Final Exam
What is gender performativity?
Performativity of gender is a stylized repetition of acts, an imitation or miming of the dominant conventions of gender. Butler argues that "the act that one does, the act that one performs is, in a sense, an act that's been going on before one arrived on the scene"
population (biological)
Physically, genetically, and/or ecologically distinct subgroups within a species.
Which is not a major sub field of anthropology?
Physiological Anthropology
I am a primate who lives in Central America and has a prehensile tail, what am I?
Platyrrhine
Big Idea
Platyrrhines Are found in Central and South America. They are highly Arboreal and are the only kind of primate to have a prehensile tail
What was Thomas Malthuss notion on populations
Populations will outgrow the food supply creating competition for resources
Enthocentrism
Practice of making value judgments about another culture from the perspective of one's own culture. In other words, it is thinking that one's way of life is natural or correct and being the only true way being fully human
What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar?
Prescriptive language means that it is the standard language. A ruler spoke French so they enforced French on people. Descriptive is a dialect. So creole comes from French
In Chapter 4 "Skin Color in the Modern World, Nina Jablonski explains the biological diversity of skin color in humans. Which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply. Points deducted for incorrect responses).
The earliest Homo sapiens were lightly pigmented. The earliest Homo sapiens were darkly pigmented." Lightly pigmented skin produces greater amounts of Vitamin D conferring greater evolutionary fitness to people living far from the equator." The complex interactions of evolutionary forces contribute to patterns of variation in skin color at any point in time. The last 3
According to Nina's description of Judaism, early Christianity, and early Islam and their attitudes towards differences in physical appearance, which of the following statements is not true
The emergence of all three face in the same region of the ancient world is served as the initial basis for discrimination based on the physical appearance and the moral judgment of people based on their skin tone
Behavioral Modernity
The emergence of behavioral and cognitive traits that distinguish modern humans from an anatomically modern humans. Including abstract thinking, symbolic thought, and self-expression
What is important about the Ardipthecus genus
The evidence that they were bipedal before Savannah times in woodland areas
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary history relationship between species
Balanced Reciprocity
The exchange or offering of something with an expectation that something of equivalent value will be returned within a prescribed time frame.
Generalized Reciprocity
The exchange or offering of something without an expectation of a return or any time frame for return.
Settlement hierarchy
The existence of different kinds of settlement within a territory that vary by size and function.
In human fetuses, the sexual differentiation of the external organs begins around seven week of gestation. The genitals will develop in the female direction if
The fetus's body cannot respond to androgen The fetus has ovaries
Inca
The largest indigenous empire in the Americas, found in the Andes mountains of South America roughly 500-600 years ago.
· divorce
The legal dissolution of a marriage.
How are the Barí Indian practices around pregnancy and fatherhood adaptive?
The many fathers helo the support the women and baby
Big idea
The monkey species found across Africa and Asia are son of the most behaviorally flexible in the order
Intersextionality is
The multidimensional identities that define a person including gender, race, sexuality, ability, and more
Teotihuacan
The name of both an ancient Mesoamerican state established around 2000 years before present and the capital city of that state.
Panopticon
The original panopticon was prison design where single guard could control hundreds of prisoners because they could not know when they were being observed. According to Michel Foucault, modern society is a panopticon where individuals are controlled because they are always watched and listened to.
What environmental changes during the Pilecene shaped hominin evolution and how did it shape it?
The pilecene epoch it's a period of time with global cooling and drying, where most tropical rainforest were gradually replaced by grassland savannas favoring walking on two legs
Enculturation is:
The process of learning behavior, values and norms as a member of society
Enculturation
The process of learning culture from other humans with in a social group and passing culture on from one generation to the next
Repatriation
The return of artifacts and human remains to descent communities. In the US these are often (but not exclusively) those that are Native American or Black/African-American.
Taxonomic rank
The scientific classification of organisms from the Broadus to most specific by Genus or species
Sexual Monomorphism
The sexes of a species do not exhibit different characteristics beyond their reproductive organs
Sexual Dimorphism
The sexes of a species exhibit different characteristics beyond their reproductive organs
Big Idea
The transition from hunting and gathering to farming was a gradual process that included cultural adaptions to climate change. Archaeologists use multiple lines of evidence to study this process. Although agriculture is associated with a time period called the Neolithic, the timing of this shift varies from region to region.
What is the critical range hypothesis?
There is a specific range where kids can fully learn language effortlessly before puberty. But after they will never fully learn it
Transsexual
Transgendered individuals who wish to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy—so that their physical being is better aligned with gender identity
balanced reciprocity
a mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery rule-bound. gift giving, giving crops for helping
Sexual orientation
a person's relatively enduring pattern of emotional and/or sexual attraction to other people
gender expression
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
Sexism
prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another
Materialism
preoccupation with physical comforts and things
What are the three modes of exchange?
reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange
What advantage does lighter skin color confer on humans in regions with low UV light intensity?
darker skin makes it harder to produce vitamin D in lesser UV rays
· relative dating methods:
dating methods that arrange material evidence in a linear sequence, each object in the sequence being identified as older or younger than another object
If you live in a patrilineal society, it means:
descent is traced through your father's line.
Sexuality
desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior
List the archaeological evidence of state collapse
destruction of cities reduction of population and density abandonment of palaces and government facilities destruction pf mounmental architecture decline in long distance trade
Dimorphism
difference of form between two members of a species, as between males and females
Alleles
different versions of a gene
What selective pressures influenced the evolution of diverse skin pigmentation in humans?
disease, enivornments
Why are stratigraphy and superposition important to excavation?
everything is important to finding out about the past to see how old they are
negative reciprocity
exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and the desire to get something for nothing. taking advantage of someone. i forgot my wallet and not buying back
How do we decide who isn't a marriage partner?
exogamy and incest
Big idea
A lineage is a type of descent group in which ancestors can be traced. A patrilineal descent group traces ancestry through the father's line only. A matrilineal descent group traces ancestry through the mother's line only.
Lineal kin
A lineal relative is someone from whom you are directly descended or who is directly descended from you.
Younger Dryas
A period of global cooling and drying that occurred 13,000-11.500 BP and is thought to have prompted the shift to food production (i.e., a reliance on agriculture and/or pastoralism).
agency
A person's ability to act, to exert power, or to effect change in their world.
Cultigen
A plant that can no longer disperse its own seeds, i.e. successfully reproduce, without human intervention. In this way, the plant species has evolved to be as dependent on humans as the humans are on it.
What is a cultigen
A plant that needs human intervention to disperse its seeds
What are indifferent gonads? At what stage of development do they begin to differentiate?
gonads that are not male or female yet, 7th week
What are the ways race still matters so much in society?
government, lower ranking,
According to the most recent scientific evidence in what kind of sites do we find the earliest signs of plant domestication and agriculture? What are these signs? How long ago were they?
guittarreo cave, callejon de hualyals, peru, plants that were not native to the region, 11,500-10,700
How do general cultural values about, circulation of, and acquisition of material goods impact their meaning and value?
it is culturally constructed
Is sexual dimorphism in Homo sapiens more or less pronounced than in other ape or past hominin species?
less, socially
What other changes tended to accompany the transition to agriculture?
location, water, animals, bigger populations, malnutrition and disease
Technologies of power
mechanisms used to manage people; the relationships between the state, the individual, and the masses.
Why is folate important in pregnancy? What does folate have to do with skin pigmentation?
nerual tube defects can be caused if we lack it. light skinned people exposed to sunlight have a deficiency
How did human migration impact human variation?
new environments, new stressors new low oxygen, cold, seasonality, diseases, food, mixture of cultures
phenotype (phenotypic, adj.)
observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Sexuality
person's capacity for, experience of, and sexual feelings.
Productivity
the ability of language to intelligibly produce infinite new meanings and messages that have never been expressed before
Redistribution
the accumulation of goods or labor to a central location (person, group of institution) and recirculation back out based on a specific rule or pattern. It may be a force for equalizing (downward redistribution) or aggravating (upward redistribution) wealth disparities.
biological evolution
the change over time in populations of related organisms. Individuals don't evolve, and the rate Evolution changes based off reproduction
What are the ways in which race as a social construct still affects human biology?
the environment that surrounds someone influences them. the worse inequality, the worse health
Last Common Ancestor
the final evolutionary link between two related groups
genotype (genotypic adj.)
the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
What are the various relationships between human migration, UV light intensity, and skin tone?
the higher the UV , the darker the skin color
What is intersectionality?
the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
Arbitrariness and Conventionality
the relationship between a linguistic symbol and its referent (meaning) is arbitrary, meaning that there is no real or necessary connection between them but they are agreed upon by habit or convention.
Patriarchy
A society whose gender ideology privileges men and a particular kind of masculinity over other genders and where power, resources and authority are primarily in men's hands. It should be noted that patriarchy does not mean that only women are subjugated. Men must also adhere to the dominant kind of masculinity and suffer consequences if they deviate from the norm. Anthropologists who study non-patriarchal societies also note that the concept of the matriarchy should not be seen as the mirror image of patriarchy with just an inverted gender hierarchy, but that they display alternative and often more egalitarian structures
Hominin
A taxonomic grouping that includes Homo sapiens and our extinct ancestors who lived after the diverging from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees and baboons
Pastoralism
A type of food production with primary focus on herding domesticated animals for their meat, blood, milk, and other resources. It can be nomadic and semi-nomadic, transhumant, or otherwise mixed (agropastoralism).
neural tube defects
Birth defects involving the brain, spine, or spinal cord that occur during the first month of pregnancy, often caused by a folate deficiency.
What impact did settler colonialism have on indigenous languages in Canada and the United States
By placing indigenous children in residential boarding schools where they were punished for speaking their native language, The national government severely disturbed the spread of multiple indigenous languages multiple of which are now in danger
Big Idea
By studying the past, archaeologists discover important information that speaks to the crises currently facing humanity.
How did the perception of skin color change during the Age of Exploration?
Dark skinned people became something that they had, rather they actual people, they wanted their land
Generalized teeth, four kinds of teeth
Diet and behavior and being intimidating
cline
In biology, a gradation in one or more characteristics within a species or other taxon, especially between different populations. Example: the distribution patterns for skin tone in indigenous human populations.
sacculated stomach
In colobine primates, a chambered stomach with a fork out and hindgut as well as specialized digestive enzymes that aid in the digestion of fibrous plant matter
How did Guaraní become so widespread in Paraguay? Why did that happen, and how is that process different from what happened to Indigenous languages in other places?
Instead of fighting, they made contact with the Guaraní people, whose chiefs realized that if they let the Spaniards marry their daughters, they and the conquerors would become tovaja—a Guaraní word meaning brother-in-law. Once they gained this status, they were safe from harm, as their new family members would not kill them. Most of the time, other languages diminish because people are separated but they were not
What was the last common ancestor between humans and other living primates? And when did it live?
