Gender Exam 3
Define microinequities
Verbal comments and behavior that devalue a member of one group but are not specific legal violations
What is the third person effect? What are two implications of the prevalence of mass media?
Third Person Effect: when people think that almost everyone thinks media affects others but not themselves
How do the media underrepresent women and minorities? Offer examples. What is the Bechdel Test?
-63.4% men, 36.1% women -Women collective were outnumber by men in terms of media commentators or people writing the news -Men dominated tv news anchoring -Women are more likely to cover health, lifestyle news; least likely to cover crime, justice, world politics -Bechdel Test: rates a movie gender bias: more than one named female character, the women have to talk to each other, and discuss topics other than men. These films are very successful but are less likely to be made
Define agenda setting and gatekeepers.
-Agenda Setting: the process by which media tells us what we should attend to. Media doesn't tell us how to think, rather it tells us what to think about. Media suggests which stories are important by covering them -Gatekeepers: people who control which messages get through to the audience
Why study gendered organizational communication?
-Americans are working longer hours -Co-workers make job enjoyable -Relationships between men and women are complicated -More women are entering the workforce but inequities still exist
What challenges do women/girls face globally in terms of education? Why? Why is educating women/girls so important?
-Child marriage prevents girls from getting education -Improper sanitation prevent girls from going to school and increases violence against them. -Poverty, distance to schools, and customs also prevent girls from education -lack of sanitary pads (teasing, infections); girls miss school when they're on their periods -Educating girls improves the economy -Educating girls improves health for everyone (moms, children, vaccinations) -Educating girls is good for our environment
What problems does the gender binary norm create?
-Classes are split into boys and girls -This makes classes more difficult for gender nonconforming students -In college, men are rewarded for aggressive behavior, sexual activity and drinking activities. Women feel pressure to demonstrate effortless perfection and encounter a culture of romance
Define effortless perfection and culture of romance.
-Effortless Perfection: women feel compelled to be academically successful and attractive -Culture of Romance: barriers of academic achievement and peer pressure that emphasizes physical attractiveness for women. You go to college to get your MRS degree
What are 4 indicators of gender inequity in college professors?
-Employment Status: women make up just 39% of full-time faculty nationally. Men, on the other hand, make up 61% -Tenure status: women outnumber men in non-tenure positions, and lag behind in tenure positions -Rank: Men outnumber women 2 to 1 are full time professors as of march 2017
Explain Title IX, its success and failures.
-Enacted in 1972, women must have equal pay to play sports, scholarship money must be proportional to participation, female athletes must have access to equivalent supplies, practice times, tutoring, coaching etc. -Women are still getting paid less in sports than men -Successful but not equal still
Define glass ceiling, glass walls, glass cliff, and glass escalator.
-Glass Ceilings: restricts the advancement of women and minorities into the upper ranks of business; reflects subtle discrimination in the workplace -Glass Walls: sex segregation in the workplace - women tend to be placed in positions that require traditionally feminine skills -Glass Escalators: An invisible advantage that accelerates men's success in female dominated spheres of work. While all men benefit, white males seems to benefit the most -Glass Cliff: Women have a greater chance of breaking through the ceiling when an organization is facing a crisis
Describe the Boys Crisis in education. Why does it exist? How can we fix it?
-In elementary schools, boys are two times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with a learning disability and twice as likely to be placed in special education classes -The number of boys whol didn't like school rose to 71% Boys are most likely to drop out and be suspended -Girls outscore boys in reading and writing skills -Boys are more likely to act violent and commit suicide -Why? Feminist agenda misrepresented girls' treatment in classrooms and boys were neglected. Education about inequities are addressed for girls and girls surged ahead. Boys and girls' brains develop differently. New Academic standards in elementary schools favor girls. -Fix it? Boys sit near front, use strict discipline, teach collaboration, work shoulder to shoulder with boys, allow free time for rough and tumble play, don't eliminate recess.
How does curricular content marginalize girls?
-Males are represented in more active and visible ways in textbooks -Theories taught in schools often involve studies conducted only on male subjects -History is often framed in terms of its effects on men -Disciplines like psychology, economics, history, or science rarely mention female contributors. These contributors are minimized or "given a nod"
Explain the double bind and maternal wall.
-Maternal Wall: unexamined assumptions held by coworkers and superiors about how women will behave once they become mothers -Extreme Perceptions: Women are perceived as too soft or too tough. -High Competence Threshold: women face higher standards and lower rewards as leaders -Competent but disliked: women are perceived as competent or like, but rarely both
How do the media regulate images of men and women? What are 3 characteristics of children's fairy tales?
-Media portray sexes in stereotypical ways. Men are hard, tough, independent, sexually aggressive, unafraid, violent, in control and not feminine. Women are portrayed in stereotypically female roles, most often sexualized. The female ideal is young and thin. -This is also true in animated and reality programming
What are the implications of gendered hierarchies in faculty/educational institutions?
-Schools instill beliefs of appropriate positions that may limit career aspirations (boys as elementary teachers and girls as principals). -The prominence of white and male faculty limits role models for female students and people of color
What are 3 functions of the media?
