FSOT 2/ 2
Liberal Democrats
Most disadvantaged party because of the British FPTP/SMD
Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo
Ended Mexican War - US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) & other states - US paid Mexico $15 million dollars
nomination
Endorsement to run for office by a political party
rational - legal legitimacy
Legitimacy based on a system of laws & procedures that are highly institutionalized
charismatic legitimacy
Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader
traditional legitimacy
Legitimacy that accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time
What was the Harlem Renaissance
Period of Great African American artistic accomplishment that began in the 1920s in the Harlem neighborhood of NYC
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Permanent tribunal for war crimes & crimes against humanity
Darius
Persian King who led first invasion of Greece, expanded Persia & built a canal from the Red Sea to the Meditteranian
Life - cycle saving
Saving to meet long - term objectives, such as retirement, college attendance, or the purchase of a home
Republicans 1780 - 1801
States' rights, strict interpretation, encouraged agriculture & rural life, South & West, France, Civil liberties & trust in people
Mixed Strategy
Strategy in which a player makes a random choice among two or more possible actiosn based on a set of chosen probabilities
negotiation
the process of working with different parties to find a resolution to their conflict
institutional advertising
the process used to try to create a favorable image for a company & foster goodwill in the marketplace
limited decision making
the process used when a person buys goods & services that he or she has purchased before but not regularly
political recruitment
the processes by which people become public participants & leaders
unlimited power
despotism
candidate appeal
how voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, & other personal qualities
high - context culture
information shared through assumptions, information is communicated but not stated explicitly
secondary data
information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose
payment intermediaries
institutions that facilitate transfers of funds between depositors who hold transactions deposits with those institutions
statement of the central idea of a speech
intended to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful & well - organized speech
Ex parte Crow Dog
repeal of law dealing with Native American Indians requires express language by Congress
fixtures
the principle installations in a store; permanent or movable store furnishings that hold & display merchandise
self disclosure
the process in which we deliberately reveal information about ones self that is signifigant & would not normally be known by others
endless chain method
the process of asking previous customers for names of potential customers
impel
which _ them to the separation
connected
which have _them with another,
Media - communication process
the communication channels through which the message moves from sender to receiver
market share
a company's percentage of total sales volume generated by all comptetition in a given market
marketing channel
a set of interdependent organizations that help make a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user
minor party
a small political party that rises & falls with a charismatic candidate or, if composed of ideologies on the right or left, usually persists over time; also called a third party
lump - sum tax
a tax that does not depend on income
Motion study
breaking each task or job into its separate motions & then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
market segmentation
dividing market into small groups with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors who might require separate products or marketing mixes
Maslow's self - actualization needs
fifth (top) level; become what you are capable of becoming
line
an assortment of designs offered by one designer or manufacturer
manufacturer representative
an employee of a manufacturer whose job it is to sell the manufacturer's products to retail buyers
Livingston Sherman, Adams, Franklin
other members of the Declaration of Independence Committee
modernization theory
A theory asserting that as societies developed they
low - context culture
In which culture are messages clearly verbalized
Marxists
People who believe that those who control the economic system also control the political one
Louis XIV
Practiced Absolute monarchy in France. L'etat, c'est moi
Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction (10% Plan)
Proclaimed a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters pledged their allegiance to the U. S. & emancipation, & then formally erected a state govt
Long March
The 6,000 - mile (9,600 - kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai - shek. (789)
Management
The Process of guiding the development, maintenance, & allocation of resources to attain organizational goals
Memphis
The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids
Maturation date
The date at which the principal of a bond will be repaid
massive retaliation
The doctrine that the best way to deter aggression is to threaten a potential aggressor with devastation by atomic bombs
Material Self
The element of the self reflected in all the tangible things you own
monetary relations
The entire scope of int'l money issues, such as exchange rates, interest rates, loan policies, balance of payments & regulating institutions (for example, the IMF)
Medal of Honor
The highest military decoration in the U. S. armed services, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor. It recognizes valor & bravery in action "above & beyond the call of duty. " There have been some 3,400 recipients of the medal, which was established by an act of Congress in 1862
merchandise trade
The import & export of tangible manufactured goods & raw materials
Media Effects
The influence of news sources on public opinion
Library of Congress
The largest library in the U. S. located in DC & maintained largely by federal appropriations. Its original purpose was to provide research facilities for members of Congress; today it serves the public as well. Most copyrighted publications are catalogued by the Library of Congress, whose classification system is used by major libraries around the country
market definition for globalization
The merging of historically distinct & separate national markets into one huge global marketplace
modernization
The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, & cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non - Western societies
mediation
The use of a third party (or parties) in conflict resolution
Little Dorrit
What novel is considered realism
made clear limits of royal power
What was the significance of the English Bill of Rights
manager performance & development
deal w/ a critical aspect of the firm - quality of mgmt & continuous availability & updating of managerial competence
Sumner - brooks Affair
1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas & singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him
First geneva convention last
1864. 1949. These conventions set norms for international law
Nonpartisan Primary
A primary used to select candidates regardless of party affiliation
Land Bank Program
A program in which govt supports prices by fiving farmers economic incentives to reduce supply
Shared consumption
A property of a good or service such that it can be used by many without diminishing another's ability to consume the same good; examples include street lights or radio broadcasts
city - state
A small independent state consisting of an urban center & the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic & Classical Greece, Phoenicia, & early Italy
sepoy
A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British
Srivijaya
A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh & eleventh centuries C. E. It amassed wealth & power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies & concepts, & control of trade routes. (192)
secular (state)
A state created apart from religious establishments & in which there is a high degree of separation between religious & political organizations
Literacy test
A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote
Embargo
A total restriction on the import or export of a good
Mahabharata
A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad - Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature
neorealism
A version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behavior of the system's structure, especially the international distribution of power
Equality of opportunity
A view that it is wrong to use race or sex either to discriminate against or give preferential treatment to minorities or women
Prospective Judgment
A voter's evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected
nomadism
A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures & water
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588 - 1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's govt & shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present - day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world
Interpretation
Attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, & organized
UN Security Council Resolution 242
Attempted to resolve the Palestinian - Israeli conflict by exchanging land for peace.
Robert Kennedy
Attorney General & champion of Civil Rights Movement & foe of organized crime. Was assassinated while running for Pres. by a Palestinian
Richard Olney
Attorney General of the U. S. he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike
Theodore Herzl
Austrian journalist & founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine
Sequester
Automatic, across - the - board cuts in certain federal programs that are triggered by law when Congress & the pres. cannot agree on a spending plan
Social Support
Senstivite & empathic listening, followed bt messages of comfort or confirmation, that lets a person know that he or she is understood & valued
Harriet Beecher Stowe
She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North & South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, & helped to bring about the Civil War
dhow
Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail & a sewn timber hull
Nullification crisis
Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null & void, Jackson responded with Force bill & suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate
Nikita Khrushchev
Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U. S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France & Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved
Shinto
State religion in Japan. Derived from beliefs in natural spirits & until recently linked with belief in divinity of emperor & sacredness of Japanese nation
only thing to fear is fear itself
Statement in FDR's first inaugural, at one of the worst points of the Great Depression
Small Business Administration (SBA)
The Small Business Administration, or SBA, is a U. S. govt agency that provides support to small businesses. The SBA was established on July 30, 1953 by the U. S. Congress with the passage of the Small Business Act
Tariff of 1857
The Tariff of 1857 was a major tax reduction in the U. S. creating a mid - century lowpoint for tariffs. It amended the Walker Tariff of 1846 by lowering rates to around 17% on average. The Tariff of 1857's cuts lasted only three years, though. In 1861 the country changed course under the heavily protectionist Morrill Tariff of 1861
UN Secretariat
The UN's executive branch, led by the secretary - general
Relationship Demension
The aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotion attitudes, & amount of power & control the speaker directs towards others how something is said
Kennedy Assassination
(JFK) Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office
University of Missippi & Alabama
(LBJ) Robert Kennedy sent marshalls to protect the right of qualified black there
James Whistler
1834 - 1903 American - born, British based painter & etcher. Most famous work is Whistler's Mother. Whistler's belief that art should concentrate on the arrangement of colors led many critics to see his work as a precursor of abstract art
Content
The information, ideas or suggested actions that a communicatior wishes to express what is said
Egypt & France
WHich 2 countires worked together to build the Suez canal
organizational Communication
The study of human communication as it occurs with in organizations
supranationalism
The subordination of state authority or national identity to larger institutions & groupings such as the European Union
Three problems with the CPI
The substitution bias, the introduction of new items, & quality changes
The Senate acts as the jury
What role does the Senate play in an impeachment trial
scorched earth policy
What strategy did czar Alexander I use to defeat Napoleon
Stocks sold for more than they were worth
What was the major cause of the collapse of the stock market
Britain, China, Iran
Which of the states we have studied are unitary govts
Senate
Which of the two Congressional houses is more prestigious
Pres. McKinley
Which pres. decided to annex the republic of Hawaii
Harding. He opposed Wilson's league of nations, as did the US senate
Which pres. was elected because he opposed the League of Nations
Phoenicians
Which society etablished the first formal alphabet
The Pres.
Who appoints Supreme Court justices
speakers or writers
Who are the encoders
Only the pres.
Who can receive foreign ambassadors
The Electoral College
Who elects the Pres. & Vice - Pres.
Peter the great
Who greatly westernized imperial Russia
House of Representatives
Who impeachs a govt official
What should be accomplished during the summary
The summary should restate the main points, the relationship between points, & the specific objective of the presentation
Polarization
The tendency to describe things in extremes, as though no middle ground existed
Naturalization Act of 1870
This Naturalization Act limited American citizenship to "white persons & persons of African descent," barring Asians - who were coming to california in large numbers - from U. S. citizenship
Morrill Act
This increased tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove these rates even higher
What outlining formats are mentioned in this lesson
This lesson covers four outline types: scratch; formal; informal; & talking paper
Robert Peary
Thought to be the first to reach the North Pole
Treaty of Paris 1951
Treaty of Paris (1951) - established European Coal & Steel Community
slack resources
a cushion of extra resources that can be used with options - based planning to adapt to unanticipated change, problems, o opportunities
race
a grouping of human beings with distinctive characteristics determined by genetic inheritance
brand name
a word, group of words, letters, or numbers that represent a product or service; also known as a product brand
the English
in 1588, the Spanish Armada met defeat at the hands of
merchant wholesalers
independently owned business that takes title to the merchandise it handles
high power distance culture
inequalities expected, children respect parents, teachers take initiative, hierarchy is normal
Department of Energy
responsible for developing policies for effective use of the nation's energy resources. The Department of Energy is involved in energy conservation, regulating oil pipelines, & encouraging research on new sources of energy
growth stage
sales start climbing quickly
staffing process
same as personnel process; includes manpower planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, etc
relating income to saving & consumption
saving = disposable income - consumption; or consumption + saving = disposable income
order qualifier
screening criterion that permits a firm's products to even be considered as possible candidates for purchase
Environmental scanning
searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization
simony
selling of church offices to the highest bidder
Gramm - Rudman - Holings Bill (1985)
set budget reduction targets to balance budget but failed to eliminate loopholes
the communication accomodation theory
speakers change their speaking style based on who their audience is
Punctuation, capitalization, & abbreviation
standard sentence mechanics you should be aware of when writing
rule
standing plan - prescribes or prohibits behavior in specific terms
platform
statement of purpose & policy objectives drafted & approved by political parties at their national conventions, they rarely exert much influence on day - to - day politics
darwins universal emotions
surprise, anger, disgust, fear, interest, sadness, happiness
voter registration
system designed to reduce voter fraud by limiting voting to those who have established eligibility by submitting the proper form
Closed systems
systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environment
social contract
the basic agreement between group members & the group as a whole as to rights, privileges, duties, benefits, & costs; often partially explicit in a constitution; usually implicit, in part, in the history & politics of a group
promotion mix
the blend of advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, & direct marketing tools that the company uses to persuasively communicate customer value & build customer relationship
denominator
the bottom number in a fraction; it represents how many parts make up a whole
saving function
the complement of the consumption function
Specific environment
the customers, competitors, suppliers, industry, regulations, & advocacy groups that are unique to an industry & directly affect how a company does business
Entrepreneur Role
the decisional role managers play when they adapt themselves, their subordinates, & their units to change
Resource allocator role
the decisional role managers play when they decide who gets what resources
devolution revolution
the effort to slow the growth of the federal govt by returning many functions to the states
Bureaucracy
the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
Discretionary responsibility
the expectation that a company will voluntarily serve a social role beyond its economic, legal & ethical responsibilities
political communication
the flow of information from & about govt to its constituents & feedback from constituents to people in govt
deism
the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation
marketing mix
the four basic marketing strategies, called the four p's: product, place, price, & promotion
Chance" in Porter's Theory
wholly unpredictable occurances that you cannot mitigate
These are the times that try men's souls
By Thomas Paine in the America Crisis
Learning Organizations, Core ingredients include:
Mental models, Personal mastery, Systems thinking, Shared vision, Team learning
Halo Effect
One good quality implied other ones
Lorenzo de Medici
Patron of great renaissance artists, including Botticelli, Michelangelo & da Vinci
STRATEGIC(NEW) TRADE THEORY
Paul Krugman. many industries where the world market can only support a certain number of firms. Firms which enter the industry at the beginning, capture: first mover advantages to achieve: economies of scale & scope, benefit from learning curve effects. Firms develop a competitive advantage over any potential rivals. This creates barriers to entry for other prospective firms
Selective attention
Paying attention only to those parts of a newspaper or broadcast story with which one agrees. Studies suggest that this is how people view political ads on television
Serbia
The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After WWII the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s
What event signified the formal end of the Byzantine Empire
The Ottomons attacked the city of Constantinople (shocked the Christian world)
What are islam's three holy books
The quran, hadith, & sunna. Respectively gods words to Muhammed, Muhammed's sayings, & Muhammed's deeds
stages of team development: normative stage
The stage where the team is unified, & focused & all problems are resolved
passive aggressive
an indirect expression of aggression delievered in a way that allows the sender to maintain a facade of kindness
ideal model of communication
transactional communication
confirmation
what is it called when you acknowledge the presence of the other person but also accept the person
Domestic Impact Conception of NI
what would improve lives of citizens - foreign policy relates to citizens of state
selection
what you choose to focus on within a range of stimuli in your environment
Insurance program
A self - financing govt program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons
Political agenda
A set of issues thought by the public or those in power to merit action by the govt
Straight ticket
Voting for candidates who are all of the same party. For example, voting for Republican candidates for senator, representative, & pres.
Retrospective voting
Voting for or against the candidate or party in office because one likes or dislikes how things have gone in the recent past
Committee on Public Information
Was created to "sell" the war to those people who were against it & gain support for it. To do this, men devlievered speeches & gave out pamphlets. It was headed by George Creel
Neutrality Proclamation
Washington's declaration that the U. S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France & a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, & Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco - American Treaty of 1778
How did the Lend - Lease act benefit the US
it enriched the US economy through selling arms to the Allies
one of the first movers in the industry were U. S. firms
new trade theorists argue that the U. S. leads in exports of commercial jet aircraft not because it is better endowed with the factors of production required to manufacture aircraft, but because:
Pres. Nixon's February visit to China 1972
followed Secretary Kissinger's earlier negotiations in Peking, marking first important step in the process of normalizing relations with the People's Republic of China
System of mandates
followed WWI. Part of league of nations; Grant countries independence after being involved
question - and - power session
follows many speeches is a type of informative speech in itself
Exclusive distribution
giving a limited number of dealers the exclusive right to distribute the company's products in their territories
consumption goods
goods purchase by households for immediate satisfaction or to use up (ex. food, movies)
What was the Conference for Security & Co - operation in Europe (CSCE)
held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation & obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist Bloc
Radical Whigs
"a group of British political commentators" associated with the British Whig faction who were at the forefront of Radicalism. They played a significant role in the development of the American Revolution, as their republican writings were widely read by the American colonists, many of whom were convinced by their reading that they should be very watchful for any threats to their liberties
Henry the Navigator
(1394 - 1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation & directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa
Massachussets Body of Liberties
(1641): First established legal code in New England. Compiled by the Puritan minister Nathaniel Ward
Relief & Construction Act
(HH) $3 billion towards public works of a self - liquidating type (once completed, would bring revenue to pay for itself)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(HT) 1949, created in 1949 organization whose members include the US, Canada, most western european nations & turkey all of whom agreedd to combine military forces & to treat a war against one as a war against one as a war against all
Stamp Act
1765 law requiring payment of a tax to Britain on a great variety of papers & documents. Americans rioted in opposition, petitioned for repeal. Was repealed in 1766
Chemical Weapons Convention
1997. prohibits all development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, transfer & use of chemical weapons. It imposes reporting requirements, as well as inspections on chemical weapons sites located inside participating states. In 2006, 179 states were parties to the Convention
General - act charter
A charter that applies to a number of cities that fall within a certain classification, usually based on city population. Thus in some states all cities with populations over 100,000 are governed on the basis of one charter, while all cities with populations between 50,000 & 99,999 are governed by a different one
Special - act charter
A charter that denies the powers of a certain named city & lists what the city can & cannot do
Legitimate govt
A govt generally acknolwedged as being in control of a nation & deserving formal recognition by other countries
Pyramid structure
A method of organizing a pres.'s staff in which most presidential assistants report through a hierarchy to the pres.'s chief of staff
hypothesis
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a basis for further investigation
War Hawks
A term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the U. S. who advocated going to war against Great Britain in the War of 1812
victimless crime
A term sometimes used for various acts that are considered crimes under the law but apparently have no victim. One such crime is prostitution, which is viewed by some as a commercial exchange between two consenting adults
structural violence
A term used by some scholars to refer to poverty, hunger, oppression, & other social & economic sources of conflict
Territorial Maker
A thing or action that signifies an area has been clamed
Peace of Galilee
Agreement between Israel & Lebanon that was successful until 2000
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963
Agreement that banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons
What did Napoleon not accomplish
An expansion of freedom of speech
Upon what factors dose the intelligibility of a presentation depend
Articulation, pronunciation, vocal pauses, overuse of stock expressions, & substandard grammar
Contingent Self - Esteem
Based on other's goals
Net capital inflows
Capital flows that are equal to foreign purchases of domestic assets (which bring funds into the country) minus domestic purchases of foreign assets (which send funds out of the country); that is, capital inflows minus capital outflows
Philip 2
Father of Alexander the Great, conquered Greece
Economies of Scope
Joint outuput of a single firm is greater than output that could e achieved by two different firms when each produces a single product
Who embraced fascism
Juan Peron, Hitler, Mussolini
Where is the Bosphorus straight
Located at Istanbul, it connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Mamara, & eventually to the Mediterranean
Photo ops
Photo opportunities
What country used to be known as Siam
Thailand. name changed in 1949
Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy
The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state
Receiver
The person who decodes a message & attempts to make sense of what the sourse has encoded
How many types of physical behaviors are there Name them
There are three types of physical behavior: eye contact, body movement & gestures
Leader of the Armed Forces
What does Commander in Chief mean
Sahara
World's largest desert in the northern third of Africa
Robert Reich's suggestion about the global economy
economic national identity is becoming increasingly superfluous, increases in outsourcing is leading to the emergence of Global Products rather than defining products with a "National identity"
factors of production
economic term for the four categories of resources: land, labor, capital, & entrepreneurship
frustration & agony
emotions felt when typing up all of these freaking vocabulary words
Sweatshops
employing workers at low wages for long hours & in poor working conditions
decision - making done under certainty
outcome or payoff for an alternative has a probability of 1. 0 (few real - world examples)
multifactor productivity measure
ratio of output to a group of inputs; ex. total output/(labor+capital+energy)
relative power
ratio of the power that 2 states can bring to bear against each other
obvious
self - evident
programs
single - use plans - broad, long - term, covering specified time period (e. g. putting a man on the moon)
Gibb Categories
six sets of contrasting styles of verbal & nonverbal behavior
tributary
small river or stream that flows into a large river or stream a branch of the river
party registration
the act of declaring party affiliation; required by some states when one registers to vote
customer benefits
the advantages or personal satisfaction a customer will get from a good or service
substantial: effective segmentation
the market segments are large or profitable enough to serve
manuscript speech mode
the material is written out & delivered word for word; offers the advantages of providing accurate language & solid organization; gives the speaker a permanent written record of the speech
interest articulation
the methods by which citizens & groups can express their desires & make demands upon govt (e. g. political participation, lobbying, protest, etc. )
Gaul
the modern day nation of France
interest
the money paid for the use of money borrowed or invested
simple majority
the most votes cast (does not have to be a majority of all votes cast)
preemption
the right of a federal law or regulation takes precedence over enforcement of a state or local law or regulation
product mix
the set of all product lines & items that a particular seller offers for sale
Message - communication process
the set of symbols that the sender transmits
channel
wide strait or waterway between two land masses that close to each other, deep part of a river or other waterway
Oregon Treaty 1846
with Great Britain extended U. S. sole dominion to the Pacific
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) agreements 1972
with U. S. S. R. prescribed mutual limitations on defensive & offensive weapons & established SALT as a continuing process
connected them _ _,
with another
Marie Antoinette
French queen beheaded with her Husband Louis XVI in French Revoltuion
Veto
In the process of law making what power does the executive branch have over the Legislative branch
Public
Is the bulk of the data assembled by the CIA public or covert
Sufis
Islamic mystics who felt Muslims should worship in their own way & not trust reason
Specie Circular
Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the govt would accept only gold or silver
Peggy Eaton affair
Scandal that involved Jackson's Secretary of War Eaton & his wife, Peggy, the daughter of a boardinghouse keeper
Personal Liberty Laws
(FP) Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves
Tax Reform Act
(RR) 1986, wanted to lower taxes (progressive taxes), however impossible since lower rates was to be made up by losing previous tax loopholes. richest however didn't suffer that much, only paid 28 not 33 percent
Haiti DIlemma
(RR) 1990s, had 30 year dictatorship, soon ends, then Bertrand Aristide overthrows with military, & UN awith US use mandate to restore constituional rule & Aristide's presidency
National committee
A committee of delegates from each state & territory that runs party affairs between national conventions
Economic Principle
A commonly held economic insight stated as a law or general assumption
Persepolis
