" Brown moved to England?

He feared being recaptured.

What did the Reverend Charles C. Jones of Georgia do that made him different from most other slaveowners? Group of answer choices

He taught his slaves to read and write. X

On what grounds did Frederick Douglass claim his authority as a spokesperson against slavery?

His wife and child were sold away from him. x He was born free and educated as a child. X

Which is true of free blacks who owned slaves?

In many cases, these "slaves" were family members they had purchased and could not legally free.

What was the name of the vibrant community of former slaves freed by Virginian Richard Randolph?

Israel Hill

Which is true of the Underground Railroad?

It focused on helping escaped slaves reach either free states or Canada.

Why was slavery called a "peculiar institution" of the South?

It had been opposed by a majority of the nation's presidents X

Which is typical of slave religion in the first half of the nineteenth century?

It included both African traditions and Christian beliefs.

Which is true of the South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

It produced about half of the nation's manufactured goods. x It was increasingly urban, with half of the nation's ten largest cities. X Its banks, most with home offices in the North, refused to lend money to plantation owners. X

What did Abraham Lincoln identify as the core of the proslavery argument?

It relied on a literal interpretation of the Bible. X

Who said that the language in the Declaration of Independence—that all men were created equal and entitled to liberty—was "the most false and dangerous of all political errors"?

James Madison X James G. Birney X

How did conditions for slaves in the United States compare to those in the Caribbean by the mid-nineteenth century?

Laws in the United States afforded slaves significantly stronger legal protection against ill treatment and cruel punishments. X

Which statement about Nat Turner's Rebellion is true?

Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion.

From which of the following states did the greatest number of slaves successfully escape to freedom?

Maryland

Seeing themselves as a chosen people, blacks viewed which biblical story as playing a central role in their version of Christianity?

Matthew and the whale x

Which state had the fewest free blacks?

Mississippi

A slave from which state had the best chance of escaping to freedom permanently?

Mississippi X

Which statement is a bout the attitudes of most poor southern white farmers toward the southern elite planter class?

Most poor southern whites agreed with Andrew Johnson's criticism of the planter "slavocracy." X Most poor southern whites agreed with northern criticisms of slavery. X

Which was the only significantly large city in the Cotton Kingdom in 1860?

New Orleans

Why could someone argue that the North was complicit in the expansion of slavery?

Northern factory demand for cotton steadily increased.

In an 1840 letter written from Canada, fugitive slave Joseph Taper asked for divine blessings upon

Queen Victoria.

Which statement is true about slave families?

Slave families were in constant danger of being broken apart by the slaveowners through the sale of family members.

Which of the following is true of the paternalist ethos in southern slavery?

Slave owners felt responsible for their slaves and believed they could not take care of themselves.

Which is true regarding Christianity in slave culture?

Slaveholders focused on biblical teachings about obedience when presenting Christianity to slaves.

How did slave holders use the Bible to justify slavery?

Slavery is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments, and expressly condemned in neither location.

Which of the following statements about slavery and the law is true?

Slaves accused of serious crimes were entitled to their day in court, although they faced all-white judges and juries.

In what way did slave families differ from those of their white masters?

Slaves did not name their children until they were five years old. X

Which belief would be typical of a paternalistic slave owner in the nineteenth century?

Slaves would be lost without the care and guidance of their owners.

What resulted from the sexual exploitation of slave women?

Some wives of plantation owners resented when this happened and then punished slaves.

What economic effect did southern slavery have on the North? Group of answer choices

Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North.

In Joseph Taper's letter to Joseph Long, how does Taper analyze his experience of living in Canada? Group of answer choices

The British system allowed for more "pursuit of happiness."

Which of the following is a true statement relative to the Upper South and the Lower South?

The Upper South did not initially join the Lower South in seceding from the Union.

In the nineteenth century, why did cotton become the most important commodity in international trade?

The early industrial revolution centered on factories that made cloth out of cotton.

Which statement is true about the labor that enslaved people did?

The large majority of enslaved women and men worked in the fields.

What was the significance of the planter class in antebellum Southern society?

Their values and goals dominated Southern life.

Which is true of plantation owners in the nineteenth century?

They insisted that slavery was required in order for whites to be truly free.

On what grounds did the Supreme Court decide in favor of the slaves on the Amistad?

They shared the same constitutional rights as any American. X

Which is true of Northerners who assisted escaped slaves?

They were breaking federal law.

After 1830, defense of slavery by southerners increased and intensified.

True

Black Christianity is best described as a blend of African traditions and Christian beliefs.

True

By 1860, the economic investment represented by the slave population exceeded the value of the nation's factories, railroads, and banks combined.

True

By the 1830s, it was illegal to teach a slave to read or write.

True

By the 1850s most southern states had made it illegal for free blacks to enter their territory.

True

The internal slave trade was a key component in supporting the Cotton Kingdom.

True

Which of the following statements about religious life among African-Americans in southern cities is true?

Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches.

Some people in America criticized the British emancipation of all slaves in the 1830s on what grounds?

Violent revolutions occurred in many British colonies in the 1840s. X

Which is true of slave communities in the American South?

Women's and men's worlds were even more separate than among whites. x The slave church was the center of community on large plantations X All traces of African culture had disappeared from slave culture by the middle of the nineteenth century. X

What was the biggest fear of a slave of any age?

a family member being sold

Jumping over a broomstick was a ceremony celebrating

a slave marriage.

