General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology, Chapter 3
Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Fibrocartilaginous disk pad located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints
Meniscus
The plane that passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments is called the ________ plane.
Midcoronal (also referred to as the midaxillary plane)
The plane passing through the midline of the body and dividing it into equal right and left halves is known as the ____________ plane.
Midsagittal
Distal
Refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body.
Superficial
Refers to parts near skin or surface
Proximal
Refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward center of body
External
Refers to parts outside an organ or on outside of the body
Medial
Refers to parts toward median plane of body or toward the middle of another body part
Cephalad
Refers to parts toward the head of the body
Internal
Refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
Visceral
Refers to the covering of an organ
Palmar
Refers to the palm of the hand
Lateral Projection
Refers to the side of, or side view Described by the side closest to IR or that body part from which the CR exits True lateral- 90° or perpendicular or at a right angle to a true AP or PA If it is not true, it is oblique
Plantar
Refers to the sole of the foot
Dorsum
Refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
Parietal
Refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
Crest
Ridgelike process
List the functional and Structural classification of: Knee
Diarthrodial; synovial
Distal / Proximal
Distal- away from the source Proximal- near the source , or beginning
Medial/lateral
Medial- toward center or median plane Lateral away from center
Deep
Refers to parts far from the surface
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Heart
Thoracic
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Lungs
Thoracic
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Trachea
Thoracic
List 2 major cavities of the torso
Thoracic and abdominal
Periosteum
Tough, fibrous membrane, connecting that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage)
Interiliac Plane
Transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process. It is used in positioning the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx.
True or False The thoracic cavity is subdivided into a pericardial segment and two pleural portions?
True
True or False Projections can also be defined by the relationship formed between the central Ray and the body as the central Ray passes through the entire body or body part. Ex: axial and tangential
True
Meatus
Tubelike passageway running within a bone
Special Planes
Two special planes are used in radiographic positioning. These planes are localized to a specific area of the body only. Interiliac Plane Occlusal Plane
Body Habitus
Variations in the shape of the human body. Has a significant effect on shape and location of internal body organs.
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C7, T1
Vertebra Prominens
The following are the four positioning terms most commonly used in radiology:
View Method Position Projection
Lateral Projection-Extremity
When performing a lateral projection on an extremity, we use the path of the CR to determine Ex. Hand- lateromedial elbow- lateromedial ankle- mediolateral knee-mediolateral
Appendicular Skeleton - Allows the body to move in various positions and from place to place with its 126 bones.
- extremities - pelvic - shoulder girdle
Axial Skeleton - Protects and supports the head and trunk with 80 bones
- skull - spine - sternum - ribs
Fibrous Joints - Do not have a joint cavity, they are united by various fibrous and connective tissues or ligaments. These are the strongest joints in the body because they are virtually immovable. 3 Types of fibrous joints
1. Syndesmosis-very slightly movable, joined by sheets of fibrous tissue Ex. Tibiofibular joint Only one in body 2. Suture- immovable, only in skull - held by strong connective tissue, 3. Gomphosis- immovable, only in roots of teeth
How many bones comprise the typical adult skeleton?
206
Sthenic 50% of the population
50% of population Average build May be considered "athletic" build, with no significant excess body fat
Epiphyseal Plate
A growth occurs, a plate of cartilage called epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal plates are made up of cartilage and do not visualize on x-rays.
Compact Bone
A strong dense outer layer of bony tissue The hard compact bone protects the bone and gives it strength for supporting the body
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Liver
Abdiminal
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Spleen
Abdominal
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Ureters
Abdominal
Some anatomists combine the abdominal and pelvic cavities and refer to them as the ______________.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
List the functional and Structural classification of: Pubic Symphysis
Amphiarthrodial; cartilaginous
Primary Ossification
Begins before birth and forms the entire bulk of the short and irregular bones.
Oblique Projection
An angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal plane is perpendicular or at a right angle to the IR Described by the part and the side closest to the IR
Oblique Plane
An oblique plane can pass through the body part at any angle among the three previously described planes (sagittal, coronal, or horizontal)
When the central Ray enters anywhere anterior (front) surface of the body and exits the back (posterior) this is termed
Anteroposterior; AP projection
List the two main skeletal divisions that make up the bony framework of the body.
Appendicular Axial
Sesamoid Bones
Are small oval bones that develop in and near tendons and function to protect ten-dons from excessive wear. Develop inside and beside tendons Provide protection for tendon from wear and tear EX: knee cap
Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint
Articular capsule
206 bones Divided into 2 main groups
Axial and Appendicular
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Hip
Ball and Socket (spheroid)
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Shoulder
Ball and Socket (spheroid)
Coracoid or Coronoid
Beaklike or crownlike process
Irregular Bone
Because of their peculiar shape, cannot be classified as long, short, or flat bones. Peculiar shaped Vertebrae, facial, bones at base of cranium, bones of pelvis EX: vertebrae, the bones in the pelvis
Intramembraneous Ossification
Bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo. produce the flat bones-skull, clavicles, mandible, and sternum. Before birth these bones are not joined.
Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Fluid containing sacs that are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction
Bursae
Tangential Projection
CR merely skims a body part to project that part in profile and away from other structures EX.- zygomatic arch, patella, trauma skull
Medullary Cavity
Central Cylindrical canal of long bones
External Landmarks
Cervical area C1- mastoid tip C2-3- gonion C5- thyroid cartilage C7, T1- vertebra prominens
Fissure
Cleft or deep groove In skull; -supra- and infra orbital
Malleolus
Club-shaped process
Common classifications of fractures are as follows; *Many fractures fall into more than one category.
Compression Open or compound Simple Greenstick Transverse Spiral or Oblique Comminuted Impacted
Processes or Projections
Condyle, Coracoid or coronoid, crest, epicondyle, facet, hamulus, head, horn, line, malleolus, spiine, styloid, and protuberance.
Flat Bones
Consist mainly of compact bone in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of spongy tissue. - 2 tables of compact bone *Between is narrow space called diploe *Cranium, sternum, scapula *Provide protection and for muscle attachment EX: sternum, cranium, scapula
Short Bones
Consist mainly of spongy tissue and have only a thin outer layer of compact bone. Carpal bones of wrist Tarsal bones of foot Allow minimum flexibility EX: carpal bones of the wrist, tarsal bones
Long Bone
Consist of a body and two articular ends. Long - limbs Consists of body, or shaft and 2 ends Function to provide support Long bones have central cavity called the medullary cavity EX: femur, humerus
Any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side and dividing the body into anterior and posterior segments is called an _______ plane.
Coronal
Position
Describes the overall posture of the patient Also describes the specific placement of the body part
Endochondral Ossification
Develop from hyaline cartilage in the embryo and produce short, irregular, and long bones. Endochondral ossification occurs from two distinct centers of development called primary and secondary ossification.
Diaphysis
During the development only the long shaft of the bone is called the diaphysis.
Trochanter
Either of 2 large, rounded and elevated processes(greater or major and lesser or minor) located of junction of neck and shaft of femur
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Metacarpophalangeal
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Wrist
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
General Body Positions
Erect/upright Recumbent Supine Prone Fowlers Trendelenburg
Head
Expanded end of a long bone
Depressions are all of the following:
Fissure, Foramen, Fossa, Groove, Meatus, Notch, Sinus, Sulcus
Classify the following bone by its shape: Scapula
Flat
From the following list what is the 5 classifications (by shape) of bone? Flat Long Short Small Cranial Irregular Appendicular Sesamiod
Flat Long Short Irregular Sesamiod
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction
Saddle (sellar)
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction
Ball and Socket (spheroid)
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation
Hinge (ginglymus)
Flexion, Extension
Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone at the same point, through openings called the ________
Foramina
Match the classification with its articulations: Synovial
Freely movable
List the two classifications of joints, which is the more widely used classification?
Functional and Structural (widely used)
Joints classification- Functional
Functional- mobility or lack of mobility 1.Synarthrosis - immovable 2. Amphiarthrosis - limited movement 3. Diarthrosis - freely movable
Sulcus
Furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression Pg 92- carpal Pg 231- calcaneal
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Intertarsal
Gliding (plane)
Projection
Is defined as the path of the central Ray as it exits the x-Ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR. Most projects are defined by entrance and exit points in the body and are based on an atomic position.
Body Habitus Directly Affects the location of the following:
Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Diaphragm, Colon and Gallbladder.
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Elbow
Hinge (ginglymus)
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Interphalangeal
Hinge (ginglymus)
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Knee
Hinge (ginglymus)
Foramen
Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
Depressions
Hollow or depressed areas
Hamulus
Hook shaped process
A plane that passes crosswise through the body and divides the body into superior and inferior segments is an _________ plane or a _______________ plane.
Horizontal (also referred to as a transverse. cross-sectional or axial plane)
Horn
Hornlike process on a bone
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C3, C4
Hyoid Bone
Match the classification with its articulations: Fibrous
Immovable
Notch
Indentation into the border of a bone Trochlear notch
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. L2, L3
Inferior costal margin
Spongy Bone
Inner trabeculated portion of the bone, an inner layer that is less dense The softer spongy bone contains a spiculated network of interconnecting spaces called trabeculae. Trabeculae are filled with red and yellow marrow. Red marrow produces RBC and WBC and yellow marrow stores adipose (fat) cells.