A complex of palaces, reception halls, & treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I & Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)
International Court of Justice
A division of the UN that settles legal disputes submitted to it by member nations. Also called the World Court or the Hague
U. S. Information Agency
A federal agency responsible for spreading information favorable to the U. S. around the world
Price setter
A firm with at least some latitude to set its own price
Emotional Noises
A form of communication noises caused by emotional arousal
electricity
A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on & for lighting, industrial motors, & railroads beginning in the 1880s
steel
A form of iron that is both durable & flexible. It was first mass - produced in the 1860s & quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, & railroad equipment
Unified govt
A govt in which the same party controls both the White House & both houses of Congress. When Bill Clinton became pres. in 1993, it was the first time since 1981 (and only the second time since 1969) that the same party was in charge of the presidency & Congress
tax farming
A govt's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the govt to collect a fixed amount for the govt & are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount
Robert La Follette
A great debater & political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin
Uigurs
A group of Turkic - speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia & Central Asia
farm bloc
A group of both Democratic & Republican members of Congress from the farming states of the Middle West that pressures the federal govt to adopt policies favorable to farmers
Capitol Hill
A hill in DC on which the U. S. Capitol building sits. The House of Representatives & the Senate meet in the Capitol
Thaddeus Stevens
A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress
Pollution allowances (or banks)
A reduction in pollution below that required by law that can be used to cover a future plant expansion or sold to another company whose pollution emissions are above the legal requirements
Press briefing
A relatively restricted session between a press secretary or aide & the press
Poll tax
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote. It was adopted by many states to prevent former slaves (most of whom were poor) from voting. It is now unconstitutional
neocorporatism
A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business & labor work with the state to set economic policy
Surface Transportation Board
The STB is an economic regulatory agency that Congress created to resolve railroad rate & service disputes & reviewing proposed railroad mergers. The STB is decisionally independent, although it is administratively affiliated with the U. S. Department of Transportation
Huey Long
The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million & a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 & his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society
Mauryan Empire
The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B. C. E. & survived until 184 B. C. E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)
integration
The free association of people from different racial & ethnic backgrounds; a goal of the civil rights movement to overcome policies of segregation that have been practiced in the U. S. Those favoring integration of schools by such forceful means as busing or affirmative action have frequently argued that integration of schools will lead to integration of society as a whole
regime
The fundamental rules & norms of politics, embodying long - term goals regarding individual freedom & collective equality, where power should reside, & the use of that power
Competitive service
The govt offices to which people are appointed on the grounds of merit as ascertained by a written examination or by having met certain selection criteria (such as training, educational attainments, or prior experience)
Tallmadge amendment
This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri & provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North & South
Mandatory spending
Those appropriation items in a budget that must be allocated. In the federal budget, the majority of spending items are mandatory & include Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, payment on the national debt, & certain components of defense spending
Funded mandates
Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them
positivist school of law
Those who believe that law reflects society & the way that people want the society to operate
Compare the four basic types of economic systems
Traditional, are ecomies decided by social customs; market economies, are economiesdecided by individuals; command are by gov't; mixed econ are by a combination of markets & gov't
Treaty of Paris 1259
Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England & Louis IX of France
Treaty of Paris 1856
Treaty of Paris (1856) or Congress of Paris - signed March 30 - ended Crimean War
Treaty of Paris 1898
Treaty of Paris (1898) - ended Spanish - American War
VER's & VEA's
Voluntary export restraints (VER'S) & voluntary export agreements (VEA'S)
Thomas Edison
Who patented the movie camera
Thomas Jefferson
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence
to isolate France
Why did Bismark seek alliances that later became the Triple Alliance
They had signed the Treaty of Versailles
Why did millions of Germans turn against the leaders of the Weimar Repulblic
It is constantly moving
Why is communication dynamic
partitioning organizational speech structural
a deductive format in which, as the speech proceeds, the speech is partitioned into a number of points
cash flow statement
a monthly plan that tracks when a person anticipates that cash will come into their business & when they expect to pay out cash
requirements for linear programming
model must have an explicit objective, limited resources to allocate, linearity, homegeneity, divisibility
Liberty Loans
(WW) War bonds to help fund the war
Yom Kippur War
1973: Egypt & Syria attacked Israel. No changes in territory
Strategic plan
A larger plan or blueprint for the entire organization
Ordinance
A law passed & enforced by a city govt
Regularator
A non verbal behavior that helps to control the interaction or level of communication between people
3 core Classical Trade Theories
Absolute advantage (natural & acquired) Comparative advantage (David Ricardo) Factor Proportions theory ( Heckscher & Ohlin). Some empirical contradictions (Leontif)
Offsets
An environmental rule that a company in an area with polluted air can offset its own pollution by reducing pollution from another source in the area. For instance, an older company that can't afford to pay for new antipollution technologies may buy pollution credits from a newer company that has reduced its source of pollution below the levels required by law
opposition to Stalin's power
Between 1934 & 1939, the great purge was a campaign to eliminate
Iconoclasm
Breaking of images; Religious controversy of the 8th century. Byzantine Empire attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration
New Jersey
Colony granted to friends of King
Programmed Decisions
Decisions made in response to frequently occurring routine situations
Manchus
Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire
classical antiquity
Greek & Roman times
Fort Sumter
In 1861 Confederates attacked the fort, which led to its surrender & was the opening engagement of the Civil War. It is located in Charleston, South Carolina
Persia
In 1907, Russia & Britain agreed to Spheres of Influence in
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All - India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights
Horizontal FDI"
Investing in the same economic activity abroad as one does at home
Majuro, Marshall Islands
Mbabane, Swaziland
Moguls
Muslim dynasty that ruled India in 16th - 17th century. Built Taj Mahal
Straw vote
Nonbinding vote used to determine the views of a small cross section of voters
New Delhi, India
Nuku'alofa, Tonga
Positive economic principle
One that predicts how people will behave
Goal of controls
Planning, organizing, leading & staffing
Contingency Plan
Plans that identify alternative courses of action for very unusual or crisis situations; typically stipulate the chain of command, standard operating procedures, & communication channels the organization will use during & emergency
Characteristics of multicultural organizations:
Pluralism, Structural integration, Informal network integration, Absence of prejudice & discrimination, Minimum intergroup conflict
poisoning the well"
Poisoning the well is a logical fallacy where adverse information about someone is pre - emptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing everything that person is about to say
Entrepreneurial politics
Policies benefiting society as a whole or some large part that impose a substantial cost on some small identifiable segment of society
Regulatory policy
Policy that results in govt control over individuals & businesses. Examples of regulatory policy include protection of the environment & consumer protection
Grassroots
Political participation at the local level
New Left
Radical movement in 60s & 70s which opposed the military industrial complex & US involvement in Vietnam. Also urged public attention of blacks & poor
Cato
Roman politician bent on destruction of Carthage
Dharma
Set of laws
four types of sentences you should use throughout your written communication
Simple sentence - a sentence that expresses one complete thought. Compound sentence - A union of two or more simple sentences. Complex sentence - a simple sentence with a dependent clause attatched to it. Compound - complex sentence - a combination of a compound & a complex sentence
the rise of non - U. S. multinationals & the growth of mini - multinationals
Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. These two trends have been:
Pedra Branca
Singapore & Malaysia dispute ownership of the islands in the Singapore strait. ICJ ruled the Malaysia has no title to the Pedra Branca
types of bullet statements
Single idea & single accomplishment
Sitting Bull
Sioux chief who took up arms against settlers in the Great Planes. Present at the Battle of Little Bighorn
Troy
Site in northwest Anatolia, overlooking the Hellespont strait, where archaeologists have excavated a series of Bronze Age cities. One of these may have been destroyed by Greeks ca. 1200 B. C. E. as reported in Homer's epic poems
Jane Addams
Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U. S. to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency & help immigrants learn to speak English. Provided such services as English lessons, day care, child care classes, & playgrounds
Nile
Source: Lake Victoria, Africa Outflow: Mediterranean Sea
Imperial presidency
Term developed by historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. refers to pres.s who dominate the political & legislative agenda
owned the colonies
The King of England
Optimal combination of goods
The affordable combination that yields the highest total utility
Kamakura Shogunate
The first of Japan's decentralized military govts. (1185 - 1333)
Economic Force
The necessary reaction to scarcity
variolation
The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected
Time Oriennted Listeners
Those who perfer that message communcated by others be breif
UNSC
UN Security Coucil - main peacekeeping organ of the UN. Made up of 15 members, 5 of which are permanent: China, France, Russia, US & UK
Doughboys
US infantry in WWI
Unilateralism
Unilaterialism is a state's dependence on its own power to maxime security & achieve national interests
The Black Sea
What body of water does the Danube drain into
Sapphos of Lesbos
a female lyrical poet
Carry Nation
a leading proponent of prohibition
layaway
a sales method that keeps merchandise in storage until the customer finishes paying for it
stakeholder model
a theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management's most important responsibility, long - term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders
perception checking
a three part method for varifying the accuracy of interpretations, including the description of the sense data two possible interpertations & a request for confermation of the interpertations
qualitative research
a type of research that focuses on smaller numbers of people (usually fewer than 100) & tries to answer why or or how questions
terminate
abolish
freed
absolved
principles
beliefs in how one lives their life
speech planning outline
brief framework used to think through the process of the speech; outline contains the major ideas of the speech, without elaboration
graft
corruption/ill - gotten money
Post WWII dollar shortage
huge balance of trade surpluses, reserves were immense & growing. necessary to reverse flow. Dollars leave the U. S. & become available for international use
phonological rules
linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words
What does fascism stress
nationalism
primacy of mgmt
planning must occur before other mgmt functions can take place
components of commuication
source, message, receiver, channel
respect
the degree in which we hold others in esteem
headline
the phrase or sentence that captures the readers' attention, arouses their interest, & entices them to read the rest of the ad
Republicanism
the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government
business risk
the possibility of financial loss
Superterrorism
the potential use of weapons of mass destruction in a terrorist attack
micromarketing: targeting strategies
the practice of tailoring products & marketing programs to the needs & wants of specific individuals & local customer groups
speech participants
the speaker & the members of the audience
Noise - communication process
the unplanned static or distortion during the communication process, which results in the receiver's getting a different message than the one the sender sent
Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for all of the following reasons except:
the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business are narrower than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business
main determinant of saving (classical model)
the rate of interest (the higher the rate of interest, the more peole wante to save, & therefore the less people wanted to consume)
market
the set of all actual & potential buyers of a product or service
linear view of communication
the speaker speaks & the listener listens
National Housing Act #2
(FDR) 1937 1937 - Wagner=Sponser. Rasied $500mill for urban slum clearance & public housing projects
Budget, the National Debt & the Overvalued Dollar
(RR) after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income & military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted "dollar", price of the dollar increased 60 percent, "strong dollar" = good, "overvalued dollar" = severe economic problems
Ending Nuclear Testing
(WJC) us wouldn't test unless another nation did it first
studying communication going to do for you
1. help you make connections. 2. provide you with skills to make a difference when confronted with new ideas & challenges. 3. truly effective communicators have information worth communicating, & have the desire to connect with their listener
Solutions to being land - locked
1. negotiate or take a secure land corridor 2. use an international river 3. negotiate transit rights with a coastal state
Foraker Act
1900 Gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular govt. In 1917 they got US citizenship
the Great Compromise
2 Houses, 1 House based on Population, the other house Equal Representation
the Virginia Plan
2 Houses, Population Representation
Solicitor General
4th - ranking member of the Dept. of Justice; responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the US gov't to the Supreme Court
Quirin affair
8 germans who had lived in America & returned to Germany before WWII snuck into the US to sabatoge the war industries. They were caught & executed by a military tribunal established by FDR
Class - action suit
A case brought into court by a person on behalf of not only himself or herself but all other persons in the country under similar circumstances. For example, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court decided that not only Linda Brown but all others similarly situated had the right to attend a local public school of their choice without regard to race
crimes against humanity
A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after WWII to encompass genocide & other acts committed by the political & military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany)
Golden Horde
A group of Mongols that overran Russia, Poland, & Hungary. (1237 - 1242)
United Food & Commercial Workers International Union
A labor union representing approximately 1. 3 million workers in the U. S. & Canada in many industries, including health care, meatpacking, poultry & food processing, manufacturing, textile & chemical trades, & retail food. Until July 2005, UFCW was affiliated with the AFL - CIO, where it was the second largest union by membership. Along with two other members of the Change to Win Coalition, the UFCW formally disaffiliated with the AFL - CIO on July 29, 2005.
Referendums
A law passed by the legislature could be put on the ballot can for the people to approval/veto. Made elected officials more responsible & sensitive to the needs of the people, & part of the movement to make govt more efficient & scientific
Leader participation model
A leadership contingency model that related leadership behavior & participation in decision making
Public bill
A legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern. A bill involving defense expenditures is a public bill; a bill pertaining to an individual's becoming a naturalized citizen is not
Interpersonal Roles
A mangers activities as a figurehead, company leader, or liaison
Third - Party - Payer Market
A market in which the person who receives the good differs from the person paying for the good
Touch Ethic
A person own guidelines or standards as to approprate & inapprate toush
Wildcat strike
A strike without union authorization
Disinflation
A substantial reduction in the rate of inflation
Town or township
A subunit of county govt in many eastern & Midwestern states
Medici's
A succesful family who owned Medici bank in Florence (like Fuggers in England)
Yellow Peril
A supposed threat to the US posed by Japan & China. Fear of asian immigration & Japan's rising military power
bureaucratic authoritarianism
A system in which the state bureaucracy & the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, & technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation
tributary system
A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East & Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)
the Congressional Record
A written record of everything said in both houses of Congress
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Accidentally killed 141 workers, prodded concerns that raised new questions of human & immigrant rights & of existing labor laws
prohibit the import of these goods from other countries
According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage & then:
Freedom of Information Act (1974)
Act that incorporates sunshine laws; opened up the govt's meetings of record to the public & media
Norris - La Guardia Act (1932)
Act that prohibited employers from punishing workers who joined unions & gave labor the right to form union
Pequot War
After Pequots attacked Puritan settlement, killing nine, the colonists responded by burning Pequot village, killing 400
To the other House
After a Bill passes the first House of the Congress, where does it go next
Mormon Church
After facing extreme hostility in the Midwest, Mormons moved to Utah & established their influential church there
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968
Agreement that stopped & monitored the spread of nuclear weapons to countries who did not have the bomb
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
Agreement wherein new trade barriers would be avoided by member nations, existing tariffs would be eliminated, & protective tariffs would be used only for emergency situations
Long Run Competitive Equilibrium
All firms in an industry are maximizing profit, no firm has an incentive to enter or exit, & price is such that quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies & Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after WWI, to be administered under League of Nations supervision
Terrence Powderly
An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order & noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens & a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
An agency of the U. S. govt responsible for licensing & regulating nuclear power plants. Created in 1974, along with the Energy Research & Development Administration, it replaced the Atomic Energy Commission
Positional arms control agreement
An agreement in which contestants attempt to limit mutually offsetting investments in performance enhancement
Mayflower compact
An agreement reached before landing. Bound Pilgrims to live in a civil society according to their own laws. First written consitution in North America
plea bargain
An agreement that permits a defendant to plead guilty to a lesser charge instead of pleading not guilty to a more serious one. Plea bargaining is usually undertaken by a prosecutor to obtain important information from a defendant or to avoid a long & costly trial
Nativism
An anti - foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's & 1850's in response to the influx of Irish & German Catholics
Ferghana Valley
An area in Uzbekistan walled off by mountains with an extremely dense population. Some ethnic differences
Economic loss
An economic profit that is less than zero
Open rule
An order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the legislative floor
Closed rule
An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate & forbids a particular bill from being amended on the legislative floor
Diego Garcia
Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a large runway that the US & Indian navies use for drills
Nicholas Biddle
Became the Second National Bank's pres., & he made the bank's loan policy stricter & testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional & should be rechartered
Stanley, Henry Morton (1841 - 1904)
British - American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, & often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen & not British
Queen Anne's War
British vs. French (1702 - 13)
Rudyard Kipling
British writer, wrote Jungle Book
Greek fire
Byzantine fire, wildfire & liquid fire; was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, & was very effective both on sea & land. However, it was used primarily at sea
Daniel Shays
Captain in the American Revolutionary War. He is mostly known for leading a small army of farmers in Shays' Rebellion, which was a revolt against the state govt of Massachusetts from 1786 - 1787
Carthage
City located in present - day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B. C. E. It became a major commercial center & naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B. C. E
Great Zimbabwe
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 & 1450, when it was a trading center & the capital of a large state
Moche
Civilization of north coast of Peru (200 - 700 C. E. ). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples
Henri Fayol
Classical Approach, Functions of Mgmt, 14 Principles of Mgmt, "Father of Modern Mgmt"
Cameroon vs. Nigeria
Conflict over the Bakasi Peninsula; the ICJ ruled in favor of Cameroon
Stages in adjusting to a new culture:
Confusion, Small victories, The honeymoon, Irritation & anger, Reality
project grants
Congress appropriated funds of a certain sum, allocated to gov units based on applications
conference committee
Congressional committee that includes representatives of both houses of Congress. Their purpose is to settle differences between the Houes & Senate versions of bills that have been passed by their respective legislatures
Mass media
Consisting of television, radio, newspapers, & magazines, they reach a large segment of the population. It is also considered one of the linkage institutions
Each time your work is edited, what should the editor be reading for
Content, arrangement & flow, & readability & mechanics
disregards
Continental Congress agreed that a country loses its right to govern when it _ the people's rights
Norway vs. Russia
Continental shelf dispute, Norway claims fishing areas around Svalbard Islands
Rosenberg case
Couple excecuted for allegedly being Soviet Spies. Some thought falsely accused in McCarthyism
criminal court
Court in which criminal trials are heard
Trial Court
Court of original jurisdiction where case begins
How did the Puritans finally win the English Civil War
Cromwells army defeated the ROyalists & the Puritans held the King Prisoner
Mithraism
Cult dedicated to the god Mithras. Adopted by soldiers, it focused on Sun & light, divine sanction of human life, & and purposeful moral behavior
David Ricardo
David Ricardo (April 18, 1772 - September 11, 1823), a British political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, & was one of the most influential of the classical economists. He was also a successful businessman, financier & speculator, & amassed a considerable fortune
Clarence Darrow
Defense attorney in the Scopes trial
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic & nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, & Hungary the revolutions failed
Spanish rebel groups
During Spain's civil war, Franco was the leader of
Free French
During WWII, the French who refused the legitimacy of the Vichy Regime. Headed by Charles De Gaulle, they eventually took part in normandy & liberated Paris
The USSR
During the cold war, who was India mainly allied with
Economic Imperialism
Economic Imperialism is the involvement of one state in the economy of another so that the power of the sovereign state is impaired
Features of civilization
Economic system able to make basic goods & services available; Form of political organization capable of governing, creating social institutions, enforcing laws, & protecting people from outside threats,Moral code in the form of a shared religion, andIntellectual tradition that includes a written language & encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science & the arts
House of Burgesses
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618
general election
Election held on the first Tuesday of November, during which voters elect officials
presidential primary
Elections held in individual states to determine the preference of the voters & to allocate the number of delegates to the party's national convention
Qing Empire
Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, & Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911
Cathars
Encountered Byzantine ideas in long distance trade. Adopted an ascetic heretic lifestyle
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended French & Indian War
Richard the Lion - Hearted
English King who fought in the Crusades. Robin Hood was loyal to him
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
Sir Walter Raleigh
English explorer to americas, introduced tobacco & potato from American to England
popular culture
Entertainment spread by mass communications & enjoying wide appeal
Missi Dominici
Envoys Charlamagne sent to oversee local rulers
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom & self - reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first - rate poet. He spoke & wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists
Mughals
Established by Turkish invaders in 1520 lasted until mid 19th century
Homo erectus
Extinct species of early hominid that is thought to be the direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens. Flourished from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, about 1,600,000 to 250,000 years ago. Fossil remains of H. erectus were first found in the 1890s. Stone axes, basic wooden tools, clothing of skin & furs, & larger brain than H. erectus
Romanovs
Family that ruled Russia from 17th century until Russian revolution
nobility's main source of income was
Feudal dues collected from peasants
Industrial distributors - types of intermediaries
Find distributors in the different regions or industries who will buy & carry the new line
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
First Quota Act of 1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890
George Washington Carver
First black scientist to gain national prominence
Elizabeth Blackwell
First female to graduate from medical college
NEGATIVE
For COMPLEMENTS, the cross - price elasticity of demand is - or +
Present value of a perpetual annual payment
For an annual interest rate r, the present value (PV) of a perpetual annual payment (M) is the amount that would have to be deposited today at that interest rate to generate annual interest earnings of M: PV = M / r
We communicate to direct, influence or inform our audience
For what three reasons do we generally try to communicate with each other
isolated
From the 1200's to the early 1700's, Russia can best be described as
regulates the money supply
Function of the Federal Reserve System #7
Mahayana Buddhism
Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, & Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha & for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment
Ptolemy
Greek astronomer who said planets & sun rotate around Earth. Dominated astronomy until Copernicus
G77
Group of 77 - the group of 77 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in N - S trade. Now includes 133 members & represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South
regional economic integration (trading groups)
Groups of Countries come together in order to improve economic conditions in their countries
the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a regional organization involving the six Persian Gulf Arab States with many economic & social objectives in mind. Created May 25, 1981, the Council is comprised of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia & the United Arab Emirates
FACTOR PROPORTIONS THEORY
HECKSCHER & OHLIN - the pattern of international trade is based on differences in factor endowments rather than differences in productivity
Public opinion dispersion
Hardliners usually found in south; urbanites are usually internationalists
Henry Clay
Helped orchestrate the Missouri Compromise & the Compromise of 1850 to hold the Union together
What was an immediate economic cause of the french revolution
High govt spending with low tax collection from the nobles
The number is based on the state's population
How is the number of representatives chosen for each state
11 Years
How long did the Articles of Confederation last
6 Years
How long is a Senator's Term
Life
How long is the term of office for a Supreme Court Justice
2 Terms
How many Terms can a Pres. Serve
Every 10 years
How often is there a census of the American people
logic of appropriateness
How should I behave in this situation
Self - image or self - awareness
How you look at yourself, the mental picture of how you believe you appear to others, & how you picture yourself physically to others are characteristics of what
Hawthorne studies
Human relations (behavioral) perspective
naturalist school of law
Humans, by nature, have certain rights & obligations. Lockian thought
To the Pres.