Notharctus lived 54 MYA in Europe and North America
The exchange of Christmas presents among close family or friends is an example of:
O Balanced reciprocity
According to Nina Jablonski, how did ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and the Roman Empire interpret differences in physical appearance?
O Differences in skin color were noticed and commented upon, but skin color itself did not determine a person's value.
The first person to apply the term "race" to humans was
O French naturalist, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, in the 18th century
The penny cup at the register in some stores is an example of:
O Generalized reciprocity
Haggling over the price of lemonade at a child's lemonade stand is an example of:
O Negative reciprocity
The evolutionary therapy states
1. All organisms share a common ancestor 2. Living organisms can change over time and give rise to new organisms
According to Danilyn Rutherford in her essay, what is anthropology, which of the following statements are true?
1. Anthropologist typically sacrifice breath for death and insist on the importance of context. On the who, what, where, and when that shapes what we observe. 2. Anthropologist use enthograpy, participant observation, excavation, and many other approaches to study all aspects of human existence, past and present.
According to Agustin Fuentes, in his essay chimpanzees can't tell us much about being human, what can we learn about humans from chimpanzees?
1. Chimpanzees complex social hierarchies, deep social relationships, and complex group conflict with other communities of germs can tell us a lot about chimpanzees and may also reveal some things about humans 2. Comparison of chimpanzees, and human morphology and physiology-The way the species bodies look and function can reveal evolutionary trends in primate evolution and common elements shared between all primates including humans
Which of the following statements is true?
1. Chimps are hominids 2. Al hominins are hominids 3. Humans are homminins and hominids
What's the four basic components of natural selection
1. Environmental variability, competition 2. organism variability 3. differential fitness 4. inheritance of selective advantages traits, 5. removal of selective disadvantage traits
What are the basic elements of a scientific theory
1. Establish body of knowledge 2. Based on observation of factual events and collection of them 3. Attempts to explain how these events happened 4. Testable hypothesis
What are the six primate characteristics,
1. Grasping hands and feet with five digits 2. Generalized dentition (4 kinds of teeth incisors, canines, premolar and Molar) 3. Stereoscopic big color vision in depth perception 4. Brain complexity enhance memory and learning 5: slow life history. Dependent babies in fewer offspring 6: socialite. Social groups in long kid period.
Anthropology tries to understand:
1. How humans change over time 2. What is universal about humans 3. What varies from culture to culture
Who is Turkana Boy?
1.4 million years ago, he was a kid that looked like a human but not developmentally. His lifespan was like a champ because he was big at eight years old. They were able to get 80% of his remains
Homo neanderthalensis
130-28 kya Eurasia and the Middle East, evolved in Europe Cold adapted body (short and large nose) Social cooperation Body adornment Mousterian tools Wore clothes Marked graves Isotope analysis showed they ate meat
What are the key morphological and behavioral characteristics of Homo habils?
2.4 to 1.4 million years ago, east and Southern Africa, skeletal morphology shows a mix of Homo and Australopithecus, named handyman because they thought they were the first to make the stone tool but they weren't
Homo habilis
2.4-1.4 mya Eastern Southern Africa Oldowan tools (thought to be the first tool but they were lomekwian tools by Australopithecus afarensis ) Handy man
Paranthropus
2.7-1 million East/Southern Africa Nutcracker man (boisei) Big teeth 3 different species NOT the ancestor of Homo
Homo sapiens
300-154 kya Morocco, Ethiopia, Africa Behavioral modernity Jewelry, body painting Art and music (sculptures, paint, rock art)
How many color words do the Himba have in their native language?
4
How long have primates been around?
55 myg
Sumerian state
6000 (4800) Ur ziggurat temples cuneiform writing trade
What are the key morphological and behavioral characteristics of Homo Heidelberg
700 to 200 KYA, Africa and Eurasia Symbolic behavior and belt dwellings
How many languages exist in the world today? How many risk going extinct
7000 languages. 50 to 90%
When do embryonic genitals begin to sexually differentiate? What hormones are involved? What are the genital homologues between male and female genitals?
7th week, androgens and estrogen, penis and clitoris
Big Idea
: The Pleistocene Epoch is defined by ice ages and climatic variability. These selective pressures acting on the genus Homo to favor behavioral flexibility.
· brideservice
A brideservice is labor performed by the groom for the bride's parents.
Collateral Kin
A collateral relatives is someone who is "off to the side" of your direct lineage. For example, your mother, father, grandparents, and any children you have are considered lineal relatives
Colonialism is
A culturally domination of a territory and it's peoples with enforced cultural change A long term, political, economical, and social domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power A historical. in the 15th in to the 20th centuries during which European states conquered and dominated the rest of the world
· dowry
A dowry is a payment from the bride's family to the husband's family, often in the form of cash, land, jewelry, or other material goods.
Stonehenge
A famous example of monumental architecture, a circle of massive stones in what is now the United Kingdom, slowly constructed starting 5000 BP.
How do Barí Indians in Venezuela understand how babies are made?
A fetus is built up over time with repeated washes of sperm— which means, of course, that more than one man can contribute to the endeavor.
4. polyandry
A form of marriage in which a woman may have multiple husbands.
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
State
A kind of sociopolitical organization that involves large permanent settlements and a significant increase in (1) logistical complexity, (2) population control, and (3) stratified social inequality. Domestication
Excavation
A methodology used in archaeology to systematically uncover evidence of human activity in the past.
melanin
A molecule that is produced by special cells in the epidermis (upper layer of skin), which pigments the skin and is photoreflective of ultraviolet radiation.
From an anthropologist standpoint, hirjas, two-spirited people, and sanity are best understood as
A third gender
folate
AB vitamin that is critically important for the neural tube development of embryos and early-stage fetuses.
Explain the hypothesis tested
Acquire traits are passed on to offspring and disproven
affinal kin
Affinal kin are relatives by marriage.
big idea
All humans are born with the same capacity for language and follow similar stages in their language acquisition. When language acquisition is disrupted, complex language can never be acquired.
big idea
All states, whether ancient or modern, cannot grow indefinitely in size and power. They eventually undergo processes of transformation or "collapse."
Gene pool
All the genes in the bodies of all members of a given species or population
Phenotype
All the physical traits of an organism
Stonehenge
Amesbury England 5000 years, built over 1500 years brought stones from 150 miles away coming together to work on this
Omnivore
An animal that feeds on a mix of plant and animal matter
Frugivore
An animal that feeds on fruit
Folivore
An animal that feeds on leave
Political Ecology
An anthropological approach that traces the relationship between ecology, economy and political power in producing particular social arrangements and their consequences.
Political Economy
An anthropological approach that traces the relationship between economics and politics in producing particular social arrangements, structures and practices of equality or inequality.
lactase
An enzyme that breaks down lactose, the primary sugar in milk.
Market exchange
An exchange principle that puts the focus on the exchange of equivalent values within a mutually agreed-upon time frame (buying, selling, trading) and the relationships between exchange partners are deemphasized.
ultimate explanation
An explanation for behavior or treat in an evolutionary sense
proximate explanation
An explanation for behavior or treat in the immediate sense
According to Meredith Small and Abbas, the Bari Indians of Venezuela believe:
An infant is the biological product of multiple sexual encounters between a woman and one or more men.
gene flow
An influx of new individuals into a population breed. This is considered random because the motivation for individuals and groups movement or not consciously to spread their alleles. However it was a result of more alleles for a specific trait or new allele in the recipient population
Two reasons for reproduction of the fittest or differential selection
An organism must live long enough to reproduce. Fittest makes it seem like animals are fighting to survive one fitness means their ability to produce good offspring
Catal Huyuk
Anatolia, turkey 9.000 BP tell site lots of houses close together painted walls, 2-3 gens, dead under floors equality or egalitarian
big idea
Ancient and modern cities and states share similar characteristics. Those characteristics are archaeologically visible, meaning that we can examine changes in how ancient societies were organized.
Insectivore
Animal that feeds on insects
Anthropology and colonialism have a long-entangled history. In what ways was anthropology used to support colonialism?
Antho gave insight to indigenous people, they had uneasy relationships; Antho did not want to tell the colonialism people about the indigenous people because they were they would hurt them
Which of the following statements is not true
Anthropologist and anthropology criticize European imperialism and it's damaging consequences from its very beginning
Field based
Anthropologist collect data about human biology, culture, practice, behavior, or beliefs through field research using diverse data collection methods
Comparative
Anthropologist compare humans in time, Past and present, across space or in ways of life
To say that anthropology is holistic means
Anthropologist often combine theory, methods, and findings from other fields with distinctly anthropological theory, methods, and findings to draw conclusions
Why do anthropologist study primates?
Anthropologist study nonhuman primate's to learn more about the origin and evolution of modern humans
How does Danilyn Rutherford define anthropology
Anthropologist study people -particular people- in particular times and places- and what makes them human and their own distinct way
Big idea
Anthropologist study primates because humans are primates, too. Primates share many tendencies as a result of long evolutionary history
big idea
Anthropologists take a biocultural approach to understanding the roles of sex and gender in human behavior.
Absolute Dating
Any dating methodology in archaeology that enables a researcher to establish approximately how old an artifact or site is
Relative Dating
Any dating methodology in archaeology that enables a researcher to establish than an artifact or a site is older or younger than another artifact or site.
gender discrimination
Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender.
How does our language differ
Apes can't articulate the way we can Apes can't remember as much
Big Idea
Archaeology is a team endeavor that draws on the knowledge of both community members and scientists. While excavation is an important part of archaeology, reconstructing ancient peoples' lives increasingly relies on microscopic and chemical analyses in the lab.
Big idea
Ardipthecus had a mix of tree climbing and bipedal adaptations. Paleo reconstruction's of their habitat indicate that bipedalism emerged before Savannah grasslands dominated the region
Mesopotamia
Aregion in what is now the Middle East where the first agriculturalists, and the first states, are found in the archaeological record.
Dialect
Aregional or subcultural variation of a language distinguished by its unique pattern of speech in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, rhythm, speed or syntax; not defined as a separate language, but only a slight or strong variation on a language.
Based on fossil records from the Paleolithic, which of the following traits appears to be most unique among Homosapiens
Art and music
In what ways are chimpanzees use for models for human behavior?
Aspects of our morphology and physiology ( look and function) and our general patterns of social behavior are connected to chimpanzees. Similar things but they don't have complex issues like humans
Who is Lucy and why is she special?
Australopithecus afarenis. She shares the same traits as humans and chimps
A Rwandan proverb states, "A cow that goes down the hill must come back up. This proverb means that any gift received must be returned in kind. What kind of reciprocity is illustrated by this proverb and its meaning?
Balanced reciprocity
Big Idea
Based on genetic and fossil evidence, Homo heidelbergensis is the most likely LCA between Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo denisova.
What is the relationship between Heidelbergensis, Neanderthalads, denisova and sapiens?