John C. Calhoun and George Fitzhugh

agreed that slavery was not a necessary evil but something actually positive and good.

Frederick Douglass

argued that knowledge was essential to achieving freedom from slavery.

Andrew Johnson of Tennessee and Joseph Brown of Georgia rose to political power

as self-proclaimed spokesmen of the common man against the great planters.

Slave families

avoided naming children for family members because children so often were sold, and it was better not to build strong kinship ties. X were rare because there were too few female slaves. X

Fugitive slaves

benefited from the refusal of non-slave owners to participate in patrols that looked for fugitives. X

The relationship between rich southern planters and poor southern farmers

benefited in part from a sense of unity bred by criticism from outsiders.

The Brer Rabbit stories of slave folklore

celebrated how the weak could outsmart the more powerful.

In the nineteenth century, which product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor?

cotton

What did the southern code of honor demand of men?

defense of the reputations of themselves and their families

In which role was a slave most likely to experience the harshest conditions?

doing fieldwork on a sugar plantation in southern Louisiana

A slave in which geographic area would be most likely to be working in cotton fields?

eastern Tennessee x northern Virginia X

The Underground Railroad

enabled approximately 30,000 fugitives to escape from the South.

none of the cities of the south a had a significant inmigrant culture prior to the civil war

false

In the decades before the Civil War, the northern states

financed industrial development with money earned in the trade of cotton produced by slave labor.

Southern farmers in the backcountry

generally worked the land using family labor.

The Haitian slave revolt was successful and the attempts by Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner ultimately failed because

in the United States, the slaves rebelling had no weapons. X slaves in Haiti had the help of the Spanish government. X

In the decades before the Civil War, the southern states

industrialized very little compared to the northern states.

The end of slavery in most Latin American nations

involved gradual emancipation accompanied by recognition of owners' legal rights to slave property.

The slave rebellion aboard the Amistad

led to a Supreme Court decision freeing the slaves.

On the eve of the Civil War, cotton

made up over half of the total value of American exports.

Gender roles under slavery

meant that slave husbands refused to let their wives work in the fields. X

Which statement is true about slave trading within the united states between 1820 and 1860

more than 2 million enslaved people were sold during this time

seeing themselves as a chosen people, blacks viewed which biblical story as playing central role in their version of christianity

moses and the exodus from egypt

Urban slaves

most often were servants, cooks, and other domestic servants.

The internal slave trade in the United States involved the movement of hundreds of thousands of enslaved persons from

older states like Virginia to the Lower South.

To qualify as a member of the planter class, a person had to be engaged in southern agriculture and

own at least ten slaves. X grow specifically cotton or sugarcane. X own at least fifty slaves. X

Which value was particularly strong in the South in the early nineteenth century?

personal honor

The term "Lords of the Loom" refers to

planters who established textile operations on their plantations. X

In the South, the paternalist ethos

reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him.

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy

resulted in over twenty deaths of white men, women, and children. X reflected the belief of the conspirators that the Bible endorsed slavery. X

According to the paternalistic ethos, which "right" did slaves have?

right to adequate food

From 1840 to 1860, the price of a "prime field hand"

rose about 80 percent, which made it harder for southern whites to enter the slaveholding class.

In 1855, an enslaved woman in Missouri named Celia killed her enslaver while resisting his sexual assault. State law deemed "any woman" in such circumstances to be acting in self-defense. The court

sentenced Celia to death because she was property in the eyes of the law, and thus not legally a "woman."

Which two categories delineate the key differences among southern states in the decades before the Civil War?

slave and free states X

Who did the Virginian writer George Fitzhugh describe as the "happiest" and "the freest people in the world"?

slaves in the American South

Compared to slave revolts in Brazil and in the West Indies, slave revolts in the United States were

smaller in scale and less frequent.

Free blacks in the United States

sometimes became wealthy enough to own slaves.

Which were free blacks in the South legally prohibited from doing?

striking a white person in self-defense

As the sectional conflict over slavery intensified, southern states

suppressed the expression of antislavery views.

After 1830, the majority of white southerners came to believe

that freedom for whites rested on the power to command the labor of blacks.

Nat Turner's Rebellion demonstrated

that slaves would be at a fatal disadvantage if they were outnumbered by armed whites.

When considering slavery's geographic extent, the numbers held in bondage, and the institution's economic importance, what was the largest and most powerful slave society the modern world has known?

the U.S. South

In the Americas in 1850, significant slave systems remained only in

the United States, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil.

which event is credited with helping to ingrain the paternalist ethos more deeply into the lives of southern slaveholders

the development of domestic ideology X

Celia was

the name used to signify a southern plantation mistress in writings about the institution. X

Which right did free blacks in the South have in the decade before the Civil War?

the right to marry

The plantation masters had many means to maintain order among their slaves. According to the text, what was the most powerful weapon the plantation masters had?

the threat of sale

Despite being forbidden by law to marry, many slaves were able to create a family life on the plantation.

true

When not in the field, slaves observed more traditional gender roles.

true

after nat turner's rebellion, the virginia legislature discussed ending slavery in that state

true

paternalism both masked and justified the brutal reality of slavery

true

Which statement is true about harriet tubman

tubman rescued about seventy five people from slavery

Harriet Tubman

was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.

The proslavery argument that slavery made economic independence among whites possible

was widely accepted by southern whites

Slave cultures

were semi-independent and centered on family and church.