If a Bill passes through both Houses of Congress, where does it go next
National Origins Act of 1924
Immigration law that was blatantly discriminatory against Eastern & Southern Europeans & virtually excluded Asians
Morrill tariff
Imports & excise taxes placed on manufactures & the practice of nearly every profession in order to help fund the war
John Brown
In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U. S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners & freeing their slaves. He was captured & executed
Israel
In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean & the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B. C. E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948
bourgeoisie
In early modern Europe, the class of well - off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, & allied professions
sophisticated, demanding
In his study dealing with the competitive advantage of nations, Porter argued that in regard to demand conditions, a nation's firms' gain competitive advantage if their domestic consumers are _ & _
serf
In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property & obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans & in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861
Indian Ocean Maritime System
In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, & maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia
Strategic Behavior theory
In the case of oligopolistic industries, the theory is that if one firm engages in FDI in another country (region), then others should follow
Give more power to elected parliaments
In the early 19th century Europe, one political goal that liberals had was
middle class merchant
In the first falf of the 1800's, a political liberal was most likely to be
NO
Is goodwill a basis for the theory of Monopolistic Advantage
the European Investment Bank
It is the EU's financing institution, founded in 1957. Located in Luxembourg, its goal is to further the economic goals & carry out the agreements of the EU within, & with other nations
Press secretary
Key White House staff position; the press secretary meets with the White House press corps
Seneca Falls Convention
Kicked off the equal - rights - for - women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony (1848)
Sargon
King of Kish who conquered other city states to start his empire
Louis XVI
Last king of France before French Revolution. Tried to compromise with constitutional monarchy. Later fled, but was captured & beheaded
Pacta sunta servanda
Latin - "agreements must be kept. " The oldest principle of international law. Without it, no int'l agreement would be binding or enforceable. Directly referred to in many int'l agreements governing treaties
Kwame Nkrumah
Leader of Pan - African movement in Ghana
Marketing management
Marketing management can be defined as "the process of planning & executing the conception, pricing, promotion, & distribution of goods, services, & ideas to create exchanges with target groups that satisfy customer & organizational objectives. "
lowest level; hunger, thirst
Maslow's physiological needs
Red guards
Militias who attacked Mao's foes during Cultural Revolution
mind - mapping
Mind mapping is a brainstorming activity in which you allow your unorganized thoughts to flow onto paper, connecting like items/thoughts as you progress
Joseph Brant
Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution
Rootes of Isolationism
Monroe Doctrine. - American moral superiority. - America escaped monarchs, churches, revolutions, fascism, & nationalism. - National sovereignty & autonomy. - moved away from this in 1940's (WWII)
Social Gospel
Movement aimed at making churches more responseive to social problems, such as poverty. Said Christ's message was also about social reform. Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion & human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
Reform movements
Movements supported by a group of people to change society for the better regarding moral, religious, & social issues
multi - domestic firm
Multi - domestic firm is one that focuses on local responsiveness! Product offerings are customized & a complete set of value creating activities are developed in each country/region, with largely autonomous decentralized organizations.
ulama
Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law & the social core of Muslim urban societies
Sunnis
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries
Sahara, Namib, Kalahari
Name the 3 deserts of Africa from north to south
National Self - Determination
National Self - Determination is the idea that a group of people who consider themselves seperate & distinct from others have the right to determine the state in which they will live & the form of govt it will have
immigration law
National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel & visit within a state's territory, work within the state, & sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization)
Sioux
Native Americans in the Dakotas. Massacred Custer at Battle of Little Bighorn. Many were later massacred at Wounded Knee in 1890
Vidkun Quisling
Norwegian collaborator during WWII. Made had of govt under German control
Leader - member relations
One of Fiedler's situational contingencies that described the degree of confidence, trust, & respect employees had for their leader
Joseph Pulitzer
Owner of the "New York World," helped originate & title the practice of sensationalistic "yellow journalism. "
Horizontal Integration
Owning many different businesses who sell the same thing. Ex: Gap owns Forth & Towne, Banana Republic, Old Navy, & the GAP company itself
Principles
P associated with democratic idealism, global democracy, & politics
Prosperity
P associated with economic liberalism, global capitalism, & economy
Transfer payments
Payments the govt makes to the public for which it receives no current goods or services in return
Juan Peron
Pres. of Argentina (1946 - 1955, 1973 - 1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Pern, he was elected pres. in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823
Wilson's 14 points
Presented at Peace Talks (1919) at end of WWI: Versailles. St. Germain & Trianon Treaties. Free trade & lower tariffs. Reductions is armaments. Decolonization of empires. Self determination with trusteeships. Create international peacekeeping force with collective security provisions
phases of the speaking process
Prewriting, drafting, editing, & presentation phase
Winston Churchill
Prime minister of GB in WWII. Kept brittain moral going during german aieral assults
Social Comparison
Process of comparing ones self to others to measure ones worth in relationship to others who are simular
Per Capita Growth
Producing more goods & services per person
New Deal
Program of FDR to get out of Great Depression. Included Social Security System, Tennessee Valley Authority & Works Progress Administration
Free Exercise Clause
Prohibits US govt from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion
Logic of Liberalism
Promoting liberty is a moral obligation "Makes no specific assumptions about the power of the US beyond hte rather general assumption that is has the capability to increase liberty somehow"
the effect of a "Protectionist policy" on the global economy
Protectionism is often shortsighted & fails in the long run
National Industrial Recovery Act
Provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings
Market development strategies
Pursuing growth through market development, an organization would seek to find new customers for its present products
Valley Forge
Quarters of American army one winter in revolutionary war. Very cold, but Washington kept the morale of the troops up
Queen victoria
Queen 19th - early 20th century during British industrial revolution & height of empire's power. Also highly moral, leading to Victorian Age
Radio Martí & TV Martí
Radio & TV Martí are broadcasters based in Miami, Florida, financed by the U. S. govt which transmits Spanish - language radio & TV broadcasts to Cuba. Established in 1983 by Pres. Ronald Reagan, at the urging of Jorge Mas Canosa, with the mission of fighting communism.
newly industrialized economies
Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers
Philippines
Recieved these islands after S - A War. Although he considered giving them up after insurrections, McKinley ultimately kept them
Ty Cobb
Record for lifetime batting average
gender gap
Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues & candidates)
mass deportation
Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian & Persian Empires. (95)
Ming Dynasty
Replaced Yaun Dynasty in China 1363 - 0664. Focused on internal development
Meat Inspection Act
Response to "The Jungle," created strict sanitary requirements for meat, began a quality rating system, & provisioned for a federal department to inspect meat
Russian Civil War
Russian event that preceded WWII & US - Soviet tensions
Joseph McCarthy
Senator who led an effort to identify 'communists' who he said had infiltrated the federal govt. Often used 'guilt by association. '
Uzbekistan conflicts
Some ethnic problems. The Islamic Movement of Uzbek. causes some instability
Monroe doctrine
Statement that the US would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas. & US would not intervene in European colonies
Int'l. Court of Justice
States must bring the contention to the ICJ. They pay for the costs of litigation. Both states must agree to abide by the ICJ decision
Thalweg Principle
States that the border between 2 states in water lies along the thalweg, the line of fastest flow of a river
Pure Strategy
Strategy in which a player makes a specific choice or takes a specific action
Ethics training
Structured programs that help participants to understand ethical aspects of decision making. Helps people incorporate high ethical standards into daily life
Qualitative method/analysis
Study through an in - depth investigation of a limited number of cases
Variable profit
Sum of prifts on each increamental unit produced by a firm
Pennsylvania Dutch
Swiss & German settlers of PA. Known for tidy farms. Many were Amish
Jean - Luc Godard
Swiss film maker
Caste System
System of rigid social hierarchy. Birthed into specific "ranks"
Taiwan (Quemoy)
Taiwan occupes Quemoy, 3 miles from the Chinese mainland, which heightens tensions
Temperance
The American Temperance Society was formed in Boston in 1826. It persuaded people to stop drinking or lesson their drinking
Where is the White Sea
The White Sea (Бе́лое мо́ре) is an inlet of the Barents Sea on the North Western coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, & the Kola peninsula to the north. The important port of Arkhangelsk is located on the White Sea. For much of Russia's history this was Russia's main centre of international maritime trade
International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights
The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations
What was the Allies plan for victory over the Nazis
The allies would fight Germany on two fronts to weaken it
User cost of capital
The annual cost of owning & using a capital asset, equal to economic depreciation plus forgone interest
Inside lag (of macroeconomic policy)
The delay between the date a policy change is needed & the date it is implemented
Public policy
The final action(s) taken by govt in promotional, regulatory, or distributive form
satrap
The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province & for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power.
capital punishment
The infliction of the death penalty as punishment for certain crimes. In the U. S. an extremely controversial issue on legal, moral, & ethical grounds. 39 states now practice the death penalty
the preamble
The introduction to the Constitution
Preamble
The introduction to the Constitution, outlining the goals of the document
World Court (International Court of Justice)
The judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states
Discount window lending
The lending of reserves by the Federal Reserve to commercial banks
Logic of Liberal Internationalism
The logic that the US has the moral obligation to contribute substantially to solving global problems
papyrus
The main Egyptian writing material
Rate of Return regulation
The maximum price allowed by a regulatory agency is based on the rate of return that a firm will earn
WILLINGNESS TO BUY
The maximum price at which he or she would buy a good
Long Telegram
The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, & that Communism could be beaten without going to war
Phony War
The months following the collapse of Poland were known as the "phony war. "
Client politics
The politics of policy - making in which some small group receives the benefits of the policy & the public at large bears the costs. Only those who benefit have an incentive to organize & press their case
patronage
The power of a govt official or leader to make appointments & offer favors. Once in office, a politician can use patronage to build a loyal following. Though practiced at all levels of govt, patronage is most often associated with the machine politics of big cities
shamanism
The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period & of early societies of Central Asia
Logrolling
The practice whereby legislators support one another's legislative proposals
Favorite son
The presidential candidate backed by the home state at the party's nominating convention
Relative price
The price of a specific good or service in comparison to the prices of other goods & services
What theory did Raymond Vernon promote
The product life - cycle theory: the idea that products are intially produced in countries with a supporting market size. Then the are filtered down to the developing world after time as costs increase in the originating country
Self
The sum of who you are as a person, your central inner force
Shogunate
The system of govt. in Japan in which the emperor exercised only tutylar authority whiles the shogun
Selective Service System
The system used in the U. S. to draft young people into armed service. Though the U. S. at present has no draft, young men are required by law to register with the Selective Service when they reach the age of eighteen
Coattail Effect
The tendency of lesser - known or weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence on the party's ticket of a more popular candidate
mestizo
The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian & European descent
mulatto
The term used in Spanish & Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African & European descent
constitutionalism
The theory developed in early modern England & spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal & legislative checks
Disappearing political discourse
The theory that people who support a position may remain silent, because speaking out would create a risk of being misunderstood
Efficient markets hypothesis
The theory that the current price of stock in a corporation reflects all relevant information about its current & future earnings prospects
National Output
The total value of goods & services produced by an economy in a specified time period. Also known as GDP
Print Press
The traditional form of mass media, comprising newspapers, magazines, & journals
Small Group
The transactive process of creating meaning among three to about fifteen people who share a conmmon purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group & exert influnces on one another
Isolationism
The view that the U. S. should withdraw from world affairs, limit foreign aid, & avoid involvement in foreign wars
Multiregional thesis
Theory, held by a minority of scholars, that modern humans appeared simultaneously throughout world, descending from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa
Seleucids
They controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander's generals
Okun's Law
This details the inverse relationship between unemployment & real GDP
Rights of Man
Thomas Paine wrote the Rights of Man in 1791, it is a work glorifying the French Revolution
Formula for Total Earnings
Total Earnings = Wage x Quantity of Labor Demanded
Planned aggregate expenditure (PAE)
Total planned spending on final goods & services
When did the 100 years war take place
Towards the end of the middle ages between France & England
El Alamein
Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942 - 1943
Qemony & Matsu
Two islands remained a Chinese Nationalist outpost after the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949. The People's Republic of China began bombarding the island again in 1958, but the deployment of the U. S. 7th Fleet prevented an escalation of the hostilities. After 1990 Taiwan reduced the military forces stationed on Matsu, civilian rule was restored in 1993, & restrictions on travel to the island were ended in 1994
Despotism
Unlimited political rule by one person
senate
Upper house of Congress, in which each state has two representatives. Has power to approve cabinet, ambassadors, & judges, & treaties
Rabat, Morocco
Victoria, Seychelles
Reconquista
War in Spain; the military reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian rulers
Eugene McCarthy
Was challenging Johnson & had a good chance of winning until Robert Kennedy decided to run
Militant Realism
What sub - ideology: - "Every predominance, or move toward predominance, represent a threat to the other states in the international system" - Any powerful state likely will use its power to augment its power, aggressively, if necessary
it resulted in Germany's having to fight on two fronts
What was significant in the Allied victory as the First Battle of the Marne
to prevent fighting of European nations over the division of Africa
What was the main purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885
logic of consequences
What will happen to me if I behave this way
1965
When did the 2nd war between india & pakistan begin
on January 3rd of odd numbered years
When does each new session of Congress begin
Gold in California
When gold was discovered in California, it led to a massive migration to the state. These miners pushed for statehood
rational choice theory
When making political decisions or voting, people calculate the expected gains & costs of a particular action & choose accordingly
Nonpreferential primary
Where voters choose delegates who are not bound to vote for the winning primary candidate
Cambodia Laos & Vietnam NOT singapore
Which countires are part of French Indo China
Muhammad Ali & King mongkut
Which leaders used modernization to keep their countries independent
The holocaust
Which of the following was addressed by the Nuremberg Trials
Russia, Nigeria, Mexico
Which of the states we have studied are federal systems
Freedom Riders
White & Black Northerners who rode busses into the South to challenge racial segregation. Regularly attacked, seldom protected
it was the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies
Why was india considered the "jewel in the crown"
Questions of incompitence of BoP
Why was it believed US action could be kept covert Why was it believed that B - 26's could take out Cuban Air Force Why was it believed brigade's moral could overcome Cuba's military Why was it believed Cuban forces were weak Why was it believed that Cubans would revolt Why was it believed that the backup place (escape to Escombres) would work
Women's Rights/Seneca Falls
Woman's Right Convention, prominent feminists read Declaration of Sentiments: "all men & women are created equal"
Women's christin Temperance Union
Women's group encouraging abstinence from alcohol. Leading force for prohibition
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, & reform in banking & currency matters
Loaded language
Words that reflect a value judgment, used to persuade the listener without making an argument. For example, if someone likes a politician, he might call him "the esteemed Senator Smith"; if he doesn't like him, he might refer to him as "that right - wing or radical senator. "
Horatio Alger
Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys
Message
Written, spoken & unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning
We
_ hold these truths to be self - evident,
sweep acount
a despository institutions account that entails regular shifts of funds from transactions deposits that are subject to reserve requirements to savings deposits that are exempt from reserve requirements
Production blocking
a disadvantage of face - to - face brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share an idea because another member is presenting an idea
decimal number
a fraction or mixed number whose denominator is a multiple of 10
product line
a group of products that are closely related because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges
Communication accomodation theory
adjustment of behavior to fit the behavior of others
mosaic
artwork, images made with small pieces of glass
self concept components
attitudes, beliefs, values
Why did westen nations desire lands in the Pacific Rim
because of their natural resources & strategic location
conclusion of a speech
can be used to summarize and/or motivate listeners to take a prescribed action
d
d
certainty, risk, uncertainty
decision - making done under 3 conditions
Liberal feminism
emphasizes gender equality & views the "essential" differences in men's & women's abilities/perspectives as trivial or nonexistent
Market Seeking"
explore new market opportunities, to circumvent prohibitive protectionist policies & actions such as tariffs & quotas, to establish a local presence to ensure product & customer service availability, to meet buy national requirements, to become more visible locally by hiring many local staff, paying local taxes & to serve a wider range (portfolio) of markets
uncertainty avoidance
extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by unknown or uncertain situations
quality work life
factors in a work environment that are negative or positive that affect an inviduals work life, well being & job satisfaction
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963
first major - power agreement regulating atomic weapons testing, banned explosions in the atmosphere, in outer space & under water
Zero of Cybrus
founded Stoicism
cabinet
in a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministries) & make up the govt, which is responsible to the parliament; in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the pres.
job lead
information about a job opening
generous nature
magnanimity
process control
minimizing the amount of scrap material generated by cutting steel, leather, or fabric from a roll or sheet of stock material
misperceptions
mistaken processing of the available information about a decision; one of several ways - along with affective & cognitive bias - in which individual decision making diverges from the rational model
4 functions of managers
planning, organizing, leading, & controlling
limited govt
principle of govt that states that govt powers must be confined to those allowed it by the nation's Constitution
Sexist language
reveals bias in favor of one sex against another
linear programming
several related mathematical techniques used to allocated limited resources among competing demands in an optimal way
secondary sources of information
sources the report, but did not originally generate, the observations or research
publican
tax collector
commander
the officer in charge of an army
Head Money Cases
treaties
personal communication
two or more people communicate directly with each other, including face to face, on the phone, through mail or email or even through an internet chat
group
two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals
Tarrif & Non - Tarrif Barriers
two primary ways tha govt intervenes in international trade
Property deviance
unethical behavior aimed at the organization;s property or products
self concepts emphasize
uniqueness
unjust control
unwarrantable jurisdiction
latifundia
vast plantations
face work
verbal & nonverbal behavior designed to create & maintain a communicators face & the face of others
snarl words
very negative
prior to the speech analysis
work that takes place before the speech is given
Scriptoria
writing rooms in monestary
Ovid
wrote The Art of Love
Listening style
A persons preferred way of making sense uot of messages
manumission
A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave
Lucy
An australopithecus female skeleton found in Ethiopia
Merger
The act of combining two firms
militarism
The glorification of war, military force, & violence
Vicksburg
(AL), 1863 a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863)
Peter the Great
(1672 - 1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689 - 1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages & technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg
Savings & Loan Associations
(GB1) A financial institution that lends money in which depositors maintain savings & checking accounts = insolvent, poor security, Bush did bailout to find more insolvents, for now insurance provided by Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation
Operation Just Cause
(GB1) Dec. 1989;Bush's invasion of Panama
Midwest Folloding
(WJC) Miss. River overflowed, so Federal Emergency Management Agency work with state & local, gave up levees, cooperated with nature more
National Service Trust Act
(WJC) college = everyone, high school graduates volunteer to earn minimum wage, affordable student loans directly by govt
Naturalization Act
1798, (JA) Act that increased the time to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 years
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States & International Organizations or Between International Organizations
1986, but has not yet entered into force. It sets forth the rules for the agreements, modifications & revocations of treaties between states & international organizations. This treaty therefore acts in parallel with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
the Latin American Integration Association
A Latin American trade integration association, based in Montevideo. Its main objective is the establishment of a common market, in pursuit of the economic & social development of the region. Its members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay & Venezuela. It is the successor to LAFTA
What is a Nation
A Nation is a social group that shares a common ideology, institutions, customs, & a sense of homogeneity. It may be a state, part of a state, or extend beyond the borders of a state
Sound bite
A brief statement no longer than a few seconds used on a radio or television news broadcast
Partnership
A business with two or more owners
kangaroo court
A court that ignores principles of justice; a court characterized by incompetence & dishonesty
Yield Curve
A curve that shows the relationship between interest rates & bonds' time to maturity
Scalawags
A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners
Participative Leadership
A leadership style in which the leader shares decision - making with group members & encourages discussion of issues & alternatives; includes democratic, consensual, & consultative styles
Maryland Toleration Act
A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland. Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland, & this protected the Catholics from Protestant rage of sharing the land. Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World
Epicureanism
A philosophy that identified pleasure as the greatest good
smoke - filled room
A popular expression used to describe a place where the political wheeling & dealing of machine bosses is conducted. The image originated during the Republican presidential nominating convention of 1920, in which Warren G. Harding emerged as a dark horse candidate
Seniority
A system guaranteeing that those who serve in office the longest get preferential treatment. In Congress, those representatives who serve the longest get seniority in their committee assignments
Royal African Company
A trading company chartered by the English govt in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa
Party polarization
A vote in which a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators
Simpson - Marzzoli Act (1987)
Act that resulted in more than 2 million illegal aliens who were living in this country since 1982 being allowed to apply for legal status
Services
Activities performed by people, firms, or govt agencies to satisfy economic wants
Marginal Value
Additional benefit derived from purchaisn on more unit of a good
iron triangle
Also called subgovt. Formed by the close working relationship among various interest groups, congressional committees, & executive agencies that enforce federal regulations
National Road
Also called the Cumberland Road The first highway built by the federal govt. Constructed during 1825 - 1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route & an important connection between the North & the West
Sweetener Amendment
Amendment to a bill proposed in hopes of attracting the support of the bill's opponents. This includes appropriations earmarked for the district of a bill's opponent, for example
John D. Rockefeller
American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)
States with claims in Antarctica
Argentina, Australia, Britain, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway
Pericles
Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens
the main competitive weapon
As the market in the U. S. & other advanced nations matures, the product becomes more standardized & price becomes:
Direct Preception Checking
Asking someone else whether your interpretations of what you preceive are correct
Prince Kelemens von Metternich
Austrian chief minister who presided over the Congress of Vienna was
Melekeok, Palau
Basseterre, Saint Kitts & Nevis
King Philip's War
Bloodiest English - Native American conflict of the time. Leader of the Pokanokets, Metacomet, led attacks on several expanding colonist settlements. He formed an alliance with other tribes, but soon they were defeated due to lack of supplies
Kennedy's Conditions for Cuban takeover
CIA trained rebels trained in Guatemala - Attacked with B - 26 to give illusion that Cuban Air Force had revolted - US would land 1500 exiles - no US troops present - no US detectable presence - no US air support
Transatlantic cable/telegraph
Cable from Newfoundland to Ireland to revolutionize international communication
Pierre Trudeau
Canadian PM who made French an official language to appease Quebecois secessionists
Silk Road
Caravan routes connecting China & the Middle East across Central Asia & Iran
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) & France (1870) & was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
Tang Dynasty
Chinese Dynasty (618 - 907CE) that developed the equal field system & believed that it was the center of civilization
split ticket voting
Choosing candidates from different parties for offices listed on the same ballot
War Production Board
Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled
Recovery Stage
Coping with the problem
Hard currency
Currencies, such as dollars, euros, & yen, that are acceptable in private channels of int'l economics
Sudan
Darfur region: oil potential causes conflict in this region. Chadian rebels near the border also cause problems
Sectionalism
Different parts of the country developing unique & separate cultures (as the North, South, & West). This can (and did) lead to conflict
Maoism
Doctrine of Mao calling for continuous revolution
humanists (renaissance)
European scholars, writers, & teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, & moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century & later
Nathan Hale
Executed by the British during the Revolutionary War who famously said 'I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. '
federal reserve board
Executive agency that is largely responsible for the formulation & implementation of monetary policy
Legitimate Trade
Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade
Economic Incentives
Factors that motivate & influence the behavior of individuals & organizations, including firms & govt agencies. Prices, profits, & losses are important economic incentives in a market economy
common obstacles to sentence coherence
Faulty order of sentence parts & misplaced modifiers - sentence parts are not in the correct order. 2) Faulty parallelism - similar ideas or parts are not expressed in a parallel way. Faulty relationship of ideas - reader cannot tell the relationship of sentence parts due to dangling modifiers or omissions
unity of command
Fayol - each subordinate should have only one boss
nativism
Fear & distrust of foreigners
Umayyad Caliphate
First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate
Rehnquist Court
First nominated by Richard Nixon in 1971, William Rehnquist was confirmed as the 16th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after Warren Burger retired in 1986. He was known as a conservative jurist & his stewardship over the court reflected a court of judicial restraint & conservative tendencies
Nocolaus Copernicus
First to argue that the Earth moves around the sun
Jeanette Rankin
First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist & pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI & WWII
Muhammad Ali
Flamboyant boxing Champion in 1960s & 70s. Converted to Islam, refused to go to Vietnam
Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness
Fred Fiedler; effectiveness of a particular leadership style depends on the situation
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Gave more rights to Blacks after Civil War
Homo sapiens sapiens
Genus & species to which all modern human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens) belong & to which are attributable fossil remains of humans 100,000 to 200,000, & perhaps as much as 400,000 years old
Lemons model
George Akerlof's explanation of how asymmetric information tends to reduce the average quality of goods offered for sale
Surprise & overwhelming force
German Blitzkrieg was a military strategy that depened on what advantage
Central Powers
Germany & its allies in WWI
What did the Central Powers gain over Russia at the battle near Tannenberg
Germany drove the Russians into full retreat, G regained East Prussia, G seized numerous guns & horses
Lowell System
Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boardinghouses, cash wages, & participation in cultural & social events
Sati
Hindu ritual for burning widows with there dead husbands
New Imperialism
Historians' term for the late - nineteenth - & early - twentieth - century wave of conquests by European powers, the U. S. & Japan, which were followed by the development & exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col
Direct Incitement
Holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by 1st Amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended & likely to occur
divided French fleet into small groups & attacked
How did Admiral Nelson defeat the French - Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar
Russia was organized into several self - governing republics
How did life change for Russians after the sucess of the Bolshevik revolution
Liberal
In general, a person who favors a more active federal govt for regulating business, supporting social welfare, & protecting minority rights, but who prefers less regulation of private social conduct
The senate, by a 2/3rds vote
In the US, who needs to approve treaties, & with what percentage
What countries feed into the Brahmaputra River
India (58. 0%), P. R. China (19. 7%), Nepal (9. 0%), Bangladesh (6. 6%), Disputed India/P. R. China (4. 2%), Bhutan (2. 4%)
Substantive Due Process
Judicial interpretation of the Due Process Clause that protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust laws
Bryan resigns
June 9, 1915 - Believing the strong language in Wilson's note to Germany after the sinking of the British ship Lusitania would lead the U. S. into an unnecessary war; Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned his post
teller amendment
Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish - American war
Koryo
Korean kingdom founded in 918 & destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259
Nat Turner
Led first effective & sustained slave revolt in American history. His rebellion demonstrated that not all slaves accept their circumstances passively
Grange/Oliver Kelley
Led the National Grange of the Pattrons of Husbandry, first real organization of the populist movement
Guptas
Large Indian empire. Lasted 200 years. Gave classical India its greatest period of political stability
Mohenjo - Daro
Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large - scale implies central planning
Wright Brothers
Launched the air age
Matching funds
Limited federal funds given to presidential candidates that match private donations raised during the campaign
Who is on the $5 bill
Lincoln
Guomindang
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat - sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai - shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement
Pueblos
Native American people in AZ & NM who lived in peublos
Port Louis, Mauritius
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
inequality
Prerevolutionary French society was marked by great social
Partnership for peace
Pres. Clinton announced in 1993 a policy that allowed for the gradual admission into NATO of new member nations from the former Warsaw Pact & gave the designation of associate status in NATO to Russia
Delegated Powers
Printing Money, Declaring War, & Creating the Post Office are Examples of what Type of Powers
Principal - Agent problem
Problem arising when agents purseue their own goals frather than the goals of principals
revolution
Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing govt & regime
Tennis Court oath was made by
Representatives of the 3rd estate
Discribe the revising phase
Revising is a finishing step to improve the communication based on the editing phase & the feedback from the reveiwers. You revise or rewrite your draft to make it into a more formal presentation
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Riga, Latvia
Congo River
River of Central Africa, flowing through Congo to the Atlantic Ocean
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
Rivers that run from Turkey through Iraq & to the Persian Gulf. They irrigate the desert reaches of the Middle East, & allowed the emergence of the oldest civilizations
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Fulbright scholarships
Scholarships for the exchange of students between US & other nations
Frank & Lilian Gilbreth
Scientific Mgmt, "One Best Way", Science of Bricklaying
Name some elements of national power
Size, location, climate, topography of a national territory, natural resources & production, population & demographics, size & efficiency of industry, extent/effectiveness of transportation & the media, science & technology, military, political economic & social system, quality of diplomacy, policies/attitudes of leadership, national character/moale
Settlement houses
Social & Cultural centers established in slum areas in the 1890s & early 1900s
In what manner did Socrates describe speech How did this correlate to a speech structure
Socrates analogized the parts of a speech to a body of an animal having a head(Introduction), body, & tail(Conclusion)
SDRs
Special drawing rights - Reserves held by the IMF that central banks of member - countries can draw on to help manage the values of the currencies. SDR value is based on a "market - base" of currencies, & SDRs are acceptable in transactions between central banks
Slander
Speech that intentionally gives false information or defames the character of an individual
Rational spending rule
Spending should be allocated across goods so that the marginal utility per dollar is the same for each good
Plato
Student of Socrates; Wrote "The Republic" - about a perfect govt; Believed in 3 divided groups 1. farmers & artisans 2. warriors 3. ruling class
Hawley - Smoot Act
Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse
Skill - biased technological change
Technological change that affects the marginal products of higher - skilled workers differently from those of lower - skilled workers
Personal Responsibility Act
The 1996 federal law that transferred responsibility for welfare programs from the federal level to the state level & placed a five - year lifetime limit on payment of afdc benefits to any given recipient
Treaty of Paris 1814
Treaty of Paris (1814) - ended war between France & the Sixth Coalition
USAID
The U. S. Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the US govt organization responsible for most non - military foreign aid. An independent federal agency, it receives overall foreign policy guidance from the US Secretary of State
Taft - Katsura Agreement
The US & Japan pledged to maintain the Open Door principles in China, Japan recognized US control over the Philippines, & the USgranted a Japanese protectorate over Korea
Purchasing Power
The amount of goods & services that a unit of currency can buy
Response Latency
The ampunt of time it takes someone to formulate a response to a statement or question in conversation
rugged individualism
The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.
