French revolution
First Estate
(the clergy)
Second Estate
(the nobility)
the Mountain
- the name for the Jacobins who had seats high up in the assembly hall in the National Convention
General Defense
1. maximize personal pleasure as much as others( no rest) 2. must be ready to change culture-induced bias (absurd-implications) 3. some alienation may be needed for the moral life but utilitarian can take this into account when devising actions (integrity) 4. justice is not an absolute and the good of the whole society should override it (justice ) 5. sometimes its for the greater good to not publicize the ideas of utilitarianism (publicity)
Legislative Assembly
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.
Clergy
A body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.
Society of Thirty
A club composed of people from the Paris Salons, they were "Lovers of Liberty," and embraced enlightenment and American ideas of individual liberties, republicanism, and popular sovereignty. Lafayette returned from his duties during the American Revolution and joined the club.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.
Law of General Maximum
A law created by the Committee of Public Safety limiting the prices on necessities such as food, drink, fuel, and clothing. It failed however because the government did not have enough machinery to enforce it.
Self-Denying Ordinance
A measure proposed by Robespierre which prevented deputies in the Constituent Assembly from serving in the new Legislative Assembly.
Nobles
A member of a ruling family or one of high rank.
Girondins
A moderate republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. The _______ Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders.
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Jacobin Club
A political club consisting of both men and women but leadership was solely bourgeoisie, Main goal was the removal of the king and establishment of a republic,
Olympe de Gouges
A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.
Thermidorian Reaction
A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.
Declaration of Pillnitz
A statement agreed upon by Leopold II and Fredrick William II to intervene if Louis XVI was threatened by revolution
Coup d'etat
A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group
Great Fear
A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789
king louis xiv
Absolute French monarch who reigned for seventy-two years.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).
Foreign Crisis
After the execution of Louis xvi a coalition of countries turned on France Many of the anti-French coalition were ready to invade France To combat this the Convention gave more powers to the committee of Public Safety
Estates General
An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.
Emperor Leopold II
Austrian king, and brother of Marie Antoinette. Signed the Declaration of Pillnitz
Lyons
City in France that was decimated as an example during the Reign of Terror. 1,800 of its citizens were executed for pretty much no reason
Law of 14 Frimaire
Committee of Public Safety sought to centralize the administration of France
Society for Revolutionary Republican Women
Composed of largely working-class women that were a family of sisters that were ready to defend France. However, many men believed they should not be in politics and instead at the home.
New Constitution
Contracts defining the powers of the government, drew authority from the people
Vendee
Counter revolution led by conservative forces (nobles, clergy, and the peasantry).
October Days
Demonstrations in Paris from bread shortage scare. March to Versailles, forcing royal family back to Paris. Signifies power of mob and will of the French people.
De-Christianization
During the Terror, The Catholic Church was linked to real or potential counter-revolutions. Religion was linked with the Ancient Regime, and Superstition, and so the Committee of Public Safety enacted measures to reduce its influence. IT included: New Calendar, aboloishment of Religious holidays, new names for months, 7-day weeks replaced with 10-day decades.
wars, spending
Financial Crisis: France in dept due to _____ and high ______
King Louis XIV
Financial Crisis: ______ _____ ____ could neither raise taxes or pay his bills
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Marseilles
French port city; troops marched to a patriotic song as they marched from this city, the song eventually became the French national anthem
Directory
Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.
Marquis de Lafayette
He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help during the french revolution. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard.
Fall of the Bastille
Hundreds of hungry people stormed the prison in search of gunpowder to save Paris and the National Assembly; this was the symbolic start of the revolution
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
financial crisis
In summoning the Estates-General, the government was merely looking for a way to solve the immediate _____ ____.
Third Estate
In the elections for the Estates General, the government had ruled that the _____ ______ should get double representation (it did, after all, constitute 97 percent of the population).
Brunswick Manifesto
Issued by Prussia and Austria on July 25, 1792. Stated that if harm done to the king or queen there would be severe retribution. Mistake - played right into hands of radical revolutionaries in France. They used it to panic France into thinking invasion imminent. Began recruiting defence force.
louis xvi
King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
September Massacres
Louis's imprisonment, Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris and summarily slaughtered half the men and women they found.
feudalism, aristocratic
One of the first acts of the National Assembly was to destroy the relics of _______ or ________ privileges. To some deputies, this measure was neces- sary to calm the peasants and restore order in the countryside, although many urban bourgeois were willing to abolish feudal ism as a matter of principle. On the night of August 4, 1789, the National Assembly in an astonishing session voted to abolish seigneurial rights as well as the fiscal privileges of nobles, clergy towns, and provinces.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Assignats
Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.