Based on genetic evidence, heidalbergensis are most likely the last common ancestor between Homo sapiens, Neanderthals and denisova
The take home message of the lectures about sex, gender, sexuality is
Because it is a tangled combination of human biology and culture, there are multiple systems of gender around the world
Big idea
Behavioral economics is the study of economic decision making. Primates demonstrate the same basic economic valued behaviors that we see in humans
How is fraternal polyandry adaptive in Tibet?
Bigger families, more hands to help.
The concept of race is
Biologically and genetically meaningless
sagittal crest
Bone running along the mid line of the skull from front to back. The presence of a large sagittal crust is indicative of large strong jaw muscles
According to anthropologist, which is more powerful into defining human behavior, nature or nurture?
Both aspects have very powerful results in lives
What does it mean that humans are biocultural?
Both genetics and culture have contributed to human evolution and behavior
· bridewealth
Bridewealth compensates the bride's family for the loss of her future companionship and labor.
Where do anthropologist work?
Business, marketing, economics, attorney, diversity officer, foreign language teacher, foreign service officer, human resources representative, international nonprofit administrator, interpreter translator, media planner, organizational development specialist, public health specialist, social media specialist,
What kinds of questions can anthropology answer? what kinds of problems does Anthropology tackle?
Challenges facing humanity. Requires an understanding of humans to solve issues like climate change, covid, inequality. Biological, health, political, ecological, economical. Provides toolkit, grounding and social justice.
Evolution may broadly be understood as
Change over time
Epigenetics
Changes in gene expression that do not change genes themselves. Often shaped by environmental factors and still debated on whether this can be passed down
How do children acquire language
Children learn language through the interactions with the humans around them
What does the case of Mary Noname in Minagua illustrate about children and language acquisition?
Children need to be exposed to language to learn it. They need to be exposed language language before seven
What term refers to a descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from an ancestor?
Clan
holistic
Combining theories, methods, and findings from other fields with distinctly and anthropological theory methods and findings.
Comparative perspective
Comparing and analyzing cultural data from a variety of culture groups, looking for contrast and similarities between the groups
Which one of the following is an example an egalitarian society?
!Kung hunter-gatherers in the Kalahari desert.
What are the meanings of "Chapungu - The Day Rhodes Fell" by South African performance artist, Sethembile Msezane?
"Chapungu" is a Shona word meaning, the "Great Spirit Bird," which protects the Shona people by warning of danger or delivering important messages. the day white supremacy fell at their college
gender
"Gender refers to the social, cultural and psychological constructions that are imposed on the biological differences of sex." (Serena Nanda cited in Fuentes 2012, 27) "...the formation of gender roles, by which people of each sex are expected to have psychological characteristics that equip them for the tasks that their sex typically performs...." (Wendy Wood and Alice H. Eagly cited in Fuentes 2012, 27) social or cultural distinctions associated with being male or female
big idea
"Intersectionality is a lens through which you can see where power comes and collides, where it interlocks and intersects." — Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw
Lomekwian tools
- Earliest stone tools - Australopithecus afarensis -Hammerstones, cores and flakes
Franz Boas
Considered the founding father of American, four-field Anthropology; famous for a study of bodily form in immigrants that undercut the biological race concept and emphasized the role of culture in shaping the human body.
According to Agustin Fuentes, which of the following statements are true
Cultural construct are real
What cultural value does language have?
Cultural identity and community
What is the Anthropological perspective?
Cultural relativism because anthropology values all human populations equally and approaches their ways of life as coherent and meaningful designs for a living
What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar?
Descriptive grammar analyzes how different people in different settings use language while prescriptive grammar focuses on Grammatical rules and structure is determined by the language of powerful people in a society
Cladogram
Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
How is language acquired?
Enculturation
Among Sikhs in India, Pakistan, and the diaspora, parents require (or strongly encourage) their children to marry other Sikhs. This rule is known as:
Endogamy
1825-1960
England, France, Germany, USA. Land Grab
scientific theory
Established body of knowledge based on observation of factual events in a testable hypothesis.
Circumscription Theory
-Populations concentrated in agricultural areas -Population grows, agricultural areas fill up, competition for land and resources increases -If agricultural areas are limited (circumscribed) by natural boundaries, stress leads to warfare -A state established to administer conquered lands, people and tribute
What was eugenics?
-a movement that is aimed at improving the genetic composition of the human race -used by Nazi's to justify their actions
What are the following vital components of natural selection?
1. A population produces much more offspring than survive 2. There is genetic variation within a population that can be passed down to an offspring 3. Some organisms in a population are better suited to survive in a particular environment 4. Some members of the population have more success in reproducing
race
1. A term used in biology to descríbe populations that are genetically and/or physiologically distinct, often equated to subspecies, and applied to a range of species. 2. A set of culturally constructed categories, which vary across cultures, and which do not capture or explain human biological variation, past or present.
big idea
Many cultures have long embraced the notion that sex and gender are not straightforward distinctions between male and female making room for a wider variety of accommodations for people's bodies and self-expression.
The earliest state level society in the archaeological record
Mesopotamia in southwest Asia
Big Idea
Natural selection is the survival of the fit
Big idea
Natural selection is the survival of the fittest not the fittest
Stereoscopic color vision and depth perception
Navigating from tree to tree and watching for things that will attack them, finding the right kind of food, socio-sexual signals
Catal Huyuk
One of the earliest towns in the archaeological record, dated to roughly 9,00O BP in what is now Turkey. Included densely-built neighborhoods
Stereo scopic vision
Overlapping visual fields that provide that perception
How does a scientific theory fundamentally different than the word theory
People don't debate whether evolution has happened but how it happened. People in music theory don't debate if music is real
How do Muijuna people in Peru understand deafness
People understand deafness as a condition where people cannot speak regardless of whether they can hear or not
Big idea
Primate behaviorally ecology and sociality are shaped by both proximate and ultimate drivers .primates are very social animals
List of commonly held misconception about evolution
Race, aggression, sex
big idea
Race, as a biological category in humans, does not exist.
The potlatch among indigenous Americans from the Northwest Coast is an example of:
Redistribution
Relative Age
Relative age refers to whether an individual is older or younger than another.
Hegemony
Rule through persuasion, the process by which the dominant social group's values become the "commonsense" values of all.
Who is Saartije Baartman?
Saartjie (Sara) Baartman was one of the first black women known to be subjugated to human sexual trafficking. She was derisively named the "Hottentot Venus" by Europeans as her body would be publicly examined and exposed inhumanly throughout the duration of her young life. They took her down in 2002
Fitness
Survival and reproductive success, typically measured across several generation
What is behavioral modernity as applied to Homosapiens?
Symbolic thought in cultural creativity. 100kyas
What are the defining characteristics of language?
Systematic, complex, primary means of communication, rooted in biology but a product of culture, learned, fundamental to anthropology
Why is it important for archaeologists to work with local partners?
Talking to locals can help find things and they care about the past too
Big Ideas
Tarisers are small bodied, nocturnal primates found in Southeast Asia. Each eyeball is larger than their brain you can imagine where they fall on the body brain line
big idea
The Neolithic sites of Jericho, Catal Huyuk, and Stonehenge tell us a lot about social organization in response to increased sedentism and agriculture.
Big idea
The Pliocene is a period of time defined by global cooling and drying where moist tropical rain forest gradually replaced by grassland savannas
1/1 What were the primary findings of the Immigrant Study led by anthropologist Franz Boas and funded by the US government?
The US-born children of adult immigrants grew to be taller than their parents or siblings who were born abroad thus disapproving scientific theories about race and eugenics
What is syntax? Why is it important to language?
The ability to format a new sentence
Big idea
The anthropological perspective employers cultural relativism because anthropology values all human populations equally and approaches their ways of life as coherent and meaningful designs for a living
Negative Reciprocity
The attempt to take advantage of another in exchange or get something for nothing.
Intelligent Design
The belief that the work and plan of God is observable in nature, thus confirming his existence and continued role in creation.
Monte Alban
The capital of the Zapotec state, located in the Oaxaca Valley, and constructed approximately 2500 years before present.
natural selection
The change in gene frequency in a species overtime due to differential mortality and differential morbility or more succinctly, due to differential evolutionary fitness
Big idea
The content of this module is directly relevant to anti-discrimination movements of all kinds.
Gender is
The cultural construction of approximately roles, behavior, activities, and attributes for the individual in society
photoreflectivity
The degree to which a surface (such as human skin) reflects vs. absorbs light along different wavelengths of the visible and non-visible spectrum. a.k.a. photoreflectance.
industrialization
The development of industries for the machine production of goods.
Genotype
The genetic component that influences the development of the physical traits of an organism
foreman magnum
The hole of the base of the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain
lactose intolerance
The inability to digest lactose past infancy or childhood.
How do you archaeologists define creativity?
The innovation of art or technology. The ability to transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns relationships to create meaningful new ideas, methods and interpretations
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
The language you have affects how you think.
Emic
The perspective from within a culture, social group, or population
What image best represents hominin evolution
The tree
What are the main causes that led to early "encounters of difference"?
Trade
Are species Homo sapiens, cannot be classified into discrete do you graphic categories with absolute boundaries
True
How is descent represented on a kinship chart?
a LINE and connections
How does culture influence perceptions of need? Give an example.
all good are culturally construction. we do not eat grasshoppers but other societies do. sneakers
What's the difference between hominin and hominid?
all hominin are hominids but only some hominids are hominins
Gummivore
an animal whose diet consists mostly of gum or saps of trees
List the different types of evidence Fuentes presents to refute the myth of biological race in humans.
blood immune system genetic variation disease variation in body shape and size human skin color cranial variation
Which of the following statements about hominin evolution and brain size is most true?
brain size increased most rapidly in hominin evolution 800,000-200,000 when early humans encountered dramatic climate change
What is a cultigen? Why is it evidence of domestication?
can't disperse itself without human help. they are tied to each other
Does sexual dimorphism in Homo sapiens occur on a continuum or is it more pronounced?
continuum
Anthro Economics
cultural system diverse scarcity is contingent focuses on everything
What are the three phases of economic activity? How does storage impact the circulation of goods and services?
distribution production consumption buffer effects of natural forces and debts
excavate and document data
document everything that is pulled up carefully
How did the Moche response to climate crisis?
donning elaborate ritual paraphernalia and undertaking mass human sacrifice, praying rather than scientifically and rationally tackling the crises like their successors in the region, the Chimu.
Who is "ego" on a kinship chart? What symbol represents ego?
ego is the individual whose kinship is being mapped and is always represented by a square (□)
What is the primary context? What are common disturbances to the primary context?
everything about the site before it was disturbed. looting or tree roots
What selection pressures sorted out the lactase persistent from others in human evolution
famine where milk was the only thing to consume. if you throw up, you will die
agriculture
farming
weapons of the weak everyday forms of peasant resistance
finding ways the peasants rebel the state and what they use
What is an example of industrial foraging in the world today?
fishing
What were the risks and advantages of Neolithic farming as a subsistence strategy?
full responsibility for "making" their environments provident. They depended on a handful of highly sensitive crops or livestock species, which meant any seasonal anomaly such as drought or livestock disease could cause chaos, stars were in alignment - weather favourable, pests subdued, soils still packed with nutrients - agriculture was very much more productive than hunting and gathering, still tormented by fears of drought, blight, pests, frost and famine. In time, this profound shift in the way societies regarded scarcity also induced fears about raids, wars, strangers - and eventually, taxes and tyrants, pleasing capricious gods in the conduct of their day-to-day lives - but above all, it placed a premium on working hard and creating surpluses.