populism
The belief that greater popular participation in govt & business is necessary to protect individuals from exploitation by inflexible bureaucracy & financial conglomerates. "Power to the people" is a famous populist slogan
Sex
The biological & physiological charateristics that make a person female or male
override
The constitutional power of congress to supersede a pres.'s veto by a two - thirds majority in both houses
Portfolio allocation decision
The decision about the forms in which to hold one's wealth
Indian Civil Service
The elite professional class of officials who administered the govt of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well - educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians
Eastern Establishment
The elite universities & financial institutions of major cities in the northeastern U. S. These institutions, by virtue of their long - standing economic & social dominance, are often believed to exert an influence out of proportion to their size. In American politics, the Eastern Establishment often takes a liberal Republican stand
Culture of poverty
The establishment of an income level by govt that references the point at which an individual is considered to be living in poverty
Siberia
The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula & the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, & the Sea of Okhotsk
Siddhartha Guatmaa
The founder of Buddhism
Osiris
The god associated with life, & rebirth due to his story of being cut up & put back together
Privileges & immunities
The guarantees that the rights of a citizen in one state will be respected by other states. Also a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that protects citizens from abuses by a state
Scientific Revolution
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion & other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science
quorum
The minimum number of members of a committee or legislative body who must be present before business can officially or legally be conducted. In the U. S. Congress, for example, either house must have a majority (218 in the House of Representatives, 51 in the Senate) to have a quorum
Political Socialization
The process through which an individual acquires particular political orientations; the learning process by which people acquire their political beliefs & values
real dollars
The value of dollars expressed in terms of a base year. This is determined by taking current value & subtracting the amount of inflation between the base year & the year being reported. Sometimes called uninflated dollars. Any currency can be valued in real terms
current dollars
The value of the dollar in the year for which it is being reported. Sometimes called inflated dollars. Any currency can be expressed in current value
the longest river in Asia
The, Yangtze River, with its mouth at Shanghai. It is the third longest in the world after the amazon & the nile
Stewardship Theory
Theory that holds that Article II confers on the pres. the power & the duty to take whatever actions are deemed necessary in the national interest, unless prohibited by the Constitution or law
Why were the Articles of Confederation weak
They Gave too much Power to the State govts
Costly - to - fake principle
To communicate information credibly to a potential rival, a signal must be costly or difficult to fake
the UN convention on the law of the sea
Took effect in 1994. Establishes 12 mile barrier around nations, & 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones. The us has signed, but not ratified it
Point Four
Truman's bold new program to lend money and technical aid to under developed countries so that they would not succumb to communism
Tartars
Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan & Turkmenistan
Trent Affair
Two Confederate diplomats were dispatched to go to Europe on a mail steamer to try & gain support from Britain & France. The Union stopped this steamer & removed the two Confederate diplomats
open door policy
U. S. efforts to develop a trade relationship with China in the late 1800s to early 1900s; urged European nations with spheres of influence in China to not restrict trade in those areas
Panthalassa
Under Wegener's theory, the rest of the globe was covered by Panthalassa, an enormous world ocean that stretched from pole to pole & extended to about twice the width of the present - day Pacific Ocean at the Equator
Qanat
Underground canals that crisscrossed the Persian empire
What happens if the fed interest rate goes too high
Unemployment & low economic growth
Revolution of 1800
What Jefferson considered his election to be because
provisions of peace treaties signed with teh Central Powers
What actions led to teh formation of new nations out of the Central Powers
None
What are the requirements to be a Supreme Court Justice
The Congress
What are the two houses of the Legislature called
OIL
What natural resource does Azerbaijan mainly export
Groups of accepting a long establish form of govt
What was most likely NOT influenced by nationalism during the 1800's
Dienbienphu
Where Vietnamese defeated French in 1954, lead to French withdrawal
Dual primary
Where presidential candidates are selected & a separate slate of delegates is also voted on. New Hampshire uses this type of primary
triple wall of privilege
Wilson called for a war against these three things, tariff, banks, & trusts
Podgorica, Montenegro
Windhoek, Namibia
Product development strategies
With this particular strategy, the new products developed would be directed primarily to present customers
structural adjustment
World Bank programs which offer financial & management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, & governmental fiscal restraint
Social Self
Your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others
Self Image
Your view of yourself in a particular situation or circimstance
Virginia
_ House of Burgesses was a bicameral legislature
party convention
a meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy & in some cases to select party candidates for public office
identity
a principle for solving collective goods by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community
Federal Funds Market
a private market (made up mostly of banks) in which banks can borrow reserves from other banks that want to lend them (usually lent for overnight use)
rent seeking
a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their own patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner
Panic of 1907
a relatively serious economic downturn in the U. S. caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation & led to the closings of banks & businesses. prompted the U. S. Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years
fusion of powers
a system of governance in which the authority of govt is concentrated in one body
Shareholder model
a view of social responsibility that holds that an organization's overriding goal should be to maximize profit for the benefit of shareholders
plebiscite
a vote of an entier nation or other large political unit on an issue of great importance
formal alliances
alliances established between states through a written treaty, concerning a common threat & related issues of internatl security, & that endure across a range of lives & period of time
fluid alliances
alliances that shift as national interests change
single - member district
an electoral system in which voters choose an individual running for office in each legislative district (also called "first past the post" if the winner is chosen by a plurality)
public structure
an organization or process by which a govt carries out its public policies
ethnocentrisim
belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group
business philosophy
beliefs about how a business should be run that demonstrate an understanding of the business's role in the marketplace
tophet
cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage & other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean
relief
changes in elevation over a given area of land
Customs Union
characterized by common external tariffs
permission
consent
worker performance & morale
contribute to productivity, product quality, & reputation of organization not only for its goods & services but also as a place to work
denotative level
conveys content & is literal & restrictive meaning of a word
connotative level
conveys feelings, people create personal & subjective meaning
Conglomerates
corporations that combine several different retailing forms under central ownership
nominal interest rate i
correct opportunity cost of holding money is
downstream
direction in witch a river or stream flows from its source to its mouth
Pythagoras
discovered the harmonic intervals within the musical scale & states the Pythagorean Theorum
income segmentation
dividing a market into different income groups
organizing function
dividing work, grouping resources, est. structure of authority/responsibility, devising means for coordination of parts
Selective Incorporation
doctrine by which most - but not all - protections found in Bill of Rights are made applicable to states via 14th Amendment
Incorporation of the 14th Amendment
doctrine that made the Bill of Rights apply to the states as a result of Supreme Court decisions
forecasting
early step in planning process; est. premises or assumptions on which plans will be based
speaking setting
encompasses where the speech is given, what the time limit is, when the presentation is made, & the attitude of the audience
given
endowed
provided
endowed
planning process
est. goals, identify problems, find solutions, decide b/w alternatives, etc
OSHA - Occupational Safety & Health Act (1970)
est. standards for health/safety at work, provides for their administration by Occupational Safety & Health Administration
Senior Executive Service
established by Congress in 1978 as a flexible, mobile corps of senior career exeuctives who work closely with presidential appointees to manage govt
U. S. - China 1979
established diplomatic relations with China
Scotland & Spain
greatest threat to England during Elizabeth's reign were
net public debt
gross public debt minus all govt interagency borrowing
Whiskey Rebellion
group of farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794)
Ex parte Yerger
habeas corpus case that became moot when Yerger was released before the court ruling; therefore not actually heard by the Supreme Court
1 culture communication
intracultural communication
What did Sergey Witte do to finance Russian industries
launched a program of higher taxes & foreign investments
Gilgamesh
legendary king who was half man & half god. He went on a journey to find eternal youth with his friend Eucles. He died in the end
Congress
legislative; Popularly elected; pass laws. important role in the system of checks & balances; bicameral organization acts as an internal check. a variety of functions, including appropriation of funds for executive & judicial activities; instituting taxes & regulating commerce; declaring war & raising & supporting a military; setting up federal courts & conducting impeachment proceedings; & approving presidential appointments
unjust use of power
oppressions
time method of issue arrangement
orders information from a beginning point to an ending one, with all the steps developed in numerical or time sequence
supranational
organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (e. g. the European Union or global warming)
snap elections
parliamentary elections that take place before the expiration of the legislature's full term.
post speech analysis
paying attention to reactions following a speech
they
requires that _ should declare the causes which impel them to the separation
Proximal goals
short - term goals or subgoals
sales promotion
short term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service
budget
single - use plan - plan for use of resources (usu. along w/ expected results stated in quantitative terms)
core competencies
skills that differentiate the service or manufacturing firm from its competitors
Dove
soft liners; avoid conflict & confrontation; passionate & considerate even if it means a deal of naivety
quid pro quo
something given with the expectation of receiving something in return
Simple Model of human communication
source, message, channel message reciever. there is noise at each checkpoint
What were the Helinski Accords
the Final Act of the CSCE. The civil rights portion of the agreement provided the basis for the work of Helsinki Watch, an independent NGO created to monitor compliance to the Helsinki Accords. While these provisions applied to all signatories the focus of attention was on their application to the Soviet Union & its associates, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland & Romania
self - efficacy
the belief in your ability to effectively control specific events in your life
primacy effect
the first info you learn about someone is the most important
multiplier
the number by which a change in autonomous real investment or autonomous real consumption, for example, is multiplied to get the change in equilibrium real GDP
disadvantages of matrix project
two bosses, doomed to failure unless PM has strong negotiation skills,suboptimization is a danger
self image & self esteem
two main points of self concept
selective exposure
we attend to msg that are in accord with our already held attitudes
selective retention
we remember what is consistent with preexisting attitudes & interest
rights
with certain unalienable _
Civil Service Commission
A federal agency which regulates the hiring of govt employees
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
A federal program that pays benefits, based on need, to the elderly, blind & disabled
Imperfectly competitive firm
A firm that has at least some control over the market price of its product
Public saving
The saving of the govt sector is equal to net tax payments minus govt purchases (T ˆ' G)
mixed brand
a combination of manufacturer, private distributer, & generic brands as a strategy to sell products
joint committee
a committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives & the Senate; such committees oversee
Purchase of Alaska
(1867) purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, instigated by William Steward. Was significant because it ridded the continent of another foreign power.
Mary Lyon
(AJ) in 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
Second Bull Run
(AL) McClellan gets his butt kick & the South defeats North, 1862
Summit Conference in China
(RN), America opposed entrance to UN of Mao - Tse - tung's Communist People's Republic of China, however they saw Kai - shek's Nationalist CHina on island of Taiwan, but Nixon relaxed restricitons, also on trade, & US support People's Republic of & General Assembly did to, & also expelled Nationlist China, from the UN, also after Nixon returned from China, Okinawa Island was returned to Japan, but US retained its military base there
SALT
(RN), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long - range nuclear missles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U. S. ), China, & the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since WWII
Spiro T. Agnew
(RN), VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion & bribery charges
source
(of a river) place where a river or stream begins, often in highlands
job enrichment
(vertically) redesigning jobs to hold more motivator factors; implies increasing the depth of the job by giving it planning & controlling elements
Sedition Act
1798, (JA) made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the pres. of govt
Aaron Burr
1801 - 1805; killed Hamilton in a duel. Later still involved in a conspiracy to sever the western states
Nathaniel Hawthorne
1804 - 1864 a 19th century American novelist & short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature. Hawthorne is best - known today for his many short stories & The Scarlet Letter. Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, & many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background
Henry Ward Beecher
1813 - 1887 Theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman & reformer, & author. One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. An advocate of women's suffrage & for temperance, & a foe of slavery, he bought guns to support Bleeding Kansas
term of most bonds
1 to 30 years. Under 1 year, they are usually referred to as money market instruments
What are some powers of the Pres.
1. Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces; 2. Appoints ambassadors; 3. Represents the nation to foreign countries; 4. Vetoes or signs Bills into Law; 5. Appoints Supreme Court justices
major theories of FDI
1. Monopolistic Advantage theory 2. Strategic Behavior (Following competitors) 3. Horizontal FDI (FDI in the same industry abroad as at home) 4. Dunnings Eclectic theory (Location Theory)
Voice of America
1. One of the world's most trusted sources for news & information from the U. S. & around the world; 2. A type of Media Propaganda
Vishnu
A Hindu god that had its own devotional cult. The preserver of the world
What is a National Style
A National Style is the behavior pattern of a state dealing with its foreign policy problems
Western Front
A line of trenches & fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, & France & Britain, on the other
Special - district govt or authority
A local or regional govt with responsibility for some single function such as administering schools, handling sewage, or managing airports
Vilnius, Lithuania
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Sedition
Acts that incite rebellion or civil disorder against an established govt
Family Medical Leave Act (1993)
Act that gave unpaid emergency medical leave for employees with a guarantee that their job would not be taken away in the interim
nonstate actors
Actors other than state govts that operate either below the level of the state (that is, within states) or across state borders
SDS
Formed in 1962 in Port Huron, Michigan, SDS condemned anti - Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism & poverty, & called for a participatory Democracy
Scopes trial
Scopes taught theory of evolution in violation of TN state law in 1925. Trial seen as sign of deep conflict between science & religion
broad constructionism
Belief that the Constitution should be interpreted loosely concerning the restrictions it places on federal power. Loose constructionists emphasize the importance of the elastic clause
strict constructionism
Belief that the Constitution should be read in such a way as to limit as much as possible the powers of the federal govt. Strict constructionists emphasize the importance of the Tenth Amendment, which reserves to all states & powers not explicitly granted the federal govt
Inelastic
Below the mid - point on a straight - line demand curve, demand is _
William Seward
Secretary of State under Lincoln & Andrew Johnson. Best known for purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1967 for seven million dollars
full faith & credit clause
Section of the Constitution that requires states to honor one another's licenses, marriages, & other acts of state courts
Yamagata Arimoto
One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins
Perfect hurdle
One that completely segregates buyers whose reservation prices lie above some threshold from others whose reservation prices lie below it, imposing no cost on those who jump the hurdle
presidentialist
One who believes that Article II's grant of executive power is a broad grant of authority allowing a pres. wide discretionary powers
Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie was an American millionaire & philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society
Delhi Sulatanate
Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders
Durand Line
Established to separate Pashto people in Afghanistan & Pakistan (then India)
scalar (chain of command) principle
Fayol - should be a single, clear, & unbroken line of authority from the top of the organization to each subordinate position
Types of Controls
Feed forward Controls, Concurrent Control, Feedback Control, Control Systems & after the fact controls
First peacetime draft
Selective Service Act (by FDR 1940); prohibit discrimination; all men of military age (18 - 26) register with local draft boards
Ptolemies
Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks & Hellenized non - Greeks serving in the military & administration
Upton Sinclair/"Jungle"
Described awful conditions of meat packing industry, led to Meat Inspection Act
Imperial Congress
Describes a Congress that succeeds in establishing itself as dominant in legislative & foreign policy
house rules committee
Determines the rules for debate of each bill, including whether the bill may be amended. This is the most powerful committee in the House
Distinctive competencies
Distinctive competencies are things that an organization does well—so well in fact that they give it an advantage over similar organizations
PFIAB - Pres.'s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
Founded in 1956 by Pres. Eisenhower, is part of the Executive Office of the Pres. of the U. S. According to its self - description, it ". provides advice to the Pres. concerning the quality & adequacy of intelligence collection, of analysis & estimates, of counterintelligence, & of other intelligence activities, and on the legality of foreign intelligence activities
St. Francis
Founded order of mendicant (beggars) friars. (1182 - 1226) who preached for alms (money) to live holy lifestyles
Florence Kelley
Founded the National Consumer's League, which wanted legislation to protect consumers from being cheated or harmed by big business. Also was the state of Illinois' first chief factory inspector & lead an advocate for improved factory conditions
Rig Vedas
Indo - Aryan work 1400 - 900BCE with 1028 hymns tot he gods
Janissaries
Infantry, armed with firearms & constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826
Deists
Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe & then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws
submarine telegraph cables
Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866
Noise
Interference, either literal or psychological, that hinders the accurate encoding or decoding of a message
Inca Socialism
Interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia. Organized in which every community collectively contributed to the whole
Judiciary committee
Key Senate committee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval
National Comsumers League
Made female comsumers push for laws safeguarding women & children in the work place
example of an administrative trade policy
Netherlands exports tulip bulbs to almost every country in the world except Japan. reason is that Japanese customs inspectors insist on checking every tulip bulb by cutting it down the middle (which destroys the bulb). insistence on the part of the Japanese to inspect the bulbs in this manner (which makes it impractical for the Netherlands to export to Japan)
Social Issues under Reagan
New Right's push for organized prayer public schools & ban on abortion ((RR) against) first female in SC, (RR) also opposed Equal Rights Movement
Hearst
Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish - American War. The most famous yellow journalist
representatives
Popularly elected officials who serve in state legislatures & in the House of Representatives in Congress. Representing the local districts from which they are elected, representatives support the interests of their constituents by proposing bills & programs
hawks & doves
Popularly, "hawks" are those who advocate an aggressive foreign policy based on strong military power. "Doves" try to resolve international conflicts without the threat of force
Ho Chi Minh
North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II & at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial govt. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, & became Pres. of the North Vietnamese govt established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam
Wilson Suffers Stroke
Oct. 3, 1919 - Wilson suffered a catastrophic, disabling stroke while campaigning for passage of the Versailles Treaty. The campaign was cut short & Wilson was never the same. This doomed any chance of passage of the treaty as Wilson, in this disabled state, withdrew from negotiations with Senate Republicans & refused to entertain any amendments to the treaty
Hinduism
Term for a wide variety of beliefs & ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, & south Indian religious concepts & practices. Spread along trade routes (181)
Texas enters Union
Texas officially entered Union as slave state in 1848 after Mexican American War with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Criminal law
The body of rules defining offenses that, though they harm an individual (such as murder, rape, & robbery), are considered to be offenses against society as a whole & as a consequence warrant punishment by & in the name of society
Electronic Media
The broadcast media, including television, radio, computerized information services, & the Internet
papacy
The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head
Corrupt Bargain
The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office
Druids
The class of religious experts who conducted rituals & preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, & were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)
French Alliance
The colonies needed help from Europe in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival & hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose the American colonies. persuaded to support the colonists by news of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga
Point Four Program
The concept of foreign aid to the non - Western world in hope that such aid would prevent new nations from turning to communism. This channeled up to billions of dollars into the economies of newly emerging nations
contempt of court
The deliberate obstruction of a court's proceedings by refusing to obey a court order or by interfering with court procedures. Contempt of court can be punished by fine, imprisonment, or both
Tammany Hall
The democratic political machine controlling New York City politics from the 1854 to the 1934 by Boss Tweed
Economic profit
The difference between a firm's total revenue & the sum of its explicit & implicit costs; also called excess profit
North - South gap
The disparity in resources (income, wealth, & power) between the industrialized, relatively rich countries of the West (and the former East) & the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East, & much of Asia & Latin America
Nullification
The doctrine that states can set aside federal laws championed by Calhoun. Foreshadowed Jefferson's draft of the Kentucky Resolutions
Shang
The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750 - 1027 B. C. E. ). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, & the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture
Reaganomics
The federal economic policies of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply - side tax cuts, & domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal govt & stimulate economic growth
Chavin
The first major urban civilization in South America (900 - 250 B. C. E. ). Its capital, Chavn de Huntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavn became politically & economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)
National Labor Union
The first national labor federation in the U. S. Founded in 1866 & dissolving in 1872, it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor & the American Federation of Labor
Second - order devolution
The flow of power & responsibility from states to local govts
clique Discribe one advantage & one disadvantage of a clique within an organization
The formation of a clique is the direct result of our social instinct to band together in groups. A clique can bind people together by enhancing unit moral. However, a clique can also take on a life of its own & become independent of organization objectives
When did the Black Plague affect europe
The mid to late 14th century, killing 1/4 of europe
Taiping Rebellion
The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian - inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520 - 1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver. ' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans & eastern Mediterranean
the second longest river
The nile. Only the amazon is longer
Rule of 72
The number of years it takes for a certain amount to double in value is equal to 72 divided by its annual rate of interest
Money Multiplier
The number that describes the change in the money supply given an initial deposit & a reserve requirement
Conspicuous Consumption
The onsumption of goods not for one's direct pleasure, but simply to show off to others
Niccolo Machiabelli
Wrote "the prince" which increased how to take & maintain power
Thomas Paine
Wrote Common Sense & American Crisis, urging American independence
Ida Tarbell
Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904 which exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel
Thomas More
Wrote Utopia. Would not recognize Henry VIII as head of Chruch in England. Was beheaded for this, & later made a Saint
Charlotte Gilman
Wrote Women & Economics (1898), a plea for female economic independence. The vote alone is not enough. Her thinking inspired feminists, especially in 70s & 80s
resident buying office
a company, located in a major fashion center, where a buyer can learn about the latest fashion trends, new merchandise available, & deliveries
trabadour
a composer & performer of songs; traveling ballad singer
special or select committee
a congressional committee created for a specific purpose, sometimes to conduct an investigation
credit union
a cooperative association formed by labor unions or groups of employees for the benefits of its members
Competitive advantage
a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from competitors & gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace
finance
a business function that involves money management
for - profit business
a business that seeks to make a profit from its operations
retailer
a business whose sales come primarily from retailing
colony
a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland
writ of certiorari
a legal document issued by the Supreme Court to request the court transcripts of a case, indicated that the Court will review a lower court's decision
seniority rule
a legislative practice that assigns the chair of a committee or subcommittee to the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee
Second Bill of Right
a list of rights declared by FDR. suggested that the nation had come to recognize, & should now implement, a second "bill of rights". guarantee: Employment, with a living wage, Freedom from unfair competition & monopolies Housing, Medical care, Education, and,Social security
content messages
a message that communicates information about the subject being discussed
relational messages
a message that expresses the social relationship between two or more individuals
Line officer
a military officer who is trained to command a warship, ground combat unit, or combat aviation unit. Officers who are not line officers are those whose primary duties are in non - direct combat specialties
operational (action) planning
provides the detailed plans & assignments of responsibilities & authority required to execute strategic plans
Product boycott
an advocacy group tactic that involves protesting a company's action by convincing consumers not to purchase its products or service
Executive agreement
an agreement between the Pres. & the leader of another country
news release
an announcement that is sent by a business or organization to media outlets
Integrative conflict resolution
an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences & hen working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
strategic capacity planning
an approach to determining the overall capacity level of capital intensive resources, including facilities, equipment, & overall labor force size
marquee
an architectural canopy that extends over a store's entrance
focal point
an area in a display that attracts attention first, above all else
militia
an army made up of ordinary citizens, not professional soldiers
Socialism
an economic system based on individuals' goodwill toward others, not on their own self - interest, & in which, in principle, society decides what, how, & for whom to produce
market economy
an economic system in which individuals & companies decide what will be produced, when, & how it will be distributed
Office of Price Administration
govt agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities & introducing rationing programs during WWII
direct expenditure offsets
actions on part of private sector in spending income that offset govt fiscal policy actions; any increase in govt in an area that competes with the private sector will have some direct expenditure offset
participants
actively take a part in govt
Social consensus
agreement on whether behavior is bad or good
Compromise of 1850
agreement over slavery by which California joined the Union as a free state and a strict fugitive slave law was passed
Radio Free Asia
aimed at China, Tibet, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
unity of direction
all activities in pursuit of a given organizational goal should be under direction of a single person
the buying center
all the individuals & units that play a role in the purchase decision making process
Neutrality Act 1937
allow trade but prevent foreign entanglements by requiring warring nations to pay cash for non - military goods, and trasnport them in their ships, "cash - and - carry"
Rider Amendment
amendment to a bill that has little to do with that bill (little add - on that will get passed when attached to a bigger bill that will get passed)
Patriot
an American colonist who opposed British law
Mary Cassat
an American painter exiled in Paris, painted sensitive portraits of women and children and earned a place in the pantheon of the French impressionist painters
Richard E. Neustadt
an American political historian specializing in the U. S. Presidency
run - off elections
an electoral system that requires winners to earn a majority of votes cast; in cases where no candidate wins a majority in the election, least successful candidates are removed form the ballot & another election is held
regulatory policies
govt policies designed to control practices & behavior of citizens & organizations & prevent harmful results and/or ensure civic benefits of those behaviors
distributive policies
govt policies that allocate valuable resources
Thorndike's Law of Effect
behavior followed by reinforcement tends to be repeated
William Ellery
born in Newport 1727 - educated at Harvard Member of Rhode Island Sons of Liberty & signer of the Declaration of Independence
national brands
brands that are owned & initiated by national manufacturers or service companies; also known as producer brands
complementary transactions
bringing your own ideas to the conversation & how you build on others ideas/sayings
sound
broad inland body of water, often between a caostline & one or more islands off the coast
talking points
bullet points in an abbreviated outline format that serve as a framework for the speech & are used in rehearsal session & as the notes for the actual presentation
industrial market
businesses that buy products to use in their operations; also called the business - to - business market (this can be abbreviated as b - to - b or b2b)
How did the Japanese try to build a pacific empire
by taking over US British & French territories
Stabilization policies
govt policies that are used to affect planned aggregate expenditure, with the objective of eliminating output gaps
separation of powers
govt power is divided into several bodies with the ability to check the power of other bodies
police powers
govt powers to regulate public safety & enforce laws
noncontrollable expenditures
govt spending that changes automatically without action by Congress
informative speaking
has been defined as discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces accumulated information
parochials
have little understanding of or concern for what is happening at a governmental level
staffing function
provides the right people to fill the structure designed by the organizing function. human resources (personnel) mgmt
Great Purge
campaigns of political repression & persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. involved purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union & the persecution of unaffiliated persons. In the West the term "the Great Terror"
fair
candid
Thucydides
historian writer, wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars
transactions demand
holding money as a medium of excahnge to make payments (the level varies directly with nominal GDP)
Personal agression
hostile or aggressive behavior toward othera
sense of ethics
ideas of what is right & equitable & fair
pure goods
food products, chemicals, book publishing
gothic novel
identified with romanticism
Intelsat - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
formed to handle INTERNATIONAL satellite needs for many countries; operated today by international telecommunications satellites org.