-Set the agenda -Regulate images of men and women -Motivate us to consume
According to Kanter, what are 4 basic stereotypes of women in the work place? Give examples of each. What are the implications of these stereotypes?
-Sex object: defines a woman's role through her appearance -Mother: nurturing, supportive, deferential nature . If have children, not seen as serious -Child: a view that women are less mature and competent at making decisions and being professional -Iron Maiden: defines a woman as being unfeminine or manly. Independent, aggressive and competitive as inappropriate for woman. Professional, but not a woman
What organizational changes are occurring?
-Some states have extended benefits while others have reduced the requirement sof the FMLA. -Obama extended benefits to military families. -Flextime -Facebook and apple pay to freeze women's eggs -Trump has said he supports 6 weeks of paid leave
How do work schedules, authority gap, and management styles affect women's advancement?
-Workdays are longer, making childcare more difficult to secure -Often women are forced into part-time positions or have fewer chances of advancement -Authority Gap: women are still acquiring skills and education; sex segregation places women in jobs in which they don't advance; cultural biases/differences prevent women from being promoted to higer positions
How do communication climates affect men and women in the workplace?
-Workplaces include language and behavior that men find familiar and comfortable, while some women do not. -Many organizations use language taken from sports, sex, and the military -"Boys' Club"; many of the hiring and promotions are accomplished here -Both women and minorities are less likely to have mentors
What are 3 key ideas of affirmative action? How is the power of affirmative action limited?
1.) Address historical patterns that have affected groups of people 2.) Involve preferential treatment of members of groups that have suffered discrimination 3.) Stipulate that the effectiveness of efforts to correct discrimination rests on the results not the intent behind the polices (qualified does not mean most qualified)
What is the feminization of management? Explain its 3 themes. How did women rate in the 2014 Ketchum Leadership Communication Monitor study? How do Fortune 1000 companies benefit from the promotion of women?
1.) Share responsibility for decision-making 2.) Help and develop employees 3.) Build networks -Ketchum Leadership Comm. Monitor found that women scored higher than men on the traits that were most valued in leaders: leading by example, communicating in an open and transparent way, admitting mistakes, and bringing out the best in others. -Fortune 1000 Companies that promote more women had overall higher profits and revenue than the industry average. The 27 female CEOs in the Fortune 1000 companies generate 7% of the Fortune 1000's total revenue
Define affirmative action.
A plan to increase the representation in education and in the workplace of available and qualified women, minorities, and other historically marginalized groups
What are the goals of the Ban Bossy and Lean in Together campaigns?
Ban Bossy: to help women feel more confident and comfortable as leaders Lean in Together: highlights the advantages of women in the workplace for men
What are 4 effects of stereotyping women and men in the workforce?
Getting a job Advancing Managing Climates
Describe the status of girls in education. Why do they drop out of math/science fields?
Girls generally outperform boys in the classroom and earn more degrees. However, success does not mean equality of opportunity or pay. -They drop out because they have fewer resources, lower salaries, less mentors, and cultural stereotypes
What is the pink ghetto or pink collar workers? Define sticky floor.
Jobs that are traditionally low paying and held by women. Men in these jobs do make more money than women. Sticky floor: used to describe a discriminatory environment pattern that keeps a certain group of people at the bottom of the job scale (not a lot of room for advancement)
Define academic redshirting.
Kids are postponed the entrance of kindergarten
Explain the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act?
Ledbetter was an employee at goodyear tie and rubber for nineteen years, and when she retired, a colleague left her a pay schedule that illustrated she was making significantly less money than men in her same position. So, she sued and the court ruled against her, arguing that she should have filed her suit within 180 days of the first occurrence of pay discrimination. But in 2009, Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act into law, which states that wage discrimination occurs whenever an employee receives discriminatory pay
How do men and women differ in use of social media? What are some functions of social media for gender communication?
Males use social media for instrumental purposes. Women use it to maintain relationships. -Social Networking -Learning and sharing information -Holding others accountable -Activism
Explain the crisis myth in education
Many people think that the reason women aren't advancing is because there aren't a lot of women going to school and college, but "Where the Girls Are: The Facts about Gender Equity in Education" found that academic success is more closely associated with family income than gender
Why is the breadwinner stereotype especially problematic/dangerous?
Men commit suicide when they can't provide
According to the Women in America Report what 5 jobs are 20% of women working in?
Secretaries Registered nurses Elementary teachers Cashiers Nursing Aides
Explain 3 stereotypes of men in the work force? Offer examples of each.
Sturdy Oak Fighter Breadwinner
What is the "chilly climate?"
Teachers give more attention (positive and negative) to male students. They are more likely to know the names of the male students, maintain more eye contact and attentive postures when talking to males, they ask more challenging questions of males, give lover and more significant responses to males, female contributions are interrupted, ignored or dismissed more often.
Explain FMLA and how leave policies may affect women and men.
The Family Medical Leave Act; passed in 1993, it intended to compel employers to grant reasonable leaves to workers with new children or family emergency: -12 weeks of unpaid family care -Employers must have 50 employees -Employees must have worked there 1 year -Law does not apply to the top 10% of the company's pay scale