What are the three primary factors that have created Homo sapiens (humans') biological and cultural diversity?
genetics, environment, culture
secure permissions
getting permission to work. government, state, federal, tribes, funding
What are the different rules tied to gift-giving and reciprocity? How do they vary across cultures?
gifts mean different things. ending a relationship.
What is anthropology?
holistic, comparative, field-based, and evolutionary study of human beings in the past and present
What is the anthropological view of the economy? How does it differ from the discipline of economics?
humans adapt to their environments, more than meeting basic needs, household management
What affects the development of urogenital ducts into spermatic ducts or uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina? What role can testosterone play in these processes?
if there is no testosterone present, the ovaries produce
Describes three examples of cultures that have more than two genders:
india; men, women and higras, oman: women, men, and xanith native american: women, men, two-spirited
Resistance
indirect challenges to power, domination, or hegemony through oblique practices
What large-scale evidence of agriculture do archaeologists observe?
irritation, storage, corrals, art.
How do you fit on the TSER Unicorn infographic? What about some of the people you know?
it lines up
What is an example of biocultural evolution?
lactase persistence
List the characteristics of cities:
large, dense population reliant on rural production members are dependent on each other water and waste management monumental architecture social stratification associated with states
What are the primary characteristics of horticulture and horticultural societies?
low-intensity: simple technology and moving intensive: plows,
What are the three primary types of agriculture?
low-intensity: simple technology and moving intensive: plows, fertilization, tools more land, large crops, large populations high-intensity: large-scale, tractors, markets,
What are the biological similarities and differences between males and females?
men are bigger, genitals, chromosomes, hormones, the v and p are made of the same tissue
How do empires expand and maintain control?
military strength trade and communication incorporating and accommodating diverse practices moving populations around providing amenities ideology
Do any human groups constitute a biological population? Why or wty not?
no. none of the same genetic variation. they including multiple genes that mix
Compare human sexual differentiation to other species including primates. How sexually dimorphic are humans?
not as much
How diversified are people's economic lives in reality?
not really
hunting and gathering (or foraging),
obtaining food available in nature through gathering, hunting, fishing or scavenging
What is Cronk's main argument?
our generosity is not unconditional
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
Define subsistence strategies:
patterns to supply basic needs of a society
What happened to food sources at the end of the last Ice Age 18,000 years before present (PB)?
people could either follow the big animals north or move south and rely on fish and plants
How do different languages treat color?
people simply don't have color words: reliable descriptors for the basic colors in the world around them.
Sex
physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity
Intersex
possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes
How does economic anthropology define property?
property is shaped by cultural taste
II Prelude, Why does Fuentes busting myths about race, aggression, and sex as so important?
race: shapes the way we act and see each other aggression: our evolutionary core sex: men and women are different in nature (not true)
technologies of power panopticon
relationship between the state and people. panopticon; a guard could watch all prisoners without knowing if they are being watched supervision means control phones,ICollege, security cameras,
Connotation
secondary or tertiary meaning or definition to a word, as opposed to the original definition or meaning of a word, which is the word's denotation.
trade
someone needs to manage trade
What is a sworn virgin? What social purpose do they serve?
someone who lives as a man and not have sex. they can have the same rights as a man
Where were the first farmers located? When?
south west asia, 13,000 years ago
Based on current scientific evidence, did farming emerge in one location and spread around the world as a new technology?
spread
How does melanin protect humans from UV light?
supranuclear cells around the nucleus that
What are the primary characteristics of language?
symbolism and conventionality 2. productive 3. displacement
Intersexed
term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female
Pastoralism
the domestication of animals
What does current scientific evidence tell us about the relationships between foraging, sedentism, domestication, and agriculture?
the first three predated agriculture by several thousand years and were everyday life
· sororate marriage
the practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife
gender
the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female
What is archaeology? What "stuff" do archaeologists study?
the study of humans through stuff. houses, shipwrecks, pottery, tools food
Cultural Anthropology
the study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together. Mostly in the present but also in the past.
political ecology
the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes
What is the "White Man's Burden?"
the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies.
Monogenesis
the theory that humans are all descended from a single pair of ancestors
polygenesis
the theory that various groups of humans appeared on earth or were created separately
How are human genitals and sexual reproduction ambiguous?
they can be an indicator of our similarities and differences
Describe the intersections between sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation:
they can be interchanged and mix and matched
What can intersectionality reveal about power, oppression, and minority statuses?
they can play a role in how people are treated unequally
How were Kristi Bruce and Howard Devore, both born intersex, impacted by the standard medical model of treatment for intersex individuals?
they told them they had to remove the genitals and struggled with gender identity
Femur
thigh bone
ancestral traits
traits inherited from a common ancestor (primitive trait)
What do Finnish people and Maasai people have in common in terms of lactose intolerance?
two different mutations for milk, both have it
List the additional characteristics of an empire (compared to a state):
union of dispersed territories, colonies, states, and unrelated people under one rule occurs when states expend unites different peoples under one rule
· endogamous marriage
unions of people within the same social category
What is linguistic relativity?
view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes
Bipedalism
walking on two feet
How did Immanuel Kant's ideas create the foundation of racism and modern, popular understandings of race?
writings and lectures
To say that language is productive means
Existing elements of language can be re-combined to form completely new messages that are intelliable to others who speak the same language
Which of the following is not a characteristic of early states
Extensive hydraulic systems
The social, cultural, and physiological constructions that imposed on the biological differences of sex
Gender
The David Reimer case shows that
Gender identity is shaped by both biology and culture
What is gender stratification and patriarchy?
Gender stratification refers to the social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women. Often the terms gender inequality and gender stratification are used interchangeably. There are a variety of approaches to the study of gender stratification
Generation
Generation refers to the individuals above and below your age set
Big idea
Geological time is massive. Primates have only been around for the past 55 million years or so. Modern humans (Homosapiens) have only been around for 200,000 year
Hominid
Great apes including humans chimpanzees baboons gorillas orangutans and our extinct ancestors
Hominid
Group consisting of all modern and extinct great apes
Hominin
Group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species, and all our immediate ancestor
What was the Oldowan tool industry, when did it emerge and what genius is it associated with?
Hammering and flaking to get to bone marrow of leftover pray. 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago, Homo habils
What was Immanuel Kant's philosophy on race? Who were his critics and what were their arguments?
He believed skin color was denoted qualities of a personality or morality. His challengers were often forgotten
big idea
Homo sapiens' biological diversity is a result of the interactions between genes, culture, and the diverse environments in which the species has lived.
Domestication
Human manipulation of the genes of plants and animals through selective "weeding and breeding", with the result chances of survival or reproductive success; for example, see Cultigens).
Big Idea
Humans are bio cultural animals
Big idea
Humans did not evolve from modern monkeys. Modern monkeys are cousins, not our ancestors. Modern monkeys and humans share a common ancestor approximately 54 million years ago
Which of the following statements is true?
Humans in champions ensure share a last common ancestor approximately 6 million years ago
What does social space illustrate about language and performance?
If you're too close together you're intimate, facial expressions
Niche
In ecology, and animals role or position in environment including what they eat, how they live, and how they affect The environment
What is the FOXP2 gene? What does it do?
Instinctive mental capacity for language. Helps critical language development
Grooming is an important aspect of primate groups because
It reinforces social structures and cement social bonds
Who was the first naturalist to put forth a scientific theory of evolution
Jean Baptiste de Lamarckian
jericho
Jordan Valley, fertile crescent 10,300 BP to present Tell site good agricultural conditions storage in houses cemetery domesticated species massive walls stone tower long distance connections
Big idea
Key trends in hominin evolution include changes to our morphology, locomotion, life history and behavior over time
Big idea
Kinship has tremendous social and economic importance
The social and economic importance of kinship include all of the following EXCEPT:
Kinship prohibits incest in all situations.
Big idea
Knowledge is culturally constructed
Which of the following human genetic traits as an example of bio cultural evolution
Lactase persistence
productive
Language is limitless in the things it can express
Tendencies shared by members of the primate order can best be described as adaptations for
Life in trees, very diets, and learning
terrestrial
Living on the ground
What are the symbols for representing males and females?
Male kin are represented by a triangle (Δ). Female kin are represented by a circle (Ο).
Habitual bipedalism offered our ancestors what advantages,
-Fred hands for making carrying and using tools -better regulate body temperature in the open sun -walking and running long distances
Place these in order 2
1. Ardipthecus ramsi 3. Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.. Australopithecus afarensis 4. Homo Habil 5. Homo erectus
How long did humans (H. sapiens) live as hunter-gatherers or foragers?
94%, 180kya
Cheek pouch
A pocket on both sides of the mouth between the jaw and cheek which contain special digestive enzymes and are used for food storage
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Differential fitness
Genetic drift
A random change in allele frequency's across generations of species. Can be caused by natural disaster causing (bottlenecked)affect, migration (founders effect) or just random changes
Before Present (BP)
A scientific dating system (years before present), where 'present' is AD 1950.
Obsidian
A type of volcanic glass that was used for blades and other ancient tools. Can also be analyzed to obtain absolute
Monomorphism
All individuals have the same allele for a given gene
What is human biocultural evolution?
Biocultural evolution refers to the notion that there is an interplay of biological and cultural factors that shape and react to evolutionary changes. This can be seen in numerous ways: Culture may lead to evolutionary/biological adaptations.
Match the Anthropology subfield to its primary study
Biological anthropology: human evolution Linguistic Anthropology: language and communication Archaeology: studying humans behavior by Material culture Cultural anthropology: human behavioral variation among human's societies
Culture is adaptive
Culture changes to its surroundings and allows humans to change too
What role did skin color play in negotiating these early encounters?
Egypt was influenced by class, not color India: class and maybe color. Not connected Mediterrean: Color and class were connected but color did not determine a persons value
Which of the following statements is true about the Pleistocene period
Extreme climate variability of the period (2.6-11,600 mya) created strong selective pressure favoring behavioral modernity that enabled hominins to proliferate across Africa and Eurasia
Tarsiers
Geographic range: Islands of south east Asia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei unique traits: large eyes, small body size and nocturnal activity pattern they lack of wet rhinarium and tapetum lucidum
What was everyday life like for hunter-gatherers?