states of nature
future environmental conditions which are listed & assigned a probability in a payoff matrix
orienting material
gives an audience the background necessary to understand the basic material of the speech
canyon
deep & narrow valley with steep walls
social capital
democratic & civic habits of discussion, compromise, & respect for differences, which grow out of participation in voluntary organizations
speeches about objects
describe a particular thing in detail; the object may be a person, place, animal, structure, machine, or anything else that can be touched or seen
psychographics
its attitudes & beliefs - are an important consideration; profile can also be determined by analyzing the listeners
sociotype
judgement based on researched fact
brand label
label giving the brand name, trademark, or logo
emotive language
language that conveys the senders attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
I language
language that describes the speakers position without evaluating others
abstract languge
language that lacks or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data
slang
language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co - culture or other group
examples of culture
language, laws, religion, ways of acting/thinking
multi - nationals
large corporations that have operations in multiple countries
partitioning step
listing of how the main issues will be presented in the speech
indiscrimination
not evaluating an individual as unique, categorizing them in a group
negative core beliefs
not good enough, powerless, don't know, in danger, defective/imperfect
plagiarism
occurs when a speaker uses the ideas & words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material
gulf
part of a large basin of water that extends into a shoreline, generally bigger than a bay
recruitment
part of staffing function; attracting job candidates to the org. so that they may go through the selection process
selection process
part of staffing function; gather info about candidates, choosing those who meet the org. 's criteria
crazymaking
passive aggressive messages sent in indirect ways that frustrate & confuse the recipiant
Justinian
period when paganism finally lost its long struggle to survive & when the schism in Christianity between the monophy site east & the chalcedonia west became insurmountable
Stakeholders
persons or groups with a "stake" or legitimate interest in a company's action
things self - image is composed of
physical appearance, body shape, academic accomplishments, social skills, value system, relationships, behavior, goals, ambitions, aspirations
5 management process functions
planning, organizing, staffing, directing & controlling
power strategies
plans actors use to develop & deploy power capabilities to achieve their goals
Single - use plans
plans that coer unique, one - time - only events
cape
point of land that extends into a river, lake, or ocean
Organizational Process Model
policies as decided & policies as implemented are two different things; decision making & implementation always take place at different places & by different forces
coercive participation
political action organized by ruling authorities rather than by interest groups or civil society groups
Power, National Security Conception of NI
power - spheres of influence - absence of principles
China
the oldest ongoing country in the world
e - marketplace
the online shopping location where products are sold to customers & industrial buyers through the use of the internet
state
the organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory
residual message
the part of a message a receiver can recall after short/long term memory loss
self esteem
the part of the self concept that involves evaluations of self worth
Receiver - communication process
the party receiving the message sent by another party
Sender - communication process
the party sending the message to another party
free - on board (fob)
the price for goods includes delivery at the seller's expense to a specified point & no further
data analysis
the process of compiling, analyzing, & interpreting the results of primary & secondary data collection
communication
the process of exchanging messages between a sender & a receiver
cold canvassing
the process of locating as many potential customers as possible without checking out leads beforehand
Office of Economic Opportunity
A federal agency, founded in the 1960s as part of the War on Poverty conducted by Pres. Lyndon Johnson. The OEO distributed federal money to a variety of local programs designed to promote educational opportunities & job training among the poor & to provide legal services for the poor. The OEO was abolished in the middle 1970s, & its programs have been curtailed or scattered among other federal agencies, particularly the Department of Health & Human Services
Monetarist Theory
A macroeconomic theory holding that the main cause of changes in the business cycle are changes in money supply
National Organization for Women
A major feminist organization, founded in the middle 1960s, when the EEOC failed to enforce a clause in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender. One of its founders was Betty Friedan. NOW has worked to promote occupational opportunities for women & has supported legislative proposals that would guarantee women equality with men
Missouri Compromise
Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state & prohibited Kansas & Nebraska from becoming slave states. The Dred Scot decision ruled this compromise unconstitutional
Monitor vs. Merrimack
Battle during the civil war showing wooden warships were now obsolete
Mero
Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B. C. E. to the fourth century C. E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt & the influence of sub - Saharan Africa
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese religious & political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad & his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca
Manichaenism
Developed by Prophet Mani, the elect" were especially holy abstaining from pleasures. "the hearers" led conventional lives while supporting the elect. All looked towards personal salvation
Louisa Reef
Disputed between Malaysia & Brunei; Brunei claims an EEZ around the reef
mass communication
In which type of communication are you entertained, informed, & persuaded by the media
medieval
Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco - Roman antiquity & the Renaissance
Middle Management
Managers who design & carry out tactical plans in specific areas of the company
Mikhail Romanov
Russian tsar (r. 1613 - 1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed
Militia movements of the 1990s
Self - sytled militias in western states who mix racism with anti - semitism & conspiracy theories & hostility towards any govt
Missouri
Source: Confluence of Gallatin, Jefferson, & Madison rivers in Montana Outflow: Mississippi River
more conservative, the AFL or the CIO
The AFL is more conservative
Marshall Plan
(HT) 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, & chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food & economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild
Mexican War
(1846 - 1848) A war between the U. S. & Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico of lands now constituting all or most of the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, & Colorado
Napoleonic code
the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. Even though the Napoleonic code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system, it is considered the first successful codification & strongly influenced the law of many other countries. It dealt only with civil law issues
Monitor Role
the informational role managers play when they scan their environment for information
licensing
the process of letting another company (licensee) use a trademark, patent, special formula, company name, or some other intellectual property for a fee or royalty
marketing
the process of planning, pricing, promoting, selling, & distributing products to satisfy customers' needs & wants
Productivity
Output per unit of input
Official Reserves
govt holdings of foreign currencies
Pope John XXIII
Oversaw Vatican II, which liberalized church
eye contact
looking into the eyes of your audience as you speak
Mandate
A command, indicated by an electorate's votes, for the elected officials to carry out their platforms
Maslow's safety needs
second level; physical safety, health, job security
Davy Crockett
Settler & politician. Killed at the Alamo
patricians
the upper classes
Nominating Convention
(AJ) meeting at which a political party chooses a candidate, religious qualification dropped
Grandfather Clause
(AJohn) Law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867
Mary Harris Jones
(August 1, 1837 - November 30, 1930), better known as Mother Jones, was a prominent American labor & community organizer. She helped found the IWW in 1905
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
(BH) Authorized the Pres. to set aside public forests as national parks & other reserves
Populist Party
(BH) Founded 1891 - James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver & paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, & other govt reforms to help farmers
line graph
a line that joins points representing changes in a variable quantity, usually over a period of time
Checks & Balances
A System that kept 1 Branch of govt from being too Powerful
on the Hill
A phrase referring to Capitol Hill in DC where Congress meets: "They're debating that nuclear waste issue on the Hill today. "
Recess appointment
A presidential appointment made when the Congress is not in session that usually lacks enough votes in the Senate for confirmation. The position must be confirmed by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress, or the position becomes vacant
nation
A group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations
Producers
People & firms that use resources to make goods & services
self - concept
the internal picture we have of ourselves & the role we play
Teapot Dome
(CC), a govt scandal involving a former U. S. Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921
Roman Senate
A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state & the growing empire
Economically Efficient
A method of production that produces a fiven level or output at the lowest possible cost
Safety net
A minimum govt guarantee that ensures that individuals living in poverty will receive support in the form of social welfare program
Classical Growth Model
A model of growth that focuses on the role of capital accumulation in the growth process
Sophomore surge
An increase in the votes that congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
An industry classification that categorizes industries by type of economic activity & groups firms with like production processes
think tank
An institution in which scholars pursue research in public policy. Largely funded by endowments & grants, think tanks work to improve public awareness of policy issues (through publications) & to influence the govt to act upon issues of national importance
Mediterranean Sea
An intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east & separates Europe from Africa. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization
Fitch Ratings
An international credit rating agency dual - headquartered in New York City & London. It is one of the three Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSRO) designated by the U. S. Securities & Exchange Commission in 1975, together with Moody's & Standard & Poor's
the OECD - Organisation for Economic Co - operation & Development
An international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy & a free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co - operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the re - construction of Europe after WWII. Later its membership was extended to non - European states, & in 1961 it was reformed into the OECD
Veterans of Foreign Wars
An organization of American veterans who have taken part in a foreign military campaign or expedition of the U. S. Like the American Legion, it usually takes pro - defense stands on foreign policy issues
Muhammad (570 - 632 C. E. )
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam
New Frontier
JFK's slogan to describe his goals & policies, in particular equality of opportunity for all
Maysville Road Veto
Jackson withheld funds from localized roads & vetoed a bill for improving the Maysville Road (local road connected to interstate). This was a great setback for the internal improvements of the American society
Shoguns
Japanese military leaders who ruled from 12th - 19th century
Founding Fathers
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison & George Washington
Khruscher
Leader of SU, followed melankov; attacked Stalins method of rule. Lost power because of conservative opposition
Francois Toussanit Loveture
Leader of slave rebellion on french island of St. Dominique. Created independent republic of Haiti 1804
Ngo Dinh Diem
Leader of the pro - Western govt in South Vietnam
Consensual Leaders
Leaders who encourage discussion about issues & then require that all parties involved agree to the final decision
Transactional leaders
Leaders who lead primarily by using social exchanges
Democratic Leaders
Leaders who solicit input from all members of the group & then allow the members to make the final decision through a vote
Transformational leaders
Leaders who stimulate & inspire followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states & principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806
Roanoke
Lost Colony. Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587 in current North Carolina, disappeared within 3 years
Sun king
Louis XIV called himself this with his grandeur of Versailles, etc
Social Contract Theory
People are Free & Equal by God - Given right, so people must give their consent to be governed
Politico
Role played by elected representatives who act as trustees or delegates, depending on the issue
Brutus
Roman politician who assassinated Caesar
Progressive Republican Party
Roosevelt ran under this party, it was a third party
Court of St. James
Royal court of Britain
thory of divine right proposed that
Ruler derived absolute monarch to rule from God
Mansa Kankan Musa
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312 - 1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324 - 1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world
Muscovy
Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598
Brooks - Sumner incident
SC Congressman Brooks (pro - slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC & slavery
Valletta, Malta
Saint John's, Antigua & Barbuda
Precautionary saving
Saving for protection against unexpected setbacks, such as the loss of a job or a medical emergency
Sweatt vs. Painter
Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment
Restoration
The return of constitutional monarcy in Britain in the late 17th century
syntactic rules
rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols
direct distribution
sales of goods or services directly to the customer, with no intermediares
systems approach (theory)
see an organization in terms of its parts (sub - systems)
Non store retailing
selling to final consumers through direct mail, catalogs, telephone, the internet, tv home shopping, home & office parties, & door to door
spatial method of issue arrangement
set of point of reference at a specific location & followed a geographic pattern
Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (part of EEO)
set of rules in area of EEO, published in 1978; provide that all procedures (tests, etc. ) used be valid & relevant to job performance
nation - states
states whose population share a sense of national identity, usually including a language & culture
two main components of globalization are:
the globalization of markets & the globalization of production
popular consent
the idea that a just gov must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs
statism
the idea that the rights of the nation are supreme over the rights of the individuals residing in that nation
presenting self
the image a person presents to others; it may be identitical to the percieved selves
Resource seeking"
to ensure that a firm can always access resources that are essential to a firm's long run survival
Organization
to provide & mobilize resources to implement the plan
3 levels of mgmt
top (upper) - pres., chief executive; middle - district manger, base commander; first - line (lower - level, front - line, supervisory) - foreman, head nurse
Nationalism was a force that
tore apart century - old empiress, rise to nation - states, opposed by conservatives
Magnitude of consequence
total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision
Stock of FDI"
total value of FDI at a given point in time
bureaucracy theory - 3 kinds of authority
traditional (the way it's always been done); charismatic (leader has magnetism); rational - legal (based on expertise, training, experience)
statistical methods
use of regression analysis, or correlations b/w variables, to predict one from the other (e. g. to predict housing starts from marriages)
Informative advertising
used heavily when introducing a new product category
team briefing
used in technology organizations in which design projects or project proposals must be pitched to potential clients or funding agents
problem - solution method of issue
used when a speaker attempts to identify what is wrong & to determine how to cure it or make a recommendation for its cure
transformation process
uses resources to convert inputs into some desired output
Political deviance
using one's influences to harm others in the company
Civil Service Reform
(CAA) Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians & create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in govt
Federal Trade Commission
(WW) 1914 A govt agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices & help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits
Louisiana Purchase
1803. Jefferson feared Napolean's imperial ambitions so wanted to buy the land. Napolean just wanted the cash ($15 million). Effectively doubled the size of the U. S
First Protective Tariff
1816 (JM) In 1816, Congress passed the nation's first protective tariff. It was designed to protect textile factories, because the British were dumping cloth in the U. S. at bargain prices in their attempt to regain markets they had lost during the War of 1812
Dartmouth College Case
1819 (JMon), contract, Daniel Webster, Jurisdictional dispute between the college's pres. & board of trustees led to a Supreme Court ruling favoring the educational freedom of private institutions (which is what colleges are considered to be)
John Singer Sargent
1856 - 1925 A painter known for his portraits. He is usually thought of as an American artist, although he lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent's portraits subtly capture the individuality & personality of the sitters. In a time when the art world was focused on impressionism & emphasizing artistic individuality, Sargent emphasized his own form of Realism & regularly did commissioned portraits of the wealthy
Tenure of Office Act
1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade pres. from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet (Johnson violated, led to impeachment)
Meiji Restoration
1868 when last Shogun was overthrown in Japan & Emperor took over. Marked opening of Japan to the West
dialectical model
a model claiming that throughout their lifetime people in virtually all interpersonal relationships must deal with equally important opposing forces
linguistic relativism
a moderate form of linguistic determinism that argues that language exerts a strong influence on perceptions of the people who speak it
nonprice competition
competition based on factors that are not related to price, such as product quality, service & financing, business location, & reputation
Office of National Drug Control Policy
component of the Executive Office of the Pres was established in 1988 by Anti - Drug Abuse Act. Its stated goal is to establish policies, priorities, & objectives to eradicate illicit drug use, manufacturing, & trafficking, drug - related crime & violence, & drug - related health consequences in the U. S
operations & supply strategy
concerned with settling broad policies & plans for using the resources of a firm to best support its long - term competitive strategy
relationship
connection established when you communicate with another person
everyday low prices (edlp)
consistently low prices with no intention of raising them or offering discounts in the future
shopping product
consumer good that the customer, in the process of selection & purchase, characteristically compares on such bases as suitability, quality, price, & style
unsought product
consumer product that the consumer either does not know about or know about but does not normally think of buying
Railroad Commission Cases
contracts, police power, regulation of transport
Monitoring Costs
costs incurred by the organizer of production in seeing to it that the emplooyees do what they're supposed to do
cash & carry
countries such as Britain & France would have to pay for American goods in cash & provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone & eliminate the need for war loans
writ of mandamus
court order directing an official to perform an official duty
narrow & deep
describes a common stock plan in the peak of a season, with a large number of the top - selling items in the most popular colors available
speeches about concepts
examine theories, beliefs, ideas, philosophies, or schools of thought
collective responsibility
in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions & that all will be responsible for the results
Union Advantages
in the Civil War - Larger number of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial & industrial reserves to create munitions & supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage
interpersonal
in which communication type do you interact with others, normally two people
Organization
in which part of a speech or written presentation would you evaluate the use integration of transitions
sales forecasting
includes the predicted demand for the goods & services provided by the organization; of vital importance for operational & production planning
relationships must have
inclusion, control over relationship, affection (give & recieve)
main determinant of saving (Keynes)
income: Keynes argued that real saving & consumption decisions depend primarily on a household's present real disposable income
individualist culture
individual values such as power, achievement, hedonism, & stimulation (Americans fall under this category) success is measured by how well you outshine others, & you are responsible for you & you alone
low power distance culture
inequalities minimized, parents & kids equal, students take initiative, hierarchy is exploitive
core goods
provide a significant service component; appliances, data storage systems, automobiles
6 Tactics to weaken states
prying away its allies - weakening hold on sphere of influence - stopping trade - removing hostile gov't - waging preemptive war - fighting wars to prevent status quo disturbance
speechophobia
public speaking anxiety
push strategy
pushing the product through marketing channels to final consumers
human communication as an interaction
reciever responds to source with feedback. - linear action/reaction within a certain context
political economy
refers broadly to the relationship between politics & economics. How are economic resources dealt with through political processes. How much of a role does the govt have in the economy
premises of planning
refers to forecasts about the future environment which serve as the assumptions on which planning is based
polarity
refers to number of independent power centers in system
During the rule of Frederick II, Prussia
rejected pragmatic sanction against division of Hasburg land
concrete
related to being able to experience a referent with one of our senses
Whistleblowing
reporting others' ethics violations to management or legal authorities
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
requires notification of consular officials when a foreign national is arrested. It enables the U.S. Embassy to help find a lawyer and monitor the prosecution of Americans who face criminal punishment in foreign countries.