Classify the following bone by its shape: Maxilla
Irregular
Classify the following bone by its shape: Vertebrae
Irregular
Occlusal Plane
Is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed. It is used in positioning of the odontoid process and in some head projections.
Osteology
Is the detailed study of the body of knowledge related to the bones of the body Bones serve as - attachment for muscles - mechanical basis for movement - protection of internal organs - a frame to support the body - storage for calcium, phosphours, and other salts - production of RBC and WBC
Arthrology
Is the study of joints or articulations between bones.
Physiology
Is the study of the function of the body organs
Ossification
Is the term given to the development and formation of bones, Ossification occurs separately by two distinct processes: Intramembraneous Endochondral
Lumbar Area
L2-3- inferior costal margin L4-5- most superior aspect of iliac crests S1-2- ASIS Coccyx- pubic symphysis and greater trochanters
Hypersthenic 5% of the population
Large body frame and heavy Framework is thick and wide Stomach will lie transverse, while lungs and heart are high in relation to other organs Colon pushed out toward edges of the abdomen
Tuberosity
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Line
Less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T7
Level of Inferior Angles of Scapulae
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T2, T3
Level of Jugular Notch
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T4, T5
Level of Sternal Angle
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. S1, S2
Level of anterior superior iliac spines
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. Coccyx
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. L4, L5
Level of superior most aspect of iliac crest
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T9, T10
Level of xiphoid process
Match the classification with its articulations: Carilaginous
Limited or slight movement
The Principal Structures located in the Abdominal Cavity
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Stomach Intenstines Kidneys Ureters Major Blood Vessels Peritoneum Pelvic Portion- rectum, urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system
Classify the following bone by its shape: Radius
Long
Classify the following bone by its shape: Tibia
Long
Classification of Bones by Shape:
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Styloid
Long, pointed process
Axial Projection
Longitudinal angulation of the CR with the long axis of the body or a specific body part Usually done by angling the CR cephalad or caudad, but can also be done by angling the body (or part)
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C1
Mastoid Tip
Surface Landmarks
Most anatomic structures cannot be visualized directly; the radiographer must use various protuberances, tuberosites, and other external indicators to position the patient accurately.These surface landmarks enable the radiographer to obtain radiographs of optimal quality consistently for a wide variety of body types.
From the following list, what are the 4 main parts of the axial skeleton? Neck Skull Thorax Vertebral Column Upper limb (extremities) Lower limb (extremities)
Neck Skull Thorax Vertebral Column
Near the center of all long bones is an opening in the peritoneum called the _____
Nutrient foramen
Secondary Ossification
Occurs after birth when a separate bones begins to develop at both ends of each long bone.
Fracture - Is a break in the bone
Open-Serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin Closed-fracture that does not break through the skin Displaced-Serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic alignment Non-displaced-Fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment
Bone Development
Ossification In utero - bones are composed of cartilaginous tissue Osteoblasts - produce bone tissue Osteoclast - destroy bone tissue
Projection
Path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the image receptor AP projection- beam enters anterior body and exits posterior PA projection- beam enters posterior and exits anterior
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Ovaries
Pelvic
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Rectum
Pelvic
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Uterus
Pelvic
Although the abdominal cavity has no intervening partition, the lower portion is called the ____________.
Pelvic Cavity
From the following list circle the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton. Ribs Pelvic Girdle Shoulder Girdle Vertebral Column Upper Limb (extremities) Lower Limb (extremities)
Pelvic Girdle Shoulder Girdle Upper Limb (extermities) Lower Limb (exteremities)
Fossa
Pit, fovea, or hollow space
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: C1 and C2
Pivot (trochoid)
Synovial joints - Permit a wide range of motion.
Plane (Gliding)- very slight movement Ex-joints between wrist and feet Ginglymus (Hinge)- uniaxial movement, Permits only flexion and extension Ex.-elbow, knee, ankle, IP joints of fingers and toes Trochoid-(Pivot)- rotation around single axis rounded portion of one bone articulates within a ring formed by other bone Ex.-atlas and axis Ellipsoid (condyloid) - permits movement in 2 directions at right angles to each other Ex. radiocarpal Sellar -Saddle - similar to ellipsoid, one surface shaped like saddle and other shaped like a rider Ex. carpometacarpal Spheroid- (Ball and socket) - Multi-axial movement - round head of one bone rests in cup shaped depression of other bone Ex. Hip joint
The Principal Structures located in the Thoracic Cavity
Pleural membranes Lungs - Pleural Trachea Esophagus Pericardium Heart and Great Vessels Pericardial - heart Mediastinal
Bone Markings and Features
Processes- AKA projections- extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone Usually serve as attachment for muscles and ligaments
Protuberance
Projecting part