Hunting, the stars lit the sky,
life history
In organisms patterns of growth, reproductive developments, and lifespan
Upper Paleolithic/old Stone Age tools
Includes a number of different tool industries associated exclusively with Homo sapiens. This tool kit is highly specialized and includes advanced stonework, varied materials, and compound tools
Knap
Intentional shaping of a stone by striking to produce a tool
robust
Large referring to Jaw or tooth size
bid idea
Most societies pursue a mix of subsistence strategies, but their primary subsistence strategy tends to correlate with certain specific social and cultural features.
big idea
Most societies pursue a mix of subsistence strategies, but their primary subsistence strategy tends to correlate with certain specific social and cultural features.
extant
No longer in existence or survive
Etic
Perspective from outside of culture, social group, or population
Natural selection ask on
Randomly produced variation
displacement
The ability to refer to things in the past present and future We can lie
The idea of proxemics means
The same message delivered at different socially defined spaces will be understood differently
How do they relate to one another? E & CR
They are opposites
Culture is shared
We share a culture with others. we learn how to sit walk talk and do everything
What does it mean to code switch (or switch registers)?
We speak differently in certain situations
curate or repatriate
put in places or give back to the community
What do archaeologists mean by social organization?
relationships between members of a society
map and survey
what is already at your site so you do not ruin the stuff.
In Chapter 4 of Agustin Fuentes, his exploration of blood type in humans demonstrates:
• The full range of blood type variation is found in nearly every single human population
Power
"The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes" (Haviland). "A way in which certain actions may structure the field of other possible actions" (Foucault).
In what ways did Europeans use "colonial imagination" to justify their colonial expansions?
"bringing civilization, salvation, education, fill in the blank to the dark corners of the world"
Linguistic Relativity
(connected to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) Each language uniquely shapes perception, and to some extent reality, for its speakers. Each language provides a unique vocabulary, with unique definitions to those words, along with a unique grammar structure); habits of verbal expressions go on to create habits of mental perception. Different languages end up emphasizing some parts of the world, deemphasizing other parts of the world and therefore shaping the perspective and worldview of their speakers.
What are the eight important concepts (or myth-busting tools)?
1 culture helps give meaning 2 cultural constructs are real for those who share them 3 schemata vary depending on a range of elements 4 some constructs are more pervasive than others 5. evolution is change over time 6. mutation creates new variation, gene flow, and drift, natural selection shapes them in the environment 7 niche theory shows use that our ecology is important 8 our DNa is not who we are completely, but it is primary
Place these in order 1
1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis 2. Paranthropus boisei 3. Heidelbergensis 4. Neanderthal 5. Homosapiens
According to Agustin Fuentes, myths are?
1. Stories, or explanations, about why things in the world are the way they are 2. Common sense stories that shape the way we see the world
Why do anthropologist study nonhuman primate?
1. To learn more about the origins of evolution in modern human 2. To learn more about human morphology, society, and cognition by looking at the common characteristics within the primary order 3. To learn more about human biology and human behavior through comparative research
Homo erectus
1.89-110,000 years old Eastern, northern, Southern Africa and Eurasia (1.7 mya) Acheulean tools No longer using trees First to migrate out of Africa Controlled fire (1mya) Cooking and eating more meat lead to bigger brains Longest living species Turkana boy
What is the Younger Dryas Interval? What happened during it?
13,000-11,500 years ago where the temp dropped dramatically. some climates could handle it but others could not
Blumenbach's theories
1795: natural variety of mankind skin-color is not the only basis of differing things introduced caucasian, mongonian, ethiopain, american, and malay Caucasian superior and others suffered from degeneration
According to researchers, almost % of the global population does not fit within the clinically-defined categories of male and female. This is likely an underestimation
2
How long have modern humans been around
200,000 years
Australopithecus
4.2-2.0 mya Eastern/southern Africa Earliest Lomekwian tools Ancestor of genus Homo Sexually dimorphism Lucy (afarensis)
Ardipithecus
5.8-4.4 m.y.a Ethiopia and middle awash valley (Eastern Africa) Proofed bipedalism evolved before grasslands "Ardi"
Homo heidelbergensis
700,000-200,000 kya Europe, maybe China, Eastern and Southern Africa First species to control fire, use spears, hunt big animals, build shelter, live in cold climates Last common ancestor between sapiens, Neanderthal, denisova
monogamy
A form of marriage in which a man may have Ane wife or a woman may have one husband. 4.
What do economic anthropologists mean when they say the economy is a cultural system? How does their perspective differ from that of economists?
Anthro looks at the why behind exchange and it is influenced by culture. Eco looks at the action itself Economics is a normative theory because it specifies how people should act if they want to make efficient economic decisions. In contrast, anthropology is a largely descriptive social science; we analyze what people actually do and why they do it.
Evolutionary
Anthropologist understand that humans changed over time and continue to change. Includes biology and culture
Mousterian tools
Black-core tools used by Neanderthals. Spears, scrapers not including projectile tools
Consanguineal kin
Consanguineal kin are relatives that are related to you by blood.
During the age of imperialism the colonial government created zoos to create awareness among its citizens about their colonies. These exhibits included
Displays of indigenous people from their colonies in their natural habitat next to wild animal
Big idea
Early hominins like Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus emerged in eastern and southern Africa. They were bipedal with chimp-sized brains. The first evidence for tool use is associated with Australopithecus, who is the most likely ancestor to the genus Homo.
The distribution of skin tone in humans has been shaped by: (Select all that apply. Points deducted for incorrect responses.)
Evolution Adaptation to particular environments Natural selection Gene flow
The distribution of hair structure (straight, wavy, curly, tightly curled) in humans has been shaped by: (Select all that apply. Points deducted for incorrect answers.)
Evolution Adaptation to particular environments Natural selection Genetic drift Culture None of the above None of the above
Big Idea
Exogamous marriage practices stipulate that partners must come from different backgrounds. Endogamous marriage practices stipulate that partners must come from a similar background. In both cases, this could be based on religion, class, ethnicity, race, language, age, and more.
Human populations comprised of distinct racial categories have no more than 5% of all human genes in common
False
Radioisotope dating
Fossils can be dated using elemental isotopes C14 in accompanying rock. How much C14 is left
Who was Franz Boas? What was his role in American anthropology?
Franz Boas is known as the father of American anthropology. In the early 20th Century he bucked the trends of the time with his pioneering anti-racist theories. He gave birth to ideas that have shaped policy and become enormously controversial
What do Capuchin monkeys find to be unfair?
Freeloading. If another monkey does not help find food but eats a good portion of
Big idea
Genetic and fossil evidence indicates that Africa is the evolutionary home of Homo sapiens. Our transformation to behavioral modernity provided us with an adaptive edge as a species.
Strepsiirrhines (lemurs and loises)
Geographic range: Africa Asia and Madagascar Unique trait: reliance on olfactory communication and nocturnal vision Examples: scent marking, wet rhinarium, tapetum lucidum, dental comb
Hominoids
Geographic range: Africa and Asia Unique traits: body size larger than a monkey, brain to body mass ratio is high, no tail, monogamous socially but not sexually, both partners will have extra ones, sing together to maintain contact and show territory
Race as a social category
Has real consequences, even if popular conceptions of race have no reality in biology
What is skeleton evidence from Ardipthecus ramidus suggest that the species was bipedal and still adapted to life in the trees?
Her pelvis was longer to support climbing and her feet could climb and walk
What was Boas's Immigrant Study? What three groups did it compare? What were its findings? What was its importance?
His most important research in this field was his study of changes in the body from among children of immigrants in New York. ... Boas found that average measures of the cranial size of immigrants were significantly different from members of these groups who were born in the United States. people in the born in the us had bigger heads because of a healthy lifestyle
I am a primate who lives in Asia and I use brachiation and sing to my socially monogamous me. What am I?
Hominoid
Big idea
Hominoids include the lesser apes, greater apes, and humans. They have the largest body size in the largest brain size relative to their body size compared to other mammals. All apes species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss in hunting and demand urgent conservation
Big Idea
Homo erectus made handaxes and controlled fire by at least 1 mya, probably earlier. They were actively hunting prey and cooking food. These behavioral changes facilitated major biological changes to their bodies, brains, and life-history.
Big Idea
Homo habilis manufactured stone tools that allowed them to widely exploit new food sources—animal protein—by scavenging, not hunting. This new dietary source supported an increase in brain size and higher cognitive functions.
Oldowan tools
Homo habils and a rectus. Hammerstone Cores and flakes
Modern human
Homosapiens that engage in behavioral modern activities
0.6/3 points behind Europe and Asia: (Select all that apply, points deducted for incorrect responses.) According to the latest scientific evidence, which of the following are reasons that agriculture in the Americas lagged about 3,000 years
Human populations in the Americas thrived from foraging and hunting. V Humans had only been in the Americas for a few thousand years when agriculture first developed. Human populations in the Americas were more spread out and not as resource-stressed.
What is a reflectometer? What does it measure?
In anthropology, reflectometry devices are often used to gauge human skin color through the measurement of skin reflectance. These devices are typically pointed at the upper arm or forehead, with the emitted waves then interpreted at various percentages.
Question The "Age of Exploration" and European colonialism had which of the following effects on the concept of "race" as applied to humans:
In the 18th and 19th centuries race emerged as so-called scientific explanation of human diversity to justify European domination or enslavement of darker skinned peoples around the world
How do the ways Himba people in northern Namibia perceive colors illustrates the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
In the Himba language, there are only five color words, but their organization allows Himba people to quickly distinguish between shades of green that appear the same to many Americans.
What role did religion play in the development of social norms concerning the treatment of "others"? How did Judaism, Christianity, and Islam conceive of skin tone in their early history?
Including all in their faith. Muslims thought that africans were less developed.
Transgendered
Individuals who identify with gender identities other than what assigned at birth based on the perception of their biological sex
What is lactase persistence? When (and where) did it evolve?
Lactase persistence is the continued activity of the lactase enzyme in adulthood. about 1,000 years after groups in SW asia and Africa started relying on livestock
How does a sandwich illustrate these primary characteristics?
Language can impose structure. A sandwich is two pieces of bread with some thing in between but we want to classify a hotdog as a sandwich
What does it mean to say that language is hardwired in humans? What are the Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area in the brain? What do they do
Language is a biological and Nuro aspect of us. Brocas production Wernicke comprehension
Which of the following characteristics of language
Language is a social action, meaning it produces effects Language is learned Language is a bio cultural phenomenon
Which of the following distinguishes human language from other forms of animal communication
Language is an open system and can talk about things not present
Megadont teeth
Large teeth
What were the oldest known stone tools when were they discovered, where and what species?
Lomekwian tools, Kenya, 3.3 million years ago, Australopithecus
Teotihuacan
Mesoamerica 2000 BP / 1AD 2000 apartments grid system 130,000 members settlement hierarchy specialized artisans, merchants, elites long distance connects Trade
Compare and contrast the marriages and kinship structure in each video with forms of marriage you are familiar with in the United States or another culture.
More than one husband or wife open relationships They live with their moms They women serve they husband Brothers sharing the wives
Slow life history. Dependent babies and fewer offspring
More time to learn the complex social and ecological environment
In what ways are champions is not useful models for human behavior?