objectives
results, attainments, or accomplishments used as the end points for plans & actions (narrower than a goal)
e - tailing
retailers selling products over the internet to the customer; also known as online retailing
maturity stage
sales growth slows or levels off
statecraft
the art of managing state affairs & effectively maneuvering in a world of power politics among sovereign states
Probability of effect
the chance that something will happen & then harm other
political culture
the collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, & symbols that define & influence political behavior within a nation - state
Syncretism
the combining of different forms of belief or practice
Ethical intensity
the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue
Supplier dependence
the degree to which a company relies on a supplier because of the importance of the suppliers products to the company's & the difficulty of finding other sources for that product
theology
the study of religion
Tupac Amaru II
Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780 - 1781. He was captured & executed with his wife & other members of his family
Bourbons
Ruling family of France until the French Revolution
What was the main reson for the Crimean War
Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain access to the Mediterranean
Pendleton Civil Service Act
(1883): Did away with the "spoils system" & made the hiring of federal employees merit based
Elkins Act
(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers
Trail of Tears
(AJ) The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina & Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, & Arkansas - more than 800 miles (1,287 km) - to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, & lack of food during the 116 - day journey
Oil in Mexico
(CC) now Mexico saying the mineral wealth belonged to there govt, America agreed as long as their property rights weren't disturbed, Obregon become Pres., then Calles, (CC) sends Morrow to settle dispute
Second Bank of the U. S
(AJ) chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size & power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business
Traditional Economy
An economy in which customs & habits from the past are used to resolve most economic issues of production & distribution
U. S. Steel Corporation
J. P. Morgan's steel empire, first billion - dollar corporation
Mata Hari
Seductive female Double Agent of France & Germany in WWI
The US
Who is brazil's biggest trading partner
respect
a decent _ to the opinions of mankind
responsibility
an obligation to complete a task or achieve some goal
Stalwarts
(GC) Bosses of Republic political machines who practiced patronage & elected officials due to status not experience
Mugwamps
(GC) a group within the Republican party who could not accept Blaine & supported the Democrats
Oliver H. Kelley
(GC), considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic & political good
Hawaiian Incident
(GC2) 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was depost, US govt petitioned to annex Haiwaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898
Problem of the Gold Reserve
(GC2) ppl used cheaper money (silver) & kept sounder money (gold), soon with the repeal of the Sherman SIlver Purchast Act, gold came into the Treasury, this profited bankers
Little Rock
(DDE) Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black & whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe
Interstate Highway Act
(DDE), Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, Pres. Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel & vacation industries
Stimson Doctrine
(FDR) 1932, 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria
Civilian Conservation Corps
(FDR) 1933, March 31, 1933; unemployment relief act; hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;
Tydings McDuffie Act
(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting & guidelines of a Constitution for a 10 - year "transitional period" which became the govt of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. The nation did not want to have to support the Philippines if Japan attacked there
Public Works Administration
(FDR) 1935 Created for both industrial recovery & for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long - range recovery & spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, & parkways
Selective Service Act
(FDR) 1940, first peace time draft, 21 through 35 years old
San Francisco Conference
(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta & Dumbarton Oaks conferences & adopted the "UN" Charter
Tehran Conference
(FDR) December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill & Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the UN after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace
Operation Overload
(FDR) Name given to the planned Allied invasion of France
Political Action Committee
(FDR), committee formed by a special - interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates
Medicare
(LBJ) 1965 a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age & older
Truman Doctrine
A U. S foreign policy designed to contain communism by stoppint it's spread to Greece & Turkey. Pres. Harry S. Truman proclaimed the Doctrine on March 12, 1947
George McClellan
A Union general in the Civil War. In 1861 he was commander of the Army of the Potomac (name of the Union Army). He was an excellent drillmaster & organizer of troops but he was also a perfectionist & would always believe he was outnumbered. He never took risks, & held the army for months until Lincoln ordered him to advance
Wealth Accounts
A balance sheet of an economy's stock of assets & liabilities
Means - tested
A benefit program is means - tested if its benefit level declines as the recipient earns additional income
UN Security Council
A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) & ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace & security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces
callable" bond
A bond that can be paid back early, thus forcing the buyer to find another place to put his money
Aaron Copland
American composer who used jazz & folk tunes in his composition. His work is very tonal & consonant
king
American revolutionaries believed that the people should rule, not a _
reprisal
An act by which a nation seeks, short of war, to redress a wrong committed against it another nation
Iroquois Confederacy
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military & diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch & later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)
Ratings
An assessment of a representative's voting record on issues important to an interest group. Such ratings are designed to generate public support for or opposition to a legislator
Who is Stewart Brand
An author, editor, & creator of The Whole Earth Catalog & CoEvolution Quarterly. intent was to enable people to find virtually any sort of information useful to themselves,
Monetarism
An economic philosophy that assumes inflation occurs when there is too much money chasing too few goods. Monetarism suggests that the proper thing for govt to do is to have a steady, predictable increase in the money supply at a rate about equal to the growth in the economy's productivity
Supply - side theory
An economic philosophy that holds that sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, & invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, & more tax revenues for the govt
Free Enterprise & Competition
An economic system characterized by private ownership of property & productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, & the forces of supply & demand to direct the production & distribution of goods & services
postmodern feminism
An effort to combine feminist & postmodernist perspectives with the aim of uncovering the hidden influences of gender in IR & showing how arbitrary the construction of gender roles is
Safe seat
An elected official who, as an incumbent, has an easy reelection as a result of his incumbency or the political makeup of the district
Two - party system
An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in state or national elections. Third parties have little chance of winning
Pastoralism
Domestication & raising of animals for companionship, security, help in hunting, & food. Allowed humans to manipulate environment to greater degree
Espionage Act & Sedition Act
Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the govt, the Constitution, or military uniforms, & forbade aiding the enemy
Crystal Palace
Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron & glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, a symbol of the industrial age
Diversity cases
Cases involving citizens of different states over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution
Union Pacific & Central Pacific joined/transcontinental line
Central Pacific & Union Pacific lines met at Ogden, Utah, creating the first transcontinental railroad line
Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend
Chairman Mao Zedong's slogan was used during the period of approximately 6 weeks in the summer of 1957 when the Chinese intelligentsia were invited to criticize the political system then obtaining in Communist China. many of those who put forward views that were unwelcome to Mao were executed
Rationing function of price
Changes in prices that distribute scarce goods to those consumers who value them most highly
Vertical Marketing System
Consists of producers, wholesalers, & reltailers acting as a unified system. One channel member own the others, has contracts with them, or wields so much power that they must all cooperate
Ethical Issues for Multinational Corporations
Corruption, Sweatshops, Child labor, Sustainable development
Shoeleather Cost of Inflation
Costs of expected inflation caused by people having to make more trips to the bank to make withdrawals because they do not want to keep cash on hand
Oracle Bones
Early Shang writing was found on these
Gridlock
Describes peoples' perception that Congress & the pres. are in a state of disagreement that results in little legislation passing
Seperation of Powers
Dividing the govt into 3 Branches
Confucianism
Doctrine that focused on morally superior individuals which took a broad view of political affairs but emphasized social activism
Domestic
Does the presiden't cabinet deal more with foreign or domestic issues
free enterprise system
a system that encourages individuals to start & operate their own businesses in a competitive market, without govt involvement
Washinton's Neutrality Proclamation
Established isolationist policy, proclaimed govt's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict. (1793)
Trust funds
Funds for govt programs that are collected & spent outside the regular govt budget; the amounts are determined by preexisting law rather than by annual appropriations. The Social Security trust fund is the largest of these
extraterritoriality
Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European & US nationals in certain areas of Chinese & Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)
Monarchy
Form of gov't in which power is vested in hereditary kings & queens
constitutional govt
Form of govt in which govt power is vested in the people & is defined & limited by law
totalitarianism
Form of govt in which govt's powers are unlimited
Price Signaling
Form of implicit collusion in which a firm announces a price increase in the hope that other firms will follow suit
Parallel Conduct
Form of implicit collusion in which one firm consistently follows actions of another
Two - part tariff
Form of pricining in which consumers are charged both an entry & a usage fee
Party organization
Formal structure of a political party on the national, state, & local levels
four resources for researching your subject
Four available resources are the library, the internet, referance books, & individuals
gens de couleur
Free men & women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights & later supported the Haitian Revolution
Georges Clemenceau
French leader at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles & compenate France
Georges Danton
French revolutionary who called for execution of the king & others. Later considered not radical enough & was himself killed by other revolutionaries
National Resources
Gifts of nature" that can be used to produce goods & services; for example, oceans, air, mineral deposits, virgin forests, & actual fields of land. When investments are made to improve fields of land or other natural resources, those resources become, in part, capital resources
King Otto I
He led an army to support the Pope in the 960's against the Lombard Magnates & was crowned by the pope the First Holy Roman Emperor
John D. Long
He was a Navy secretary & much of the readiness of the army was owed to him & Theodore Roosevelt
A. Mitchell Palmer
He was chosen to round up immigrants that were questionably communists, & he ended up rounding up about 6000 people. `
Who supported Caesar
He was greatly supported by the lower classes, but fought constantly with the Senate
Hermann Goering
Head of luftwaffe during Battle of Britain
Creel Committee
Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917 - 1919). He depicted the U. S. as a champion of justice & liberty
SCLC
Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. a coalition of churches & Christians organizations who met to discuss civil rights
Grigori Rasputin
Healer for czar Nicolas during WWI, gave advice on how to run the govt. Later killed by jealous noblemen
London Naval Treaty
In 1930, the Washington Naval Treaty has to be re - nogotiated. The Japanese try to get a 10:10:7 ratio but instead onl get a 10:10:6. They still had naval dominace in Western Pacific but were denounced as betraying natonal interests. The Prime minister was assinated after this.
When did Christianity get it's big break
In 313, Roman emporer constantine I adopted it as his & the empire's religion, resulting of its spread westward from palestine
Override Veto
In the process of law making what power does the Legislative branch have over the Executive branch
hoplite
Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic & Classical periods who fought in the close - packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies - militias composed of middle - & upper - class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128
5 Questions for Opinion Maker
How different is mass opinion & lead opinion - How interested is the public - How knowledgeable is the public - What do they believe - Are our opinions volatile
pocket veto
If the pres. fails to approve a bill passed during the last 10 days of a Congressional session, the bill does not become a law
What is an aspect of procedural justice theory in management
If you are giving negative feedback on job performance, you must make it clear why negative feedback is being given
Halfway Covenant
In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial church membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations
Dominion of New England
In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York & New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority - James II. Charters & self rule were revoked, & the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne
Henry Cabot Lodge
Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with critics & was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty
William the Conqueror
Invaded England from Normandy in 1066. Established tight feudal system & centralized monarchy in England
That National Recovery Administration
It was designed to assist industry, labor, & the unemployed. there were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, & more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining
the relationship between a nation's capital & current accounts
Inverse if a neutral balance of payments is to be obtained
Sasanid Empire
Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640
Safavid Empire
Iranian kingdom (1502 - 1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state
Parthians
Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B. C. E. & 226 C. E
Number of team members
Is best when their are 12 & under members
Railway Labor Act
It governs labor relations in the railway & airline industries in the U. S. The Act, passed in 1926 & amended in 1936 to apply to the airline industry, seeks to substitute bargaining, arbitration & mediation for strikes as a means of resolving labor disputes
lateral pressure (theory of)
It holds that the economic & population growth of states fuels geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders, which in turn leads to conflicts & sometimes to war
Marketing plan
It is a formal statement of decisions that have been made on marketing activities; it is a blueprint of the objectives, strategies, & tasks to be performed
the Korea Strait
It seperates Korea from Japan, is part of Pacific Ocean. Numerous international shipping lanes pass through the strait, including those carrying much of the traffic bound for the ports of southern South Korea. Both South Korea & Japan have restricted their territorial claims in the strait to 3 nautical miles from shore, so as to permit free passage through it. Passenger ferries ply numerous routes across the strait
Henan Curfs
Led to Expeditions to Mexico in 1519 defeated Aztec Empire & established Spanish colonial rule
Oral argument
Legal argument made by each attorney in proceedings before the court in an attempt to persuade the court to decide the issue in their client's favor
Platt Amendment
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty & gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
Jeffersonian democracy
Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Lincoln suspended. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U. S. Supreme Court eventually helped the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over
Erie Canal
Linked the Great Lakes region to New York (and European shipping routes), opened up new era of industry for farmers. (1825)
Sumura
Literally "retainers" Similar to European knights
samurai
Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate
Potosi
Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers & most populous cities in colonial Spanish America
Three Mile Island
Location of a nuclear power plant accident in 1979. Caused panic & intense criticism of nuclear power programs in general
vice - admiralty courts
Military courts, in which defendants are not entitled to a trial by jury of peers. These were established in the colonies to try colonial smugglers because colonial juries often sympathized with smugglers & would not convict them
three common forms of tense you will use in your communication
Past - express actions or makes a statementabout something that happened in the past. Present - expresses action or makes a statement about something happening in the present time. Future - expresses action or make a statement about something happening at a future time
Thomas Paine
Patriot who used written words to argue for independence who wrote: Common Sense
the Ugly American
Pejorative term for Americans traveling or living abroad who remain ignorant of local culture & judge everything by American standards. The term is taken from the title of a book by Eugene Burdick & William Lederer
Crimea
Peninsula in the extreme southern Ukraine in the Black Sea
Connecticut Compromise
Offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates & created a bicameral legislature, where one house is represented by population, & the other house is represented by the states
What states were part of the Northwest Territory
Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana. They all became states in the early to mid 1800's
Cournot model
Oligopoly model in which firms prdouce a homogenoues good, each firm treates the output of its competitors as fixed, & all firms decide simultaneously how much to produce
FALLS, INCREASES
On a straight - line demand curve, elasticity decreases as the price _ & the quantity _ increases
Land Ordinance of 1787
Once a territory reached 60,000 citizens, it could become a state
Standpoint theory
One action creates multiple interpretations based on gender, race, social class, & culture
Pure commons good
One for which nonpayers cannot easily be excluded & for which each unit consumed by one person means one less unit available for others
Task Structure
One of Fiedler's situational contingencies that described the degree to which job assignments were formalized & procedurized
Smoot Hawley Tariff
One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all - time high.
Talmud
One of the Jewish Holy Books. It is a compilation of oral tradition
Rules committee
One of the most important committees of the House of Representatives; its function is to create specific rules for every bill to be debated by the full House
Captain John Smith
One of the original settlers of Jamestown. Captured by Native Americans, saved by Pocahontas
Which African countries are not part of the African Union
Only Morocco. founded in July 2002. The AU is a federation consisting of 53 states. The purpose of the federation is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights & a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra - African conflict & creating an effective common market
Opinion Flow
Opinion Makers - Attentive Public - Opinion Leaders - Mass Public
Triple Alliance
Original Allies in WWI: Britain, France, & Russia
Stock "Watering"
Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back
Federal System
Sharing Power between the State & National govt
Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by U. S. Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east & west coasts of North America. The U. S. turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000
U. S. S. Maine
Ship that exploded in Havana harbor, blamed on Spanish, sparked war
revising phase
Revising is a finishing step to improve the communication based on the editing phase & the feedback from the reviewers. You revise or rewrite your draft to make it into a more formal presentation
Emilano Zapata
Revolutionary & leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south - central Mexico in an attempt to seize & divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819
When starting a presentation, what are some attention - getting devices you might consider
Rhetorical questions; direct questions; quotations; illustrations; a startling statement; unusual or dramatic devices; & refrences to the importance of the theme
Inflation hawk
Someone who is committed to achieving & maintaining low inflation, even at some short - run cost in reduced output & employment
Inflation dove
Someone who is not strongly committed to achieving & maintaining low inflation
Darling
Source: Eastern Highlands, Australia Outflow: Murray River
Mackenzie
Source: Finlay River, British Columbia Outflow: Beaufort Sea
Orinoco
Source: Serra Parima Mountains in Venezuela (Serra Parima, Portuguese; Sierra Parima, Spanish) Outflow: Atlantic Ocean
Mekong
Source: Tibetan Highlands Outflow: South China Sea
Yangtze (Chang Jiang)
Source: Tibetan Plateau, China Outflow: China Sea
public be damned
Spoken by Vanderbilt (railroad executive). Used when business leaders are accused of shirking responsibility toward the public
Virtual Representation
Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs & goals. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British govt
Nomination Campaign
That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a primary election
Personal Campaign
That part of a political campaign concerned with presenting the candidate's public image
Real Cost of something is
The "Real Cost" of something is what you must give up to get it
Northwest Ordinance
The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national govt under the Articles of Confederation
Social Security Administration
The American system for distributing old age & disability pensions from the federal govt. Initiated through the Social Security Act of 1935, Social Security pensions are financed by contributions from workers & employers. Benefits are also available to the survivors of workers covered under Social Security
the territorial signifigance of the Yalu River
The Amnok River, or the Yalu River, is a river on the border between China & North Korea
Russian Orthodoxy
The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian communion in the world with an estimated 300 million members worldwide. [1] It is considered by its adherents to be the One, Holy, Catholic & Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ & his Apostles nearly 2000 years ago
Suffolk Resolves
The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties
Undeclared naval war with France
The French were infuriated with the US after Jay's Treaty, so began to attack American ships at sea
Party platforms
Voted on by the delegates attending the National Convention, they represent the ideological point of view of a political party
Rational decision making
a systematic process of defining problems, evaluating alternatives, & choosing optimal solutions
Chesapeake Affair
The Chesapeake was boarded by the British, who forced the crew to sail on British ships. This is one of the more famous cases of impressment, & led to the War of 1812
International Broadcasting Bureau
The International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) is a U. S. govt federal agency that was created in 1994 to produce political radio & television broadcasts that are intended for audiences in foreign countries. The IBB replaces the former Bureau of Broadcasting
Sundiata
The Lion Prince (1230 - 1255) who ruled Mali & made it into a great nation
Prague Spring
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, & running until August 20 of that year when the Soviet Union & its Warsaw Pact allies (except for Romania) invaded the country
Recalls
The people can petition & vote to have an elected official removed from office. Made elected officials more responsible & sensitive to the needs of the people, & part of the movement to make govt more efficient & scientific
Participation rate
The percentage of the working - age population in the labor force (that is, the percentage that is either employed or looking for work)
segregation
The policy & practice of imposing the separation of races. In the U. S. the policy of segregation denied African - Americans their civil rights & provided inferior facilities & services for them, most noticeably in public schools, housing, & industry
Lynch law
The punishment of supposed criminals, especially by hanging, by agreement of a crowd. Used in the West as a way of maintaining minimum law & order before courts set up
Civil disobedience
The refusal to obey a lay out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. David Thoreau, Ghandi, Martin Luther King
National nominating conventions
The governing authority of the political party. They give direction to the national party chairperson, the spokesperson of the party, & the person who heads the national committee, the governing body of the party. They are also the forums where presidential candidates are given the official nod by their parties
postmaster general
The head of the U. S. Postal Service. Until 1970, the postmaster general was head of the federal Post Office Department & a member of the pres.'s cabinet. In 1970, the Postal Service was set up as an independent agency in place of the Post Office Department. The Postal Service is operated like a private corporation, although postal workers receive the benefits of federal employees
power of the purse
The influence that legislatures have over public policy because of their power to vote money for public purposes. The U. S. Congress must authorize the pres.'s budget requests to fund agencies & programs of the executive branch
Source
The originator of a thought or emotion who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing govt tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, & ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)
Shawnees
Tribe of Native Americans from the Mid - West. Joined the British against the Americans in war of 1812
Persian empire
Tried to conquor Greece in 5th Century, but were defeated in the Battle of Marathon
Chief Joseph
Tried to lead his people to Canada to avoid forced resettlement, but captured at border & surrendered
varna/jati
Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, & the Shudra laborer class
Skybolt affair
Under the Nassau agreement the USA was to provide the UK with nuclear - armed Polaris missiles, in return for which the UK was to lease the Americans a nuclear submarine base in the Holy Loch, near Glasgow. followed the collapse of the Skybolt programme, which was an air - launched missile developed jointly by the two nations. No longer needed by the US, termination left a hole in the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent
Roseau, Dominica
Vientiane, Laos
Khmerstams
Vietnamese people defeated by Northern govt. of Hanoy
war crimes
Violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as by mistreating prisoners of war or unnecessarily targeting civilians
Linear B
a system of writing used to record an early form of Greek
The Vice - Pres
Who is the leader of the Senate
had weak empires & poor economies without a middle class
Why did strong states form more slowly in central Europe than in western Europe
Eva Peron
Wife of Juan Peron & champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker & popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools & hospitals & providing other social benefits
Sophocles
Wrote the plays Oedipus the King & Antigone, he introduced the third actor into his plays
Xenophobia
Xenophobia is the fear & distrust of foreigners & the policies & objectives of other states
Production Function
Y = A f (L,K,H,N) sets out the relationship between the quantity of inputs used in production & the quantity of output from production
territory
fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy
signposting
a speaker states where the listeners have been, where they are presently, & forecasts where they are going
Peace Corps
(JFK) volunteers who help third world nations & prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, & Latin America
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured & executed in 1811
Speaker of the House
presiding officer in the House of Representatives, formally elected by the House but actually selected by the majority party
interactional view of communication
the speaker & listener take turns speaking & listening
Stages of team development: form development
the stage where the members are becoming aquainted
Stages of team development: storming stage
the stage where the teams development starts happening through personality conflict & personality issues
kinesics
the study of body movement posture & gesture
Whig party
Party formed to oppose Jackson & the democrats. Supported protective tariffs, national banking & federal aid for infrastructure. Fell into disunity over slavery, & later Republican party emerged from it
Macon Act
(JM), 1810, The Macon Bill stated that if either Britain or France agreed to observe the neutrality of the U. S. the US would resume trading with that country & continue the embargo on the other. The French soon agreed to American demands
impromptu speaking
a speaker uses information acquired from experience, speaks with little or no preparation, & organizes ideas while he or she is communicating
intimacy
a state of closness between two people
WIlliam Penn
Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance
franchise
a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)
Cossaks
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth & seventeenth centuries
Nasir al - Din Tusi
Persian mathematician & cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system
Political consultant
Person who specializes in running a political campaign. James Carville & Karl Rove are examples of political consultants
problem oriented
a supportive style of communication in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their solutions on one another
Civil Rights Act
(LBJ) 1964 LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, had to take literacy test
Urban Riots
(LBJ) large scale rioting, summer 1966 & 1967, so Pres appointed National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, said democracy to all citizen, adequate financing by both the federal & local govt
Medicaid
(LBJ) medical expense assitance provide by the state goverment to needy families
Uncle Tom's Cabin
(MF) 1852, a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal & immoral (caused Civil War), Europe applauds
Gag Resolution
(MVB) 18 - 36 - 1844, Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
Nixon's War on Inflation(RN),
(RN), 1971, no longer held long - held position against govt controls, now prices were frozen, dollar no longer valued as gold, it became floating dollar, federal jobs cuts
Peloponnesian War
Conflict between Athenian & Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian
Traditional Conflict
Conflict is unnecessaryconflict is to be feared,conflict is harmful,conflict is a personal failure, immediately stop conflict remove all evidence of conflict including people
merchandise approach
a way to approach a customer that focuses on making a comment or asking questions about a product in which the customer shows interest
Summit Conference in USSR
(RN), along with two top advisiors, Henry Kissinger & Gerard Smith, talked with USSR about conduct joint space teams, scientists cures of cancer & heart disease, cease from any further incidents, warships, pretty much cooperate together, & also talked about SALT
Gramm Rudman Act
(RR) It provided automatic spending cuts, balancing budget act
general partnership
a way to organize a business in which each partner shares in the profits & losses
Overt integrity test
a written test that estimates job applicants' honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors
peak association
an interest group organization whose membership is other organizations with parallel interests & goals; frequently a nationwide organization of specialized or localized smaller organizations
Norris LaGuardia & the Anti - Injunction Act
1932 - Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia & George Norris cosponsored the Norris - LaGuardia Federal Anti - Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes & other union activities
Commitment problem
A situation in which people cannot achieve their goals because of an inability to make credible threats or promises
Remember the Maine
A slogan of the Spanish - American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war
Nicaragua Dilemma
(RR), 1979, Sandinistas took over, Reagan no look, so he hired Contras, but Congress didn't want another Vietnam, however later found out the US govt was in Nicaragua's harbors trying to crippe its economy, & soon many became concerned whether it would make Soviet Union mad & strain European relations, so Congress voted to cut off military
Pizarro
A spanish explorer who conquered the Incas of Peru
World Bank
A specialized agency of the UN that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, & debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction & Development
National Party Platform
A statement of the general & specific philosophy & policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention
# of Electoral Votes
A states' Representatives & Senators
Cold War Renewed
(RR), 1985, Reagan believe SALT II Treaty favored Soviet Union - evil, soon Mikhail Gorbachev party leadership, Reagan's view caused anxieties among America's Western European allies, antinuclear demonstrations in Europe start, the Yuri Andropov proposed arms reduction that he knew Reagan would reject, he wanted to corrupt Europe's & US's relations, but that didn't really work
Panama & Noregia
(GB1) after Omar Torrijos comes dominating Manuel Noriega, charged by US for drug trafficking, US sanctions attempted military coup (Operation Just Cause, largest since Vietnam), Noriega fled & surrendered
Resolution Trust Corporation
(GB1) managed the assets & liabilities of institutions that became insovlent between 1989 & 1992
Persian Gulf War
(GB1), 1991, a war fought between a coalition led by the U. S. & Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders
Federal Campaign Finanace Law
(GF)fines up to 10,000 for each violation of the law in a civil case,PAC no more than 5000 per candidate
Tariff 1789
(GW) Hamilton, aka 10 percent tariff, protection of domestic manufacture by tariffs
International Military Tribunal
(HT) Robert Jackson, defined crime as something against - peace, humanity, & international law
Iron Curtain
(HT) Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East - West divide in postwar Europe between communist & democratic nations
Pony Express
A system of mail service between Missouri & California
Head tax
A tax that collects the same amount from every taxpayer
Dred Scott Case
(JB) Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south
SALT II
(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U. S. & the U. S. S. R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U. S. S. R. 's invasion of Afghanistan, & later superseded by the START treaty
Was the Cold War Over
(RR), Gorbachev = supported political settlements in Angola & Cambodia, & took out troops from Afghanistan, wanted more open society (perestroika "restructing", glasnost "openess"), also reduced miltary spendings, Bush didn't support the programs like Star Wars
U. S. Embassy at Tehran, Iran
(JEC) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi became Iran "shah" & ayatollah khomeini didn't like this, shah wanted "white revolution", & shah exiled Khomeini, who later directed Islamic Republic, & kept hostages, Carter tried to help, he froze all Iranian assets in US, & also sent USS Nimitz in Gulf of Oman where 8 were killed, 2 eventsIran became victim of Iraq30 after RR became pres.
Panama Canal Treaty
(JEC), decision whether extend for a considerable period or exterminate, decided the latter since he didn't want bitter relations with Panama
Sin Tax
A tax that discourages activities society believes are harmful (sinful)
Underground Railroad
(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Ostend Manifesto
(FP) 1854, a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U. S. ministers to England, France, & Spain, stating that the U. S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U. S. found out, Pierce repudiated
Federal Budget Deficit (Reagan)
(RR), hated big govt & wanted to cut taxes through offering increased defense spending, he was convinced that Soviet Union was a threat so he raised money for greater military like MX missile & Star Wars, this caused FBD (what govt took in & what it spent) of $200 billion, refused to support tax increases & refused lower social security benefits
Quids
(TJ) old democratic republicans who believed was of 1812 violated democratic prinapals
Portsmouth Treaty
(TR) 1905, Roosevelt & representatives from Russia & Japan work out treaty, Japan takes over Korea, Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize
First Continental Railroad
(USG) Central Pacific Railroad, Union Pacific, Irish & Chinese, meets at Promontory Point, Utah
Panic of 1873
(USG) Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads & western lands, & worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver
Union Pacific Railroad
(USG) railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska & it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants
Central Pacific Railroad
(USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento & connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants
Military Base Closing
(WJC) 70 major bases were closed by Congress, politicians have no control
Welfare Reform
(WJC)"end welfare as we know it", poor ppl move from welfare to work, welfare payments to max of five years, welfare recipients engage in work within two years
Kyoto Accord
(WJC), multilateral environmental agreement which called on industrial nations to cut the discharge of harmful gases
Teller Resolution
(WMc) Congress granted the presiden the power to liberate Cuba, stating that the U. S. intended only to free Cuba from tyranny
Pinchot - Ballinger Controversy
(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no - bid' contracts out companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, & informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, & that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot & Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the Pres.
Roaring Twenties
1920s era of freewheeling popular culture. People defied prohibition & indulged in new styles of dancing & dressing, rejected many traditional moral standards
Progressive movement
1920s movement that held that irresponsible actions by the rich were corrupting both public & private life. Called for trust busting, & progressive income tax
Service Employees International Union (SEIU)
1921 in Chicago, fastest growing labor union, representing 1. 8 million workers in about 100 occupations in the U. S. & Canada. The main divisions are Health Care (almost 50%), Public Services, & Property Services. affiliated with the Change to Win Federation
Teapot Dome Scandal
1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control & placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, & Fall were forced to resign
Henry L. Stimson & Manchuria
1932 - Japan's seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U. S. would not recognize any changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of China's sovereignty
Han
A term used to designatethe ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley & spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture andthe dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B. C. E. to 220 C. E
Wabash vs. Illinois
1886 - Stated that individual states can control trade in their states, but cannot regulate railroads coming through them. Congress has exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. States cannot regulate or place restrictions on businesses which only pass through them, such as interstate transportation
Panama Taken
1903 - Hay - Herran Treaty, which would have allowed the U. S. to take control of a Canal Zone across the Isthmus of Panama to construct a canal, Roosevelt sent signals to Panamanian insurrectionists that the U. S. would support a revolt against Columbian rule of the province. When the insurrection came in November 1903, U. S. warships blocked Columbian troops from reinforcing a weak force on the Isthmus & Roosevelt hastily recognized the new country
Panama Canal Construction Begins
1904 - Construction lasted until 1914 & thousands died of disease & injury
Great White Fleet
1907 - 1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U. S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement. "
Pershing invades Mexico
1916 - A U. S. expeditionary force under Gen. John Pershing invaded Mexico in pursuit of Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa, who had raided the border town of Columbus, New Mexico
Pacho Villa
1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico & Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico. Pershing met with resistance & eventually left without finding Pancho Villa
Dominican Republic occupied
1916 - the collapse of the govt in the Dominican Republic similarly precipitated a U. S. intervention to restore order
When did the US enter WWI
1918. The armistice was on Nov. 11 of the same year
Senate Rejects Versailles Treaty
1919 - Republican Majority Leader & Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Henry Cabot Lodge led opposition to the aspect of Wilson's League of Nations proposal that would commit the U. S. to the defense of other members of the League, but Lodge did not oppose the League outright. With Wilson's refusal to compromise, the Senate overwhelmingly rejected the Treaty by wide margins in two votes on November 19
Paris Peace conference (1919)
1919 conference at the end of WWI. The League of Nations was created. Can also refer to the 1947 treaty ending WWII
Traety of Rapallo
1920 - treaty between Italy & the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, issued to solve the dispute over some territories in current Slovenia & Croatia. Tension arose at the end of WWI, when the Empire of Austria - Hungary dissolved & Italy wanted to implement the borders agreed upon in the London Pact. 1922
Greater East Asia Co - Prosperity Sphere
1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis - occupied countries during WWII, in which puppet govts manipulated local populations & economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs & an army ideologist. "Greater East Asia" was a Japanese term referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia & surrounding areas
Moscow Conference
1943, (FDR), US, GB, & USSR, talked about principle of sovereign
Bulge
1944 - The last major offensive by the German army in WWII. In late 1944, the invasion of Belgium by the Allies was temporarily stopped by a German counterattack in which the Germans broke through the Allied defenses, seizing territory that caused a large "bulge" in their lines. The Allies, led by General George Patton, drove the German forces back with heavy casualties on both sides
Bretton Woods Conference
1944, (FDR) The common name for the UN Monetary & Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under - developed areas, & speed the economic recovery of Europe
Statute of the International Court of Justice
1945 as the judicial arm of the UN, was designed to provide a forum for hearing disputes under international law between member states. functions as an independent court, & also issues advisory opinions on various questions of law
Truman Doctrine
1947 - Stated that the U. S. would support any nation threatened by Communism
Truman Doctrine
1947. To contain communism, Truman, in an address to Congress, said the U. S. would support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. " Congress appropriate $400 million in economic assistance for Greece & Turkey
Vietnam War
1954 - 1975. North tried to take over th South with help of Viet Cong. Eisenhower & Kenedy sent advisors, Johnson sent half a million troops. Tet offensive & My Lai massacre severe set back. Nixon & Kissinger negotiated cease fire & withdrawl. Lead to severe division of American society at home
UN Convention on the Prevention & Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents
1977, adopted in response to an increase in the number of kidnappings & attacks on diplomats, state officials & representatives of international organizations, & provides for enhanced criminal penalties for such crimes. It requires states to adopt strict national laws against attacks on diplomats & to either try perpetrators or agree to their extradition
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
1979, Women's Bill of Rights, gender equity in work places, home and reproductive rights
Communist takeover of Nicaragua
1981 - Nicaragua was taken over by the Sandinista party after a popular revolt. The Sandinistas were then opposed by armed insurgents, the U. S. - backed Contras, from 1981. The Sandinista govt nationalized several sectors of the economy but lost national elections in 1990. The new govt reprivatized many public enterprises. Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega returned to power after winning the presidential election of 2006
Convention on the Rights of the Child
1990, is one of the primary human rights treaties. requires States Parties to take "all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents. "protects children's' rights through the juvenile justice system & calls for states to adhere to policies that accord with the best interests of children. has been ratified by 192 countries. The U. S. is not a party
Irish potato famine
19th century famine due to failure of potato crop. Lead to mass migration to the US
What are the 3 qualifications to be a representative
25 years old, live in US for 7 years, live in the state you represent
What are the 3 qualifications of a Senator
30 years old, 9 years in US, live in the state they represent
Sumeria
3500 to 2350 BCE - first society to develop written language - cuneiform - lower end of Tigris - Euphrates river system delta - highly developed society
Urdu
A Persian - influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters & used as a literary language since the 1300s
Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy
A Revisionist approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state's advantage
Desmond Tutu
A South African cleric & activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984
social Darwinism
A theory that competition between all individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies. The term is an extension of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution where competition between individual organisms drives biological evolutionary change (speciation) through the survival of the fittest
Political culture
A broadly shared way of thinking about political & economic life that reflects fundamental assumptions about how govt should operate. It is distinct from political ideology, which refers to a more or less consistent set of views about the policies govt ought to follow. Up to a point people sharing a common political culture can disagree about ideology
Quorum call
A calling of the roll in either house of Congress to see whether the number of representatives in attendance meets the minimum number required to conduct official business
Little Ice Age
A century - long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable
Home - rule charter
A charter that allows the city govt to do anything that is not prohibited by the charter or by state law
Oak Ridge
A city in Tennessee, where uranium for the atomic bomb was produced during WWII. Since that time, the govt has maintained a variety of nuclear research facilities in Oak Ridge
Change to Win Federation
A coalition of American labor unions originally formed in 2005 as an alternative to the AFL - CIO. Includes the Teamsters, Laborers' Union, the United Food & Commercial Workers International Union, & the SEIU
Chivalry
A code of conduct among nobles which held a high ethical standard of individuals to become examples of behavior in society
Vertical Merger
A combination of two companies that are involved in different phases of producing a product
By Passing
A comminication problem that arises when the same words mean different things to different people
Boycott
A concerted effort to get people to stop buying goods & services from a company or person in order to punish that company or to coerce its owner into changing policies
Xiongnu
A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses & stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, & dispersed them in 1st Century
Team
A coordinated group of people intentionally organized to work together to achieve a common goal
Department of Justice
A department of the federal executive branch, headed by the attorney general, which administers the FBI, prosecutes violations of federal law, & is responsible for enforcing all civil rights legislation
right - wing
A descriptive term for an individual or a political faction that advocates very conservative policies. Right - wing groups generally support free enterprise. In the U. S. the right wing generally argues for a strong national defense program & opposes federal involvement in promoting social welfare. Although both major political parties in the U. S. have right - wing factions, right - wing policies are usually associated with the Republican party
Shebaa Farms
A disputed area between Israel & Lebanon on the border of the Golan Heights & Lebanon
Great Western Schism
A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 & 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome & Avignon
Operation Rolling Thunder
A full - scale bombing attack against North Vietnam. There were approximately 184,000 Americans involved
Brain trust
A group of intellectuals & planners who act as advisors, especially to a govt
Joint - Stock Company
A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King
Pilgrims
A group of persecuted English Puritans who arrived on the Mayflower
Hyperpluralism
A group theory characterized by many interest groups vying for control resulting in a govt that is tied up in a gridlock
Sponsored party
A local or state political party that is largely staffed & funded by another organization with established networks in the community. One example is the Democratic party in & around Detroit, which has been developed, led, & to a degree financed by the political - action arm of the United Auto Workers
steam engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s & 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)
Social status
A measure of one's social standing obtained by combining factors such as education, income, & occupation
National convention
A meeting of party delegates elected in state primaries, caucuses, or conventions that is held every four years. Its primary purpose is to nominate presidential & vice - presidential candidates & to ratify a campaign platform
Circular structure
A method of organizing a pres.'s staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the pres.
veto
A negative vote cast in the UNSC by one of the five permanent members that defeats the issue being voted on
National chairman
A paid, full - time manager of a party's day - to - day work who is elected by the national committee
South Carolina Exposition & Protest
A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature speaking against the "Tariff of Abominations. " It proposed nullification of the tariff to prevent secession
Congressional campaign committee
A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members who are running for reelection or to would - be members running for an open seat or challenging a candidate from the opposition party
Political machine
A party organization that recruits its members by dispensing patronage - tangible incentives such as money, political jobs, or an opportunity to get favors from govt - and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity
John Brown
A passionate abolitionist who led a raid in 1859 which made Southerners feel like they had to go on the defense, that the North was plotting their demise!
In - kind transfer
A payment made not in the form of cash but in the form of a good or service
Qin
A people & state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states & created the first Chinese empire (221 - 206 B. C. E. ). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society & enslaved subjects. (163)
Renaissance (European)
A period of intense artistic & intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco - Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid - fourteenth to mid - fifteenth century, & a Northern trans - Alpine Renaissance (407,445)
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in eighteenth - century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior & were just as scientific as the laws of physics
Nonviolent civil disobedience
A philosophy of opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully violating it & allowing oneself to be punished as a result
Stoicism
A philosophy that stressed leading virtuous lives & not letting both good & bad things in life affect one too much
Middle America
A phrase coined by Joseph Kraft in a 1968 newspaper column to refer to Americans who have moved out of poverty but are not yet affluent & who cherish traditional middle - class values
Shot heard round the world
A phrase from poem by Emerson about the first shots of the first battle of the Revolutionary War, encouraging worldwide movements towards democracy
Double - tracking
A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business
In forma pauperis
A procedure whereby a poor person can file & be heard in court as a pauper, free of charge
Senatorial Courtesy
A process by which pres.s, when selecting district court judges, defer to the senators in whose state the vacancy occurs
Budget resolution
A proposal submitted by the House & Senate budget committees to their respective chambers recommending a total budget ceiling & a ceiling for each of several spending areas (such as health or defense) for the current fiscal year. These budget resolutions are intended to guide the work of each legislative committee as it decides what to spend in its area
Regional Primary
A proposed system in which the country would be divided into five or six geographic areas & all states in each region would hold their presidential primary on the same day
Real quantity
A quantity that is measured in physical terms - for example, in terms of quantities of goods & services
three - field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, & one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two - field system in medieval Europe
Rome - Berlin Axis 1934
A series of treaties in 1936 & 37 between Germany, Italy, & Japan created what was called the Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis. " The coutries were thereafter refered to as the Axis Powers
Party dealignment
A shift away from the major political parties to a more neutral, independent ideological view of party identification
Explain the following formula: SAB=SAC+2
A single accomplishment bullet consists of the following attributes: specific, accurate, concise, single accomplishment/achievment, & impact
Roosevelt Corollary
Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs
Positive analysis
Addresses the economic consequences of a particular event or policy, not whether those consequences are desirable
recaptives
Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century & restored to free status
Neo - Assyrian Empire
An empire extending from western Iran to Syria - Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth & seventh centuries B. C. E. They used force & terror & exploited the wealth & labor of their subjects. (93)
Simple resolution
An expression of opinion either in the House of Representatives or the Senate to settle housekeeping or procedural matters in either body. Such expressions are not signed by the pres. & do not have the force of law
Elite
An identifiable group of persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource - - such as money or political power
graduated income tax
An income tax that takes proportionately more from higher wage earners
Revaluation
An increase in the official value of a currency (in a fixed - exchange - rate system)
UN
An organization of nearly all world states, created after WWII to promote collective security
Raiding
An organized attempt by voters of one party to influence the primary results of the other party
Emma Goldman
An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.
Shay's Rebellion
An uprising in MA in 1786, whose occurance demonstrated the need for a stronger national govt
the world's largest desert
Antartica. The largest hot desert is the Sahara in North Africa, which is the size of the U. S
Liberty Party
Antislavery party that won 16,000 votes in election of 1844, hurt Clay's chance at victory
Cost
Any burden, monetary or nonmonetary, that some people must bear, or think that they must bear, if a policy is adopted
Ibn Khaldun
Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise & fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher & judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)
Radio Sawa
Arabic radio started by the US in 2002
take care clause
Article 2, Section 3; the pres.s take care that the laws are faithfully executed, even if they disagree with the purpose of those laws
Charlemagne
Charles the Great, he was king of the Franks from 768 to 814 & king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, Through military conquest & defence, he solidified & expanded his realm to cover most of Western Europe & is today regarded as the founding father of both France & Germany & sometimes as the Father of Europe. His was the first truly imperial power in the West since the fall of Rome
Price Rigidity
Characteristics of oligopolistic markets by which firms are reluctant to change prices even if costs or demands change
postmodern voters
Characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations
Common Market
Characterized by free movement of factors of production
Effluent Fees
Charges imposed by govt on the level of pollution created
paraphrasing
Checking the accuracy of your understanding by restating your partners message in your own words
Richard Daley
Chicago mayor & political boss 50s - 70s. Credited with helping elect JFK in Illinois & for using force against protestors during Democratic convention in 1968
Tomas de Torquemada
Chief judge of the spanish inquisition, known for his severity
Treaty Ports
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire & foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality
Suspect classifications
Classifications of people on the basis of their race & ethnicity. The courts have ruled that laws classifying people on these grounds will be subject to "strict scrutiny. "
Coercive Acts
Closed Boston Harbor to all but essential trade (food & firewood) & declared it would remain closed until the damages incurred during the Boston Tea Party were paid for. Several measures tightened English control over the Massachusetts govt & its courts, & another required civilians to house British soldiers
Self Governing Colony
Colony allowed to self - govern. (Connecticut, Rhode Island)
Robert E. Lee
Commanding General of Confederate troops during the Civil War. Victory in Chancellorsville but loss in Gettysburg
Strong cultures:
Commit members to do things that are in the best interests of the organization
the life span for a US treasury note
Commonly used bills such as the 1,5,10, & 20 dollar bills last about 2 years. For the 2, 50 & 100, it can be over 4 years
Mass Communication
Communication accomplished through a mediated message that is sent to many people at the same time
UN General Assembly
Comprised of representatives of all states, it allocates UN funds, passes non - binding resolutions, & coordinates third world development programs & various autonomous agencies through the ECOSOC
Riga Axioms
Conferences that established Soviet Union as a ideolically driven country that cannot be dealt with
Russian Provisional govt
Mar 1917 - formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire & the tsar's abdication. According to the will of the Grand Duke, the provisional govt should rule until the Constituent Assembly determines the form of govt in Russia. Provisional govt should provide elections to the Assembly
Solid South
Dominance by the Democratic Party in the South following the Civil War. The Republicans made strong inroads when Ronald Reagan was elected Pres. in 1980 & after the Republicans gained control of the Congress in 1994
Unified Italy
During the mid 1800's, count Camillo di Cavour expanded the Piedmont - Sardinia's power & also
Peter Stuyvesant
Dutch govenor who surrendered New Netherlands to English who renamed it New York
conquistadors
Early - 16th - century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, & Peru
Jacob Riis
Early 1900's writer who exposed social & political evils in the U. S. Muckraker novel, How the Other Half Lives. It shocked the middle class & deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt
Vedas
Early Indian sacred 'knowledge' - the literal meaning of the term - long preserved & communicated orally by Brahmin priests & eventually written down. (175)
Panic of 1837
Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation
Edison
Edison invented the light bulb at the turn of the century, revolutionizing the American way of life
Abstract Meaning
Meaning that refers to something that con not be preceived or experienced with one of the senses
subtext
Meanings that are implicit or hidden in a text rather than explicitly addressed
Hippocrates
Medicine in the 5th century BC greek empire
Constitutional Convention
Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the U. S
Nashville Convention
Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South
confirmation hearings
Meetings held by the Senate to gather information about candidates for federal office nominated by the pres. of the U. S. Under the Constitution, the pres. has the right to appoint whomever he wants to various govt offices, including members of the cabinet & federal judges, but each appointment must be approved by the Senate as part of the separation of powers
Legalism
In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature & justified state coercion & control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime
yin/yang
In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, & active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, & passive qualities
Virginia Resolves
In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions
Timur
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia & Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, & his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)
Gettysburg Address
Major speech delivered by Lincoln during the Civil War ('Fore score & seven years ago. govt of the people, by the people & for the people shall not perish from the Earth. "
Supervisory Management
Managers who design & carry out operational plans for the ongoing daily activities of the firm
Learning Organizations
Organizations that are able to continually learn & adapt to new circumstances
SNCC
Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit - ins, it challenged the status quo & walked the back roads of Mississippi & Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation & to register to vote
straw poll
Originally, a small, informal opinion survey. Today, a straw poll is generally a large - scale, scientifically determined public opinion survey based on a random sample of the population. Straw polls are commonly used to test public opinion of candidates running for office
Seward Purchase of Alaska
Paid $7. 2 million for "Seward's icebox," but later proved to be useful addition
Natural rights
Part of Locke's philosophy; rights that are God given such as life, liberty, & property
the Indus & Ganges Rivers
Part of network of rivers running through lush forest & jungles of Indian subcontinent. Indus, in modern Pakistan, gave birth to world's first civilized societies. Ganges is not longest of India's rivers, but has tremendous cultural & religious significance
Mayotte
Part of the Comoros Islands. It is the only Catholic island; recently voted to become the 5th overseas department of France
Crossover voting
Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated
utopian socialism
Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self - sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616
Phoenicians
Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plains of what are now Lebanon & Syria. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC
Solidarity
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions & political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe
Susan B. Anthony
Political activist who spent her life campaigning for women's right to vote
soft money
Political donations made to parties for the purpose of general party maintenance & support. This type of contribution is not limited by federal law. It can be used for get - out - the - vote campaigns, issue advocacy, & advertisements that promote the party
nationalism
Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation - a community defined by a common culture & history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth & early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)
Republican Party
Political party that evolved from the Whig Party, coming to power after Lincoln's election. It is one of the two current major political parties
New federalism
Political theory first espoused by Richard Nixon & carried out by Ronald Reagan. New federalism advocates the downsizing of the federal govt & the devolution of power to the states
Tracking poll
Polls conducted by media outlets to gauge the potential outcome of a political election on a periodic basis
Push Polls
Polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate
France
Popular Front helped preserve democracy in
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka
sub - Saharan Africa
Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara
3 concepts of National Interest
Power & National Security - Domestic Impact Conception - Ideological Principle Conception
Power
Power is influence & control excercised by one nation over others
Legitimate Power
Power that is derived from & individuals position in an organization
Expert Power
Power that is derived from an individuals extensive knowledge in one or more areas
Referent Power
Power that is derived from an individuals personal charisma & the respect and/or admiration the individual inspires
Congressional oversight
Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations & budgets of executive departments & independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, & bring to the public's attention the need for public policy
Gupta Empire
Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force & its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)
Toltecs
Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900 - 1168 C. E. ). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization
Delegated Powers
Powers given to the Federal govt
What is an Enumerated Power
Powers specifically given to Congress
First degree price discrimination
Practice of charging each customer her reservation price
Third Degree Price Discrimination
Practice of dividing consumers into tow or more groups with separrate demand curves & charging different prices to each group
Tying
Practice of requiring a customer to purchase on good in order to purchase another
vehicle/crew scheduling
finding the optimal way to use resources such as aircraft, bus, or trucks, & their operating crews to provide transportation services to customers & materials to be moved between different locations
Poverty line
References the point at which an individual is considered living in what has been called a "culture of poverty. "
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State under Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism around the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina & famously refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954
Efficiency Seeking
Seeking to minimizing unit delivered cost to market, for both production & delivery (transportation, insurance, marketing, tariffs etc), to establish a portfolio of production sources reducing risk, obtaining knowledge including technology & skills
Chechnya
Separatist movement from Russia; terrorist acts by Chechens have spurred Russian intervention. Oil in the area exacerbates it
Two Camps Doctrine (Zhdanov Doctrine)
Sept. 1947, Stalin speech that the country is split into two camps, east and west. First person to acknowledge this.