Civil, taxes, discipline, immigration
Problems facing the Legislative Assembly: ______ disturbances throughout country Unable to collect new _____ Inflation of assignats, which declined to 63 % of face value Poor _______ in the army, massive _______ of officers
George Danton
Radical Jacobin who made a speech to the National Assembly urging France to crush all domestic and foreign enemies Later executed by Robespierre, a former close friend, because of his view that the Terror had gone far enough
Maximilien Robespierre
Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility and member of the committee of public safety.
Louis Saint-Just
Revolutionary who wanted to execute the King without trial. A proponent of mob rule. Led to committee of public safety. Put 850,00 men under arms. Muzzled the press. At least 20,000 people were killed.
Battle of Valmy
Sept 20, 1792. Disorganised French armies won a moral victory (not really much more than an artillery duel) vs. the Prussians. Blocked the Prussian march on Paris. French armies then went on to occupy the Austrian Netherlands, Savoy(king of Sardinia had joined Austrians) and Mainz.
Peasant Rebellion
Starving peasants revolt against the old system
order, head, one
The Estates-General opened at Versailles on May 5, 1789. It was divided from the start over the question of whether voting should be by _____ or by _____ (each delegate having _____ vote)
Europe
The War against _______: Declaration of Pillnitz, August 1791 Declaration of War, 20 April 1792
cahiers de doléances
The ______ ____ ______ or statements of local grievances, which were drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates- General, advocated a regular constitutional government that would abolish the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility as the major way to regenerate the country
Parlement of Paris
The _______ ___ ______, consisting of nobles of the robe, had advocated voting by order according to the form used in 1614 Each order would vote separately; each would have veto power over the other two, thus guaranteeing aristocratic control over reforms.
National Legislative Assembly
The government assembly that took over the National Convention, though it was second in power to the Directory. Voting was now based off wealth and people who serve in the army
Agrarian Revolt
The industrial and agricultural revolt that led to the better treatment of farmers and their businesses.
economic crisis
The kings spent too much money and put France in debt.
Committee of Public Safety
The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.
lower house
The legislative chamber that usually represents the population at large
upper house
The legislative house that often represents geographic subunits
National Convention
The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.
Jacobins
The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror. were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Paris Commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government
Church property
This was confiscated by the state as part of the Kulturkampf
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
King of the French
What Louis Philippe thought himself to be, realizing the dreams of an absolute monarchy in France was unrealistic and that the French people should have at least some say in government.
Abbe Sieyes
Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
Gracchus Babeuf
a French politician and journalist during revolution who wanted to abolish private property and eliminate private enterprise.
aristocrats
a rich landowner or noble
Council of Elders
a small group of Spartans who made all the important governing decisions
Limited Monarchy
a system of government in which the king or queen shares authority with an elected legislature and agrees to be bound by a constitution or a set of laws, also known as a constitutional monarchy
religious toleration
acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs
king frederick william II
also helped with the declaration of pillnitz
Third Estate
commoners
Guillotine
device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading
French Colonies
found in the Great Lakes region, traded fur with the Native Americans, got along well with the Natives
aristocratic revolution
refers to the political developments of 1787-89, when pressure from noble institutions such as the parliaments and Assembly of Notables forced the king to summon the Estates General.
commoners
saved the third estate from the kings attempt to stop the revolution
Hotel de Ville
seat of government in Paris; governor of Bastille is killed there
Legislative Assembly
the _______ ______ sent an ultimatum to Austria, demanding that the Holy Roman emperor, Leopold II, expel all French émigrés. The emperor refused and they declared war on Austria on April 20, 1792.
old order
the catholic church was viewed as an important pillar of the ____ _____
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
nation in arms
the people's army raised by universal mobilization to repel the foreign enemies of the French Revolution
old order
the political and social system in place in France before the Revolution
Right, Center, Left
the representatives of the French National Assembly of 1791
French Colonization
they colonized the interior, where they controlled the fur trade. Most immigrants were single men, and there were few towns and only loose governmental authority. They lived closely with the Indians, trading with them for furs and sometimes taking Indian wives.
Cordeliers
wanted more direct democracy and democratic culture based in the virtues of the laboring classes
Nantes
where victims were executed by being sunk in barges in the Loire River
Bread Riots
women stormed Versailles and demanded that the King and Queen return to paris.
San-culottes
working class men and women who pushed the revolution into more radical action. They wore long trousers instead of fancy knee breeches that upper class men wore.
Catholic Church
• central to Medieval Europeans' lives • united Western Europe during Middle Ages