Most of what chimpanzees and humans do today are not comparable because humans have a evolved so much. Chimpanzees don't have the same complex problems (racism, governments, police, economies, religious institutions, creeds, build cities or airplanes)
Big Idea
Neanderthals evolved in Europe and had physical and cultural adaptations to cold climates. They made complex tools and cared for group members. The genetic signatures of Neanderthals and Denisovans are present in modern human genomes, which indicates interbreeding among these three species.
Question In terms of the relationship between European colonialism and language, which of the following statements is NOT true?
O The spread European of languages around the world improved the education and intelligence of indigenous peoples.
Using the sex of the linking relative to classify kin, how would Ego address #17, 18, 21, and 22?
O as brother or sister.
The Rhodes Must Fall movement advocated for:
O direct action against the reality of institutional racism at the University of Cape Town.
In "Strings Attached," Lee Cronk argues that:
O gifts have the ambivalent power to unify, antagonize, or subjugate people.
Question 3 The Neolithic site of Jericho is unique because:
O it has been continuously inhabited for more than 10,000 years.
Zapotec State
Oaxaca Valley, Mexico 2500 BP/ 500 BC Monta Alban public buildings stone craving violent/military's themes in art
Jericho
One of the earliest villages in the archaeological record, dated to roughly 10,000 BP in what is now Jordan. Has evidence of long-distance trade, massive walls, storage, and a cemetery with elaborate burials.
Gender stereotype
Oversimplified, strongly held ideas regarding characteristics of men and women, thought to be "natural" and "innate."
What are the differences between proximate and ultimate explanations sociality?
Proximate: things that directly influence a behavior(eating cause you're hungry) Ultimate: evolutionary or historically origins that shaped their pass ( traits increase long-term survival and reproduction success)
According to Franns de Waal in how animals do business, capuchins are more likely to share food with cooperative partners during a tray pulling experiment. This type of economic behavior is also known as
Reciprocity
What are the three main modes of exchange and circulation and what is their significance?
Reciprocity:Studying reciprocity gives anthropologists unique insights into the moral economy, or the processes through which customs, cultural values, beliefs, and social coercion influence our economic behavior Generalized Reciprocity:his form of reciprocity occurs within the closest social relationships where exchange happens so frequently that monitoring the value of each item or service given and received would be impossible, and to do so would lead to tension and quite possibly the eventual dissolution of the relationship. Balanced Reciprocity:without reciprocation within an appropriate time frame, the exchange system will falter and the social relationship might end
Which of the following are the signs of state decline or collapse in the archaeological record
Reduction in population size or density destruction of monumental architecture destruction of cities
Which of the following are signs of domestication of plants or animals in the archaeological record
Remains of non-native plants and trash pets Cultigens
Which of the following is not apart of the biological criteria for sex
Reproductive sex
Roman Empire
Rome, Italy military strength 753 BC amenities religious incorporation
Big idea
Scholars were thinking and writing about evolutionary concepts thousands of years before Darwin
Big idea
Scientist continue to discover new things about evolution
What are the differences between "settled" and "extractive" colonies?
Settled;minority, Europe, excess population Extractive: Majority, Natural resources, agricultural production, labor intensive, plantation, breakfast and dessert economies
Homosexual
Sexual same-sex relationships and interactions
What environmental changes during the Pleistocene shaped hominin evolution and how?
Shifts and habitat land, changes in food resources, the development of new Technologic and behaviors enabled hominins to successfully proliferate across the African and Eurasia. Forced behavioral flexibility
Gracile
Slender. In reference to eat the lesser eight and the more slender and smaller body size compared to the great apes
Gracile
Slender. In reference to hominins, particularly describes the jaw or tooth size
Uniformitarianism
Slow transformation of the earths surface through natural forces such as water, wind, earthquakes, so your radiation. The earth is older than 6000 years old
Bring complexity, and Hanst memory and learning
Social and ecological environment
Third gender
Some cultures recognize more than two genders (male and female). Examples include two-spirit people among Native Americans, Sworn Virgins in the Balkans, hijra in India, Fa'afafine in Samoa, and xanith (khanith) in Oman.
Paralanguage
Sounds that are not considered "words", along with background sounds, or changing tones, that does convey or alter meaning for the listener; changing the rhythm, speed, volume and stress in one's speech that can alter the meaning of the words spoken either mildly or profoundly.
Inca Collapse
South America 1533 Spanish War and civil war. the Spanish took advantage of the existing tension
Tiwanaku
South America Bolivia 500-1000ad drought in 1000 AD reduced agricultural production belief in elite ability to provide broke down violence and destruction of urban sites
How does performance interact with language?
Space, body language, tones: these are learned and shared
1492-1825
Spain, Portugual, Holland. Mercantilism
Sedentism
The practice of settling into one location, with the goal of remaining there permanently.
lactose
The primary sugar in mammals' milk.
Genome
The sum total of all the genetic information about an organism carried on the chromosome in the cell nucleus
everyday forms of resistance
The theory developed by American anthropologist, James C. Scott, which describes the ways average citizens challenge hegemony indirectly.
panopticon
The theory developed by French historian, Michel Foucault, which describes the ways modern society exercises control 1. heresy through surveillance and established norms of acceptable behavior.
hegemony
The theory developed by Italian philosopher, Antonio Gramsci, which explains how a governing power wins consent from those it subjugates without resorting to brute force alone.
Homo economicus is:
The universal human imagined by economists in their analysis of economic behavior.
Stratigraphy
The vertical layers of soil and human occupation that are uncovered during systematic excavation.
Big Idea
There are a variety of ways in which kin are defined.
How do Maijuna people in Peru understand deafness differently than Americans and the US medical community?
They can't speak not that they can't hear. Signing in the US is a or not an and. For Maijuna, signing was the obvious solution
What impact did settler colonialism have on indigenous languages in Canada and the United States?
They forced them to disintegrate by punishing them from speaking their language
How did racist ideologies become wedded to Christianity?
They linked blackness with sin. When Ham was sinning they sent him to african.
cultural relativism
Understanding another culture or society from its own perspective without imposing our own cultural values on it. Cultural relativism is the understanding of another culture and its own terms of sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for a living
Sexual Continuum
Variation exists on a spectrum rather than in distinct types
trichromatic vision
Visual ability to perceive certain colors due to the presence of three different kinds of cones in Eye
What is the relationship between humans and other living primates?
We are Mammalian which is the same as animals. We are all in kingdom animalla
What is the relationship between humans and other animals?
We are primates, mammals and members of the ape family. We share evolutionary history, our DNA, and our physiology with chimpanzees
What distinguishes human language from other systems of primate communication, like call systems?
We have an open system of communication which means we can talk about the past and present and have different terms for different things
How does the Himba language and its color words affect their perceptions of color?
We have different words for different colors whereas there's are grouped together
What can monkeys teach us about ourselves?
We inherited fairness from monkeys and other biological factors
What are the major stages of language acquisition in children?
We start learning language the second we are born, by the time they are too they can know 200 to 500 words, and by the time they're five they can reproduce them, children acquire language without instruction
How do these outdated terms continue to impact our lives today?
We still see white people as better
When and how did bipedalism first begin to emerge
Well still in the woods 4.4 million years ago. Climbing in trees and walking up right on the ground
Wet rhinarium
Wet nose that aids in enhancing smell
Sexual dimorphism refers to
When sexes of a species exhibit different characteristics beyond their reproductive organs
What symbols represent marriage and divorce?
When two individuals are divorced, they are connected by an equal sign with a forward slash through the middle (≠).
What is fraternal polyandry?
When two or more brothers marry one women
What are the primary ethical concerns of archaeology?
Where should they remains go? should they go back to the natives?
Redistribution
a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern
Bufurcation
bifurcation. This is a way of distinguishing between kin on the mother's side of the family and kin on the father's side of the family.
How is gender performed?
colors, clothes, toys, words
In "When Brothers Share a Wife," Goldstein argues that:
fraternal polyandry provides an economic, material, and social advantages to families.
Why is Vitamin D important to health? What does Vitamin D have to do with skin pigmentation?
helps our bones stay strong with calcium. we can get D from UV
What are the primary characteristics of mechanized agriculture and industrialized agricultural societies?
high-intensity: large-scale, tractors, markets,
What is political economy and why does it matter?
his approach recognizes that the economy is central to everyday life but contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values.
What can archaeology contribute to our understandings of contemporary climate change?
historical and prehistoric agricultural techniques superior to those in use today, particularly ones adapted to specific regional locales,
What are the four primary subsistence strategies?
hunting and gathering (or foraging), pastoralism, low-intensity horticulture, high-intensity agriculture, and industrialization,
Identify and describe the three major theories of state emergence or development:
hydraulic theory trade circumscription and competition
Arboreal
living in trees
What three factors have impacted human genetic variation?
mixture of cultures environments genetic adaptations
Where did the first states appear? When?
old world; Mesopotamia 6000-5500 sumer new world; mesoamerica 2500-2000 zapotec
What is melanin? What does it have to do with photoreflectivity?
pigmentation in the skin. the more melanin, the more UVR it reflect.
1500-1870
slave trade. Spain, portugal, france, britain, usa. Labor
olfactory
smell
· absolute dating methods:
when scientists can gather a more specific time or year something occurred in by looking at chemicals from bones, looking at rings on a tree or looking at radioactive elements
Divergence of (Languages)
when the population of the speakers of one language splits, moves away and relocates, over time the once common language will eventually split into varied dialects and eventually separate languages by shear geographic isolation, this is if not held consistent by widespread media or education.
Which of the following selective pressures did NOT influence the evolution of diverse skin pigmentation in humans?
• The human cultural preference for lighter skin led to genetic drift in human populations.
According to Agustin Fuentes, which of the following statements are true?
1. Humans have shared evolutionary heritage, biological similarities, and a shared patterns of behavior across our species. 2. Humans share the basics of DNA, or the same species, and share a general biological history
What does the case of Mary Noname in Mingua illustrate about children and language acquisition
A child who is not exposed to language during the critical period Will likely exhibit extreme limitations in language skills and may never fully develop language capacity even after intensive instruction
eugenics
A movement dating to the early 20th century marked by efforts to "improve" humanity by limiting the reproduction of people with traits considered defective or undesirable. Led to the forced sterilization of thousands, primarily impoverished people of color, and was used to justify segregation policies well into the late 20th century.
Vitamin D
A nutrient that is critically important for absorption of calcium and proper mineralization of the bones and teeth.
Tiwanaku
A state in South America that was established in what is now Bolivia around 1500 years before present.
prehensile tail
A tale with grasping ability
Derived traits
A treat that emerged more recently via mutation
Hunter-Gatherer
A type of food procurement, where the majority of food resources are wild and acquired from the surrounding environment. Can also include domestication.
Hunting-Gathering/Foraging
A type of food procurement, where the majority of food resources are wild and acquired from the surrounding environment. Can also include domestication.
Agriculture
A type of food production, specifically a reliance on domesticated plants.
Agriculture
A type of food production, specifically a reliance on domesticated plants. Anthropologists distinguish between low-input, shifting cultivation (horticulture) and high-input, intensive and continuous land use cultivation.
Pastoralism
A type of food production, specifically a reliance on herds of domesticated animals for their meat, blood, milk, and other resources.
Empire
A union of dispersed territories, colonies, states and unrelated peoples under one sovereign rule,
The term intersex refers to
A variety of conditions involving discrepancies between gonadal, genetic, anatomical or hormonal sex
Are useful future of an organism shaped by natural selection for the function it is now performing is called
Adaptation
Kinesics and Proxemics
All intentional forms of bodily communication outside those used to vocalize sounds or verbal language. Commonly called body language, the movement of eyes, eyebrows, arms, hands, shoulders, and other body parts in order to accentuate or modify verbal communication. Verbal and nonverbal communication normally have a complementary relationship
Big Idea
Big Idea: After over 180 thousand years, humanity underwent significant cultural changes. Living in permanent settlements and undertaking farming laid the foundation for the development of the kinds of urban communities and political states that millions of people live in today.
Gender division of labor
Cultural rules about the kinds of tasks and work that are appropriate for each gender
Catarrhines: Cercopithecoids
Geographic range: Africa and Asia Unique traits: dry nose with downward facing nostrils, sacculated stomach's, cheek pouches with enzymes to start the digestive process and hide food, highly complex social systems, behaviorally flexible meaning they can adapt
Platyrrhines
Geographic range: Central and South America Unique traits: Dry, flat wide knows with sidewards facing nostrils, gives birth to twins, and multiple men help take care of babies, prehensile tail (thumb prints)
Plioecence
Geological period Define by gradual cooling and drying were moist tropical rain forest is throughout Africa were replaced by Savannah grasslands. 5.3-2.5 million years ago
Pleistocene Epoch
Geological period define by extreme climatic variability with extremely cold glacier periods and slightly less cold inter glacier periods
Acheulean tools
Homo erectus and heidalbergensis (hand ask Hammerstone Cores, and flakes)
symbolism and conventionality
Language is arbitrary and learned associations between symbols and things for which they stand for Symbols are in big US, arbitrary, abstract, and dynamic but learned and shared
What are the reasons to preserve languages?
Language loss is a loss of community Heritage. From history and lineage is known only through oral storytelling to the knowledge of plants and practices codified through words unwritten and untranslated
Megafauna
Large body animals like rhinos or mammoth's that dominated Pleistocene and served as food
Neolithic
Meaning "new stone" refers to the appearance in the archaeological record of stone tools used for agriculture and pastoralism, either in addition to or instead of those stone tools used for hunting and gathering.
Big idea
Members of the primate order share morphological traits, life trajectory's, social tendencies that reflect evolutionary selective pressures related to our habitat use, dietary patterns, and complex ecological and social environments
Teotihuacan Collapse
Mesoamerica 600 AD rivalries between groups destruction of temples deteriorating trade increased political tensions
The name of the cultural. In which the first signs of agriculture appeared in the archaeological record is
Neolithic
Monumental architecture
Non-residential architecture, which includes statues and buildings used for government, religious, and public purposes.
According to current scientific consensus, humans can be divided in which set of racial categories
None of the above
Homosocial
Nonsexual same-sex relationships and interactions
What does Fuentes say about the nature versus nurture debate?
Our experiences shape who we are as well as biological organisms. Human experience cannot be reduced to either specific innate (biological) or external (environmental) influences, it is both
Which of the following are accurate statements about relative dating methods
Stratigraphy is an example of this method Super position is an example of this method The process of determining an age by placing in order
plasticity
The ability of humans and other organisms to adjust to stressors in their environment such as hypoxia or extreme cold, especially during development.
Behavioral flexibility
The ability to change or adapt to new situations or challenges behaviorally. May refer to cognition, diet, communication, social interaction, habit use, environmental changes
Displacement (in language)
The ability to communicate outside of immediate time and place (outside of the "here and now"). The ability to talk about the past, future br something happening outside one's immediate sensory environment.
lactase persistence
The ability to produce lactase past infancy, a uniquely human trait shared by approximately 30 percent of humans.
big idea
The ancient states of Sumeria, Zapotec, and Teotihuacan illustrate three dominant archaeological theories of state emergence: hydraulic, circumscription and competition, and trade.
How did a new sign language emerge in Nicaragua?
The community started gesturing on their own
Intersex
The condition of discrepancy between gonadal, genetic, anatomical or hormonal sex or differences of sex development (DSDs).
big idea
The diversity in human skin pigmentation and the existence of lactase persistence in humans are examples of adaptations shaped by natural selection.
Atomically modern humans
The earliest Homo sapiens who were physically in and anatomically like us but didn't have behavioral modern activity
DNA
The main unit of heredity across organisms. In other words the way in which information about an organism has passed from one generation to the next
Evolution
The process of biological change overtime that leads to speciation
How did stone tools make dietary changes possible, how does dietary changes influence hominin Evolution?
The stone tools gave access to new types of food. They were scavengers. Instead of hunting their prey, they were large predators take down animals then they got the leftovers Animal protein helps more complex and larger brains
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of human language in the past and present.
What is sociolinguistics?
The study of language as it is used by real people and real contexts
Taphonomy
The study of processes that affect animal and plant remains after death and during fossilization
behavioral economics
The study of psychological, social, cognitive, and emotional factors that influence economic decision making
How did the cultural adaptation of the species give it an adaptive edge over the other species in the homogeneous?
Their hunting tools allowed them to hunt more effectively. Imagination and creativity, versatility, cooperation, and cultural complexity allowed them to work together and out compete the others
How did the moche (100-700 AD in northern peru) respond to climate change
They Donned elaborate ritual paraphernalia, prayed, and under took mass human sacrifice. As a result they face frequent devastation and state decline
polygyny
This form of marriage is most common in patrilineal societies where land is plentiful and fertile. A form of marriage in which a man may have multiple wives.
In terms of Darwins theory of natural selection, which organisms are the fittest?
Those who reproduce and replace themselves
Grasping hands and feet with five digits, adaptation
Thumb to grip and manipulate, nails with sensitive pads for navigating the environment
How and why do primates engage in market like exchanges
To get what they want. I'll scratch your back if you do mine
What kind of a habit did this genus inhabit?
Walked up right and climbed trees
Culture
What people do, think, make and share. It is shared values and ideals, the symbols and languages, and daily patterns that make up our lives
Code Switching
When a person alternates between patterns of speech depending on the social situation. Language modifications that result from a change of social settings. Example, you don't talk to your mother in same way you talk to your friend, or how you might speak differently to your minister versus your brother and sister.
What are the differences between 46, XY karyotype and 46, XX karyotype in humans? What is the SRY gene?
XY, male, normally only found on the Y chromosome for testes
After the last lce Age, the period of worldwide cooling and drying that created environmental pressures that pushed some human populations to transition to agriculture is called the:
Younger Dryas Interval
photoreflectometer
a device for measure photoreflectance (or photoreflectivity). In this module, the device biological anthropologist Nina Jablonski used for measuring skin tone in humans.
third gender
a gender identity that exists in non-binary gender systems offering one or more gender roles separate from male or female
Levallois technique
a middle paleolithic technique that made use of prepared cores to produce uniform flakes sharply
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Stratification
a society organized in formal, hierarchically arranged strata or layers of unequal power and wealth, for example, social classes.
What did the term "race" mean in the 18th century?
a term used to for species, sort, type, or variety
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Using bifurcate merging to classify kin, how would ego address individuals #8 and 11?
as parents.
Human genetic and biological variation reflects a complex history of microevolution and migration, interwoven with dynamic shifts in culture.
big idea
halluax
big toe
How do anthropologists take a biocultural approach to understanding human behaviors related to sex, gender, and sexuality?
bio and cultural play a role
What were the effects of European colonialism on Indigenous languages and cultures?
caused them to forget their own and learn the European way.
Inca Empire
chile and colombia 1400-1532 moving people around troops agricultural investment road and communication system rely system
gender roles
cultural expectations about how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave, including the division of labor
How did human populations adapt to consuming milk products as adults?
cultural: convert fresh milk to yogurt, buttermilk, cheese Biological: selection favoring people who have random mutations that code for lifelong milk consumption
Locate sites
finding your sites, walking the site, diving, drones, google,
Gender
gender. For example, aunts are female relatives and uncles are male relatives.
Who first applied the term "race" to humans?
georges-louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, french naturalist
generalized reciprocity
giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected hitchhiking, buying a coffee for a friend
What four criteria contribute to a human body's biological sex?
gonadal; ovaries or testes genetic; XX or XY anatomical; penis and vagina hormonal; estrogen vs androgen
What does Jablonski say about Homo sapiens migration, skin tone, and natural selection?
homo sapiens migrated to different places, some higher and lower UVs, changing skin tone in addition to natural selection
What is the "colonial imagination"?
how those involved in the colonial project defined the colonised lands and people, and such an imagination was a very ethnocentric project: the West defined itself against the colonial 'other'.
What are the primary characteristics of intensive agriculture and agricultural societies?
intensive: plows, fertilization, tools more land, large crops, large populations
How is thinking about sex as the dichotomous division between male and female a myth?
it is a complex issues and there is a spectrum
What does Gloria Anzaldua say about heteronormativity, colonialism, and male dominance?
it is all connected
Define colonialism
long term political, economic, and social domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power cultural domination with enforced cultural change historical period from the 15th-20th century when European states conquered and dominated the rest of the world
analyze findings
look at the things you found with chemical dating and other forms
What are the primary characteristics of foraging and hunter-gatherer societies?
low-labor collecting' moving diverse high sustainability smaller populations spread out
What were the risks and advantages of foraging as a subsistence strategy?
low-risk way of making a living, farming communities who were much more likely to suffer severe, recurrent and catastrophic famines, . When the weather proved unsuitable for one set of species it was likely to benefit another, vastly reducing the risk of famine,Confidence in the sustainability of their environments was unyielding,
Exogamy
marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group
What is the relationship between the intensity of UV light and distribution of human skin color? What advantage does darker skin color confer on humans in regions with high UV light intensity?
more intense UV, darker skin. more melanin to protect them from the UV rays, and folate
What are the four mechanisms of evolution
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection
How do Barí Indians in Venezuela define fatherhood?
n the Barí system, when a man is named as a secondary biological father he is also placed under an obligation to the mother and the child.
Econonmics
natural system universal human scarcity, competition are universal exchange
What were the 19th century race categories (aka "Classic Race Categories")?
negriod "black" Caucasiod "white" Mangoliod "yellow" Australiod 'BROWN" Native American "red"
What was anthropology's role in eugenics in the early 20th century?
often the spearheaded race-based research. they helped it
What is melanin? What does it have to do with photoreflectivity?
pigmentation of the skin. we see the color of the wavelengths reflected
Why did some groups shift to depend entirely on domesticates (in other words, farming) at the end of the last Ice Age?
population and connects, inequality, conflict
What are the primary ways archaeologists date artifacts?
relative dating methods: absolute dating methods
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
Sex of parallel cousins
siblings as parallel cousins. Moms sisters kids
How did people in ancient Egypt, India, the Mediterranean world understand visible differences between humans?
skin color did not have a significant role until Rome and Greece
Why did the pattern of the transition from foraging to domestication to full-fledged farming differ in the Americas?
small groups, different growth patterns vertical, less opportunity, climate change, they didnt have to
What animal characteristics indicate domestication? What other archaeological evidence do anthropologists use to identify domestication of animals?
smaller body, teeth and horns, age and diet. they are eating foods the humans give them
What is the debate between universalists and relativists?
that all people see and name colors in a somewhat consistent way. On the other side are "relativists," who believe in a spectrum of experience and who are often offended by the very notion that a Westerner's sense of color might be imposed on the interpretation of other cultures and languages.
What does recent scientific research tell us about the relationship between farming, surpluses, and inequality?
that the greater the surpluses a society produced, the greater the levels of inequality in that society. It finds a clear correlation between levels of material inequality - based on the size of household dwellings in each community - and the use of draught animals, which enabled people to put far greater energy into their fields.
Homo economicus
the "economic human nature" posited by the science of economics as rational decision making, self-interest, and maximization.
sex
the biological distinction between females and males
market exchange
the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand
human genome
the complete set of genes (or genetic material), encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria
genome
the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
What happened in the Fertile Crescent 13,000 BP? and during the Younger Dryas Interval? How did humans' behavior change in response
the cooler and dryer climate produced the shift to cereal plants. the moved the places close to lake, and domestication of animals
How are Inuit an exception to the general pattern of lighter skin tone in far northern regions?
the darker skin tone protected them from the UVR off the snow
hegemony
the domination of one state or group over its allies. rule by persuasion racism wealthy people work hard, poor people are lazy polluted air
Gender identity
the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine
Convergence (of Languages)
the linguistic impact or change that comes from two or more languages (and culture groups) coming into prolonged contact with one another.
· levirate marriage
the marriage of a widow to a near relative of her deceased husband; the first male child of a levirate marriage would be considered the legal son of the widow's first husband
Sociolinguistics
the study of how language is used in real social situations, and the social information it carries, including the rules, patterns and practices that govern its use, and the causes and effects of these patterns
Biological Anthropology
the study of humans as biological organisms and compares them to other organisms in the past and present. Primatology Paleoanthropology Human skeletal biology Molecular biology Human evolution
What can archaeology teach us about gender in the past?
there's no such thing as universal human gender roles, and that even gender identities have varied dramatically throughout history and prehistory.
What did analysis of potsherds reveal about early milk consumption by humans?
they did contain milk so they were drinking it.
How is the exchange of goods and services central to creating and perpetuating social bonds? Give examples.
they show care and love, honor.
What is a hijra? How long have they existed? How are they treated today?
third gender, since the ancient scriptures, unequally
What is a "tell" site for archaeologists?
thousands of years of people living in a place that creates layers of strata
· exogamous marriage
unions of spouses from different social categories
What is an example of industrial pastoralism in the world today?
varied climates different levels of mobility all over the globe wealth and trade
What are the primary characteristics of industrial capitalism and industrialized societies?
wage labor large populations urbanization markets technology
How do culture and cultural expectations shape gendered behavior?
we behave how culture wants us to
What does it mean to say that identity is performed?
we perform it through enculturation
What selective pressures impacted the "less pronounced gradient of skin pigmentation in the New World than in the Old World"?
weather and wearing clothes. we have houses so we dont have to wear as much clothes
How did the evidence and interpretation anthropologists use to understand the transition from foraging to agriculture change over the past sixty years?
which tools were left over in different places to realizing farming was not adapted all at once and it was not the best. Finding out things by tiny remains such as micro plants and genomic dating
Describe how the eugenics movement impacted concepts of race in the United States.
white supremacy
What questions do anthropologists try to answer about the shift from foraging to agriculture?
why did they shift? why did only some shift? when did humans start producing food? where did the first farmers live? why did they change the pattern?
hydrualic theory
working together to get water. someone had to take charge
Timeline of Evolutionary Thought
1. Classical Greek philosophers: 600 to 450, all life is related in species adapted and changed. 2. Middle age: 1200-1700. Judeo Christian believes that species do not change. great chain of being 3. 18th: revisit classical works and questioned biblical ideas, revising ideas about species changing and sharing common ancestors 4. Jean Baptiste: 1009 first scientific theory of evolution 5. Darwin and Wallace: 1859, natural selection, species share common ancestry and not fixed in a form 6. Mendel and posthumor research 1800s particulate inheritance, dependence assortment 7. Neo Darwinism: modern synthesis 8. 1920-50: combined Mendels particulate inheritance with Darwinism natural selection 9. Post-synthesis: 70s punctuated equilibrium, parental investment, epigenetics, genomics
What are key trends in hominin evolution
1. Walking on two legs 2. big toe is aligned, 3. Forman magnum 4. femur angle, 5. brain volume 6. extended kid period 7. Dietary changes 8. material and social culture
What are the key morphological and behavioral characteristics of Homo erectus?
1.4 to 100,000,000 years ago changes to human like body Hairless body and dark skin Archulean tools (hand acts, clever, flakes for hunting elephants, rhinos and baboons) Not using trees to sleep or climb Fire to cook food and eating meat that lead to bigger brains Decrease digestive tracts, smaller face and teeth
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
7-6 million years ago West-central Africa (chad) Evidence of bipedalism (foramen magnum) Lived in diverse settings (forests and grasslands)
rickets / osteomalacia
A condition marked by a softening and weakening of bones in children and adults due to a chronic Vitamin D deficiency.
Gender ideology
A cultural system of thoughts and beliefs regarding gender that explains and legitimates gender roles and statuses; a system of thoughts and values legitimizing roles, statuses and customary behaviors
tapetum lucidum
A layer of tissue in the eye that acts on a retro reflector to capture and reflect additional light. Aids in nocturnal vision
In chapter 7, myths about sex, Augstin concludes
Biology, culture, and their interactions must be considered when analyzing human behavior
How do these key trends create a feedback loop that shapes our evolutionary trajectory?
All of them are connected and help us do the other things above
Prognathism
Angle or projection of the face. A face that projects forward where the job bone Judds away from the face. Changes to facial features overtime to represent a trend in hominin evolution
What were some of the morphological and behavioral differences between the Australopthecus and Paranthropus genera?
Aust: gracile, Jim size body and brain, sexually dimorphic, femur and central for a min magnum, aligned Alex 3.2 million years ago. Paran: robust, east southern Africa, mega don't teeth that are two times larger than ours, wide cheekbones, sagittal crest
Big idea
Biological evolution has expanded well beyond Darwinian natural selection and continues to uncover amazing insights into the diversity of life on earth including human
Which statement most accurately reflects Anthropology's understanding of biology, culture, and human evolution?
Biology and culture have co-evolved and are both fundamental to the human condition
How do anthropologists understand consumption?
Consumption refers to the process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service. Anthropologists understand consumption more specifically as the forms of behavior that connect our economic activity with the cultural symbols that give our lives meaning.
population (cultural)
Culturally distinct subgroups among humans; given the complexity of culture, the boundaries between these populations are often blurred or overlapping.
How does culture shape knowledge, including scientific knowledge, according to Fuentes ?
Culture affects your knowledge because there are beliefs, social ideology and expectations that are learned from culture.
Culture is learned
Culture is learned through the people around us
How does Fuentes define culture?
Culture is what people do, think, make, and share. It is shared values and ideals, the symbols and languages, and daily patterns that make up our lives. Culture is both a product of human actions and a reality that influences those actions. We can think of culture as a shared, dynamic social contacts that shapes our behavior
How does Dr. burnet define culture?
Culture represents the entire database of knowledge, values, and traditional ways of are you in the world, which have been transmitted from one generation a head to the next, non-genetically, apart from DNA through words, concepts, and symbols
big idea
Culture shapes all aspects of economic life including the assignment of value, social relations like labor or property, and taste.
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. (Base pairs or C, T, G, A
How do communication systems, like the hand signs used by Raul and Simon (homesign systems), differ from languages? What can they teach us about language acquisition in children?
Languages are the same. If language is spoken around a kid they will learn it
Relative to body size, most primate brain sizes are
Larger than most mammals
Social. Social groups and long hair
Learn social life, protection and foraging
Culture is:
Learned, patterned, adaptive
Big Idea
Many marriage alliances are formalized with economic exchange of labor, wealth, and goods. These economic practices, and the social and economic ties they guarantee, mean that marriages may be upheld even in the event of death and make divorce unlikely, especially in a patriarchical society.
Culture is patterned
Many of our cultural beliefs show up in many different aspects of our lives
Which of the following are stages in the archaeological process
Mapping and surveying Excavating Locating sites Repatriating artifacts or human remains
Buying yourself a cup of coffee at Starbucks is an example of:
Market exchange
Big Idea
Marriage is a culturally recognized union that affords certain rights and obligations upon the partners, their children, and their families. There are a wide variety of practice across cultures in terms of the number of spouses who enter into marriage and their genders.
Culture is symbolic
Material items usually have greater symbolic meeting then the thing itself
I am a small bodied, primate that lives in Madagascar and has a dental comb. What am I
Strepsirrhine
Big idea
Strepsirrhines have a number of ancestry or traits related to a nocturnal niche including increased reliance on Olfactory communication and nocturnal vision
Archaeology
Studies humans through the analysis of human remains.
Foraging (hunter-gathers), herding (pastoralism), farming (horticulture and agriculture), and industrial capitalism are all:
Subsistence strategies
Linnaeus
Swedish model that split into three kingdoms; mineral, veggie, and animal. then into subgroups; humans into geographic regions and colors.
Linguistic Markedness
being "marked" in social science is the state of standing out as unusual or divergent in comparison to a more common or regular form. With language, there is often a standard or more common word to describe something, like "How old are you?" as opposed to "How young are you?". "Old" therefore is unmarked (the norm) and "young" is the marked word, or opposite of "old". Or, "honest" is the base or standard, as opposed to "dishonest" which is marked, or peripheral to "honest". Inequality can be revealed when the unmarked is dominant or preferred in culture, and the marked is subordinate or less-preferred (ex. male/fe-male, host/host-ess) as seen by the normal order in which they are spoken or written (ex. sight/blind, hear/deaf).
Explain why concepts of race do not capture or explain human biological variation.
biology does not back up that black people are better at running and white people are better at leading. There is no genetics to back it up
What are the major steps in sexual differentiation in Homo sapiens?
chromosomes gonads internal ducts gentials puberty
characteristics of a state and the associated archaeological evidence used to identify an ancient state:
control over specific territory settlement hierarchy (different in size, diversity, politics) imposing, monumental architecture stratified social class productive agricultural taxation record keeping system power over people to enforce violence
sex of cross cousins
cousins as cross cousins. Dads sisters kids