House of Hanover
Series of English kings & queens who strengthened parliament
Fertile Crescent (Tigris - Euphrates river system)
Settlement began as early as 8000 BCE. Large scale agriculture by 5000 BCE. Sumerian - Babylonian civilizations
Shah Abbas I
Shah of Iran (r. 1587 - 1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, & public buildings
Treaty of San Lorenzo
Signed with Spain in 1795, the Treaty of San Lorenzo - also known as Pinckney's Treaty - gave the U. S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River & established the border between the U. S. & Spanish Florida
First Great Awakening
a time of religious fervor during the 1730s & 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism & the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent & urging a personal understanding of truth
equality
a type of supportive communication suggesting that the sender reguards as worthy of respect
brand mark
a unique symbol, coloring, lettering, or other design elements
express warranty
a warranty that is explicitly stated, in writing or verbally, to encourage a customer to make a purchase
speech presentation outline
flesh out the outline with examples & illustrations & write in internal summaries & forecasts
Strict scrutiny
The standard by which the Supreme Court judges classifications based on race. To be accepted such a classification must be closely related to a "compelling" public purpose
Proxemics
The study of how close or far away from people & objects we postion ourselves
Territoriality
The study of how humans use space & objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space
Net Domestic Product (NDP)
The sum of consumption expenditures, govt expenditures, net exports, & invetment less depreciation
Third - Partyism
The tendency of 3rd parties to arise with some regularity in a nominally 2 - party system
Federalism
The overall division of power between the federal govt & state govts; as defined in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. It specifically tells the states that they have reserved powers. Powers not delegated to the govt by the Constitution are given to the respective states
Party machine
The party organization that exists on the local level & uses patronage as the means to keep the party members in line. Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall are examples
Consumption function
The relationship between consumption spending & its determinants, in particular, disposable (after - tax) income
Sepoy Rebellion
The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny
New Immigration
The second major wave of immigration to the U. S. betwen 1865 - 1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western & Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution & poverty. Language barriers & cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans
considering the point of view for your communication, discribe how writing in the second person is done
The second person is the person spoken to; using the second person allows the writer to maintain some personal relationship with the reader
Corporate Culture
The set of attitudes, values, & standards that distinguishes one organization from another
Culture
The shared set of beliefs, values, & patterns of behavior common to a group of people
Situation analysis
The situation analysis can be divided into six major areas of concern:the cooperative environment;the competitive environment;the economic environment;the social environment;the political environment; andthe legal environment
Production
The transformation of factors into goods & services
National Guard
The volunteer military forces of each state, which the governor of a state can summon in times of civil disorder or natural disaster. Through congressional & presidential order, the National Guard can be called into service in the regular U. S. army
Starving time
The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four - hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world
Split ticket
Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election. For example, voting for a Republican for senator & a Democrat for pres.
THe Greek Empire, then Plato, then Alexander, Then The Romans
What came first, Alexander the Great, Roman Empire, Greek Empire, Plato
That Hitler's advances could be blocked
What crucial lesson was learned in the Battle of Britain
Dis - USA
What did Great Britain start Calling the U. S. under the Articles of Confederation
They are examples of flaws, or fallaciesin logic
What do the terms "faulty analogy,"asserted conclusion","loaded question", and"non sequitur" have in common
more than 1/2
What does a Majority Vote mean
The Roman Empire
What empire controlled the highest percentage of world population in human history
German invasion of Belgium
What event caused ITaly to refuse to support its ally Germany
The stock market crash of 1929
What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression
The declaration of war by France on Prussia
What event was strongly influenced by economic problems
Rate, volume, force, pitch, & emphasis
What fundamentals of speech add variety to a presentation
Inflation
What happens if the fed interest rate goes too low
Romantic
What is an accurate description for Goethe, Chopin, Coleridge, & Constable
Opportunity benefit
What is gained by making a particular choice
Colonization of America
What killed more people: the black plague or colonization of america
Small States
What kind of States liked the New Jersey Plan
The current, capital, & reserve accounts
What makes up a nation's Balance of Payments
observable culture
What one sees & hears when walking around an organization
poor student reading about democracy
What person would most likely have been a radical in the 1800's
Ruthless leadership
What political trends helped lead to the formation of the Second Reich
German invasion of Poland
What prompted Great Britain & France to declare war on Germany
The Bureau of Labor Statistics
What publishes the CPI every month
Volta, Congo, & Niger
What rivers drain into the gulf of Guinea
experimental method
a research technique in which a researcher observes the results of changing one or more marketing variables while keeping certain other variables constant under controlled conditions
pure project
a self - contained team works full time on the project
vertical retailer
a company that designs, produces, & sells its own products, without using middlemen or wholesalers
open shop
a company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment
low context culture
a culture that relies heavily on language to make messages especially of relational nature explicit
neutrality
a defence arrousing behavior in which the sender expresses indifference toward the reciever
superiority
a defence arrousing style of communication in which the sender states or implies that the reciever is inferior
socioeconomic status
a division of population based on occupation, income, education
state corporatism
a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state (Wikipedia)
treaty
a formal public agreement between the U. S. & one or more nations that must be approved by two thirds of the Senate
independent agency
a gov entity that is independent of the legislative, executive, & judicial branches
parastatal
a govt - owned corporation to compensate for the lack of private economic development or to ensure complete & equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or a railroad to a postal system or manufacturing & marketing operations)
the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council
a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO & non - NATO countries in Europe & those parts of Asia on the European pheriphary. The member states meet to cooperate & consult on a range of political & security issues. It was formed on May 29, 1997 as the successor to the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)
brand
a name, term, design, symbol, or combination of these elements that identifies a business, product, or service & distinguishes it from its competitors
motive
a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction of the need
Populists
a party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day
Thales of Miletus
a philosopher who taught that everything was made of water
circle graph
a pie - shaped geometric representation of the relative sizes of the parts of a whole; also called a pie chart
republic
a political regime in which govt citizens choose leaders directly or indirectly
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
a political, economic, & cultural organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. Formed on August 8, 1967, by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, & the Philippines, as a non - provocative display of solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam & insurgency within their own borders
business plan
a proposal that outlines a strategy to turn a business idea into a reality
counterfeit question
a question that disguises the speakers true motive which doesn't include a genuine desire to understand the other person
sincere question
a question that imposes a genuine desire to learn from another person
ethnicity
a social division based on national origin, religion, language, & often race
Media advocacy
an advocacy group tactic that involves framing issues as public issues
the Central American Common Market
an economic trade organization between 5 nations of Central America. established December 13, 1960 between the nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras & Nicaragua in a conference in Managua. Costa Rica joined the CACM in 1963. collapsed in 1969 with the Football War between Honduras & El Salvador, reinstated in 1991. not achieved the further goals of greater economic & political unification that were hoped for at the organization's founding,
Principle of personal virtue
an ethical principle that holds that you should never do anything that is not honest, open, & truthful
Principle of distributive justice
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that harms the least fortunate among us
Principle of individual rights
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that infringes on others; agreed - upon rights
Principle of long - term self interest
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not in you or your organizations long term self - interest
positive reinforcement
an event which follows behavior & increases the likelihood that it will occur again
environmentalism
an ideology that is dominated by concern for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, & feminism
FCC
an independent governmeent agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite
unfolding organizational speech structure
an inductive style, in which the speaker lays out supporting evidence & then draws a conclusion, leading the listeners to be drawn into the argument
the Pacific Islands Forum
an inter - governmental consultative organ which aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean & represent their interests. It was founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum; the name was changed in 2000 to better reflect the correct geographic locations of its member states both in the north & south Pacific
the Organization for Security & Co - operation in Europe
an international organization for security. In its region, it is concerned with early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management & post - conflict rehabilitation. The Organization for Security & Co - operation in Europe has 55 participating states from Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Central Asia & North America. The OSCE's Secretariat (headquarters) is located in Vienna, Austria. The Organization also has offices in Copenhagen, Geneva, The Hague, Prague & Warsaw
never - out list
an inventory monitoring plan used for best - selling products that make up a large percentage of sales volume
model stock list
an inventory monitoring plan used for merchandise that quickly goes out of fashion
negative correlation
an inverse association between two variables. As one variable become larger, the other one becomes smaller
trustee
an official who is expected to vote independetly basedon his or her judgment of the circumstances; one interpretation of the role of the legislator
subsidiarity
an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority (Wikipedia definition)
nonprofit organization
an organziation that can function like a business but uses the money it makes to fund the cause identified in its charter
swot analysis
an overall evaluation of the company's strengths, weaknesses, & opportunties, & threats
emotional response theory
any human emotion experienced can be interpreted along three deminsions
Transcendentalism
any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material
Line managers
are responsible for work activities that directly affect organization's outputs
positioning
arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, & desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target consumers
economies of scale
as a plant gets larger & volume increases, average cost per unit of output drops
Landrum - Griffin Act (1959)
attempted to eliminate racketeering from org. labor, to promote union democracy & self - govt, & to provide for closer supervision by the Federal gov
matrix project
attempts to blend properties of functional & pure project structures
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934
authorize tarriffs to decrease 50%, in return for reciprocal lowering of tarriffs - increase of exports for America 40%
office block ballot
ballot on which all candidates are listed under the office for which they are running, making split ticket voting easier
indirect effect of an increase in the money supply
banks lower interest rates that they charge on loans - >encourages people to take out those loans - >businesses engage in new investment with the funds loaned - >individuals will engage in more consumption of durable goods (housing, autos, & home entertainment centers) - >generates a rise in aggregate demand - - >more people involved in more spending
the Euro - Mediterranean free trade area
based on the Barcelona Process & European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Barcelona Process, developed after the Barcelona Conference in successive annual meetings, is a set of goals designed to lead to a free trade area in the Middle East by 2010. Eventually it will integrate free trade with the EU
marketing concept
businesses should satisfy customers' needs & wants while making a profit
flexible processes
flexible manufacturing systems & simple, easy set up equipment; allow for rapid low - cost switching from one product line to another which enables economies of scope
specialty store
carries narrow product lines with deep assortments within those lines
Satisfying
choosing a "good enough" alternative
Planning
choosing a goal & developing a strategy to achieve that goal
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
codifies customary international law with regard to the entry, modification, revocation & enforcement of international agreements. It entered into force in 1980. The U. S. is not a party but does recognize its principles as a restatement of customary international law
fiduciary
comes from the latin fiducia, which means "trust" or "confidence"
Triangle of Trade
common pattern linking Africa, The Americas, & Europe
Interpersonal Communication
communication that occurs simultaniously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationship
Synchronous Communication
communications in which message occurs in real time when you speak or write someone immediate responds to your message
Viet Cong
communist guerilla movement in vietnam
suppliers
companies that provide material, human, financial, & informational resources to other companies
sympathy
compassion for another situation
Ginnie Mae - The govt National Mortgage Association (GNMA)
created by the U. S. Federal govt through a 1968 partition of Fannie Mae. a wholly owned corporation within the U. S. ' HUD Department. main purpose is to provide financial assistance to low - to moderate - income homebuyers, by promoting mortgage credit
LAFTA - The Latin American Free Trade Association
created in 1960 by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, & Uruguay. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America. By 1970, expanded to include Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, & Venezuela. In 1980, reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association. Membership remained unchanged until Cuba joined in 1999
Designing acceptable controls
focus on critical control points, integration, acceptability, timeliness, feasibility, accuracy & comprehensibility
interventionist
describing an activist govt and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, & social arenas
post - industrial
describing an economy in which the service sector has become more important than the industrial sector
organizing process
determines what tasks will have to be done to accomplish objectives, how they will be grouped, & how positions relate to each other
legislative branch
empowered to make the laws. Congress & 50 state legislatures. legislatures are made up of popularly elected representatives, who propose laws that are sensitive to the needs & interests of their local constituents
lobbying
engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, & the policies they enact
Company Sales Force - types of intermediaries
expand the company's direct sales force. Assign salespeople, develop company sales
fixed investment
expenditures by firms on new machines & buildings (capital goods) that are expected to yield a future stream of income
Forty Acres & a mule
failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land & a mule to plow with
Revolutionary govt in Paris
fall of the Bastille led quickly to the formation of
federal trade commission (ftc)
federal agency responsible for enforcing the principles of a free enterprise system & protecting consumers from unfair or deceptive business practices
questioning
feedback that usually request the speaker to supply additional information in order to clarify or expand the receivers understanding
low - monitored - high - monitored dimension of feedback
feedback varies from spontaneous & totally honest to carefully constructed responses
product routing
finding the optimal way to produce a product that must be processed sequentially through several machine centers, with each machine in the center having its own cost & output characteristics
media richness theory
identifies richness of a communication medium based on the amount of information, including emotional expression, it communicates. - the amount of feedback they can recieve - number of ques channel can convey - variety of language - potential for emotion & feeling - when saying something negetive, you might choose a less rich form of communication
Rule of 70'
if something grows at a rate of x% a year, it will double in approximately 70/x years
Corruption
illegal practices that further one's business interests
Logic of Isolationism
interdependence does not create vital interests requiring political & military involvement "US has sufficient domestic efficiency" "US has no binding moral obligations abroad"
Pearson Commission on International Development
investigated the effectiveness of the World Bank's development assistance in the 20 years to 1968 & made recommendations for future operation of the organization. In August 1968 Robert S. McNamara, then Pres. of the World Bank, formed the commission, asking former Canadian Prime Minister & Nobel Peace Prize winner Lester Bowles Pearson to head the commission
buzz marketing
involves cultivating opinion leaders & getting them to spread information about a product or service to others in their communities
Dominant Firm
irm with a large share of total sales that sets price to maximize profits, taking into account the supply response of smaller firms
Transnational Corporation
is a firm that strives to be Global & Multi - domestic! ie: It must strive to achieve economies of scale whilst locally responsive
What important policy implications evolve from an understanding of Porter's Diamond of National Advantage
it is in the best interest of a firm to upgrade its advanced factors of production: eg: employee training & R & D. Equally, firms should lobby the govt to urge them to increase investment in education, infrastructure, & R & D, & to promote strong competition in domestic markets
How did the Treaty of Versailles affect postwar Germany
it left a legacy of bitterness in the hearts of the German people
Often, what is the results of communications having to pass through many organizational levels
it offten causes a delay in communications & creates chances for distortion of the original message
What impact did Russia's involvement in WWI have on the Russian gov
it revealed the weaknesses of czarist rule & military leadership
Mesopotamia
land between the rivers, located in between Tigris & Euphrates rivers
Private bill
legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters rather than with general legislative affairs. main kinds: immigration & naturalization billsand personal - claim bills
pure services
little use of goods; teaching, medical advice, financial consulting
controlling function
making sure things are being done in a way that we want; the reverse of planning (measure/observe how much performance is deviating from plans)
Team Leaders
managers responsible for facilitating team activities towards accomplishing a goal
First - Line managers
managers who train & supervise the performance of non managerial employees who are directly responsible for producing the company's products or services
descriptive research - marketing research process
marketing research to better describe marketing problems, situations, or markets, such as the market potential for a product or the demographics & attitudes of consumers
non verbal
mass comm - creator not present, cannot immidiately respond. public comm - speak addresses audience in person. small group comm - 3 - 15 meet & interact
ziggurat
massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown
manor
medieval Europe, a large, self - sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, & surrounding land
Chan Buddhism
meditation & appreciation of natural & artistic beauty, popular among the rich
feedback
messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what was said
expert opinion
method of sales forecasting; asking marketing executives what they expect will happen
mini - nationals
midsize or smaller companies that have operations in multiple countries
Suharto
military Pres. of Indonesia from 1968 - 98
They are the the main contributors to language barriers
misuse of abstractions & a lack of common core experience are main contributors to which communication barrier
Herzberg's Two - Factor (Motivator - Hygiene) Theory
motivators lead to extraordinary job performance while hygiene factors keep employee showing up & doing the minimum necessary
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act of 1935) NLRA
nation's basic labor legislation; est. employee rights to form unions, requires employers to bargain w/ such unions in good faith, & prohibits unfair labor practices
increasing govt spending
new deal involved attempts to stimulate the American economy by
third century crisis
political, military, & economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C. E. : frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, & near - destruction of long - distance commerce. (157)
Jefferson
power to govern a nation comes from the people - according to Locke & _
national security council
presidential advisory board established in 1947 to consult with the pres. on matters of defense & foreign policy
Prize Cases
presidential powers in wartime
Department of State
primarily responsible for making & conducting foreign policy. It is commonly called the State Department & is headed by the secretary of state. Its activities include negotiating treaties, coordinating correspondence & information programs with foreign govts, & administering economic aid to developing nations
Precedent
prior judicial decision that serves as a rule for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature
Paquete Habana
prize in admiralty law & customary international law
decision - making done under risk
probability of event is known or can be estimated - can be assigned a value from 0 to 1. 0
naturalization
process of becoming a citizen
Casework
process of solving constituents' problems dealing with the bureaucracy
functional project
project housed within a functional division
reciprocity
rewarding behavior that contributes to the group & punishing behavior that pursues self - interest at the expense of the group
Global Diversity
richness increases with area; richness increases towards tropics (tropics have greater land mass, milder, stabler climate, species energy hypothis: greater exposure to solar energy=greater productivity=more species accomodated in food web); richness declines with elevation, less O2; richness declines with increasing depth; richness increases with energy
natural risks
risks that result from natural occurrences, such as an earthquake or bad weather
illiberal regime
rule by elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy
Rational Actor Model
states make deisions & policies as a rational entity - pres. represents rational actor politics stop at the water's edge" - actor's goals can be achieved through rational process
In re Debs
strikes & interstate commerce
comparative foreign policy
study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of societies/govts consistently have similar types of foreign policies
social learning theory
suggest that we can learn how to adapt & adjust our behavior towards others; how we behave is not solely dependent on our genetic makeup
Function of the Federal Reserve System #5
supervises depository institutions: Fed periodically & without warning examine depository institutions to see what kinds of loans have been made, what has been used as security for the loans, & who has recieved them
purpose of federal grants
supply state & local govs with revenue, to establish minimum national standards for things such as highways & clean air, to equalize resources among the states by taking money from people with high incomes through federal taxes & spending it through grants in states where the poor live, to attack national problems yet minimize the growth of federal agencies
National - Republicans
supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants
payoff matrix
tabular display of 2 or more strategies or choices; conditional values of each under 2 or more possible states of nature; probabilities of these states of nature, resulting expected values; & total expected value
How does culture affect communication
talking with friends, lovers, family; interacting in group; topics you talk about & strategies used to inform & persuade; how you use the media & the credibility you give it
tithe
taxes (money) given to the church
3 skills involved in mgmt
technical, interpersonal, conceptual
original jurisdiction
term used to describe a court's power to initially try a case. Courts in which cases are first heard are those with originial jurisdiction in the case, appellate courts hear challenges to earlier court decisions
equal
that all men are created _,
Department of Agriculture
that provides services for farmers, including agricultural research, soil conservation, & efforts to regulate & stabilize the farming economy
Judicial Review
the Power of the Supreme Court
Resource scarcity
the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment
net sales
the amount left after gross sales have been adjusted for returns & allowances
net income
the amount left after total expenses are subtracted from gross profit
What was the concept of wergeld
the amount of compensation defined in money for loss of a persons life
networking
the art of building business contacts & alliances
Negotiator role
the decisional role managers play when they negotiate schedules, projects, goals, outcomes, resources, & employee raises
demand elasticity
the degree to which demand for a product is affected by its price
7. McCellands Theory Achievement:
the desire to excel or achieve in relation to a set of standards
Spokesperson role
the informational role managers play when they share information with people outside their departments or companies
media planning
the process of selecting the advertising media & deciding the time or space in which the ads should appear to accomplish a marketing objective
politics
the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority
Propaganda
the promotion of information which may or may not be correct designed to influence the beliefs & attitudes of a foreign audience
multiple causality
the simultaneous effects of a number of independent & intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables
measurable: effective segmentation
the size, purchasing power, & profiles of the segments can be measured
properties of the multiplier
the smaller the marginal propensity to save, the larger the multiplier; the larger the marginal propensity to consume, the larger the multiplier
the Fundamental attribution error
the tendency for people to over - emphasize dispositional, or personality - based, explanations for behaviors observed in others while under - emphasizing the role & power of situational influences on the same behavior. In other words, people tend to have a default assumption that what a person does is based more on what "kind" of person he is, rather than the social & environmental forces at work on that person
self fulfilling prophecy
the tendency to become what other people expect you to become
self serving bias
the thendancy to interperet & explain information in a way that casts the perciever in the most favorable manor
buying signals
the things customers do or say to indicate a readiness to buy
Post conventional level of moral development
the third level of moral development in which people make decisions based on internalized principles
numerator
the top number in a fraction; it represents the number of parts being considered
stock of foreign direct investments
the total cumulative value of foreign investments is referred to as
realism
theory in terms of power, competition, self - interest, individuals turn to animalistic behavior in absence of govt
How are people with low self - esteem counterintuitive
they pay more attention to negative evaluations; are more likely to have partners with similar self views; experience worse health after experiencing positive events
Why did coalition govts usually prove unstable
they were alliances of several parties who disagreed on many policies
constructs
thin/fat smart/dumb opposites & no in - between
distractions
things that compete with the message for the listener's attention
Maslow's social needs
third level; love (friendship, conversation, etc. )
EPR, award/decoration nomination, talking paper
three most common uses for bullet statements in the Air Force
fatiguing
tiring
self - evident created
to be _, that all men are _ equal
CPM single time estimate
used when activity times are known with certainty, used to determine timing estimates for the project, each activity in the project, & slack time for activities
time cost models
used when cost trade - off info is a major consideration in planning, used to determine the least cost in reducing total project time
formal balance
when a large item is placed on one side of the display, a similarly large item should be placed on the other side
human communication as a transaction
when communication is mutually interactive; created based on concurrent sharing of ideas & feelings
currency drains
when deposits increase, public will want to hold more currency (currency in a person's wallet reamins outside banking system & cannot be held by banks as reserves from which to make loans)
fact - interference confusion
when someone makes an inference & thinks its a fact & acts upon it as a fact but really isn't
subinfeudation
when the lords regranted protions of their fiefs to other vassals
Synergy
when two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart
small group communication
when you interact with others, solving problems, sharing knowledge & experiences
intercultural communication
where you communicate with members of other cultures
individualism/collectivism
whether an individual places importance on self or on community
organizational communication
which communication deals with input, throughput, & output
person - focused message
which dimension of feedback centers on the person or on the message
cultural relativism
which term describes the difference of culture but that not any one is better or worse than the others
connotation
which word refers to the emotional meaning that specific speakers - listeners give to a word
comparison method of issue organization
which you would tell how the two types of institutions are alike
they hold societies together
why are speaking & listening skills important
relative words
words that gain their meaning by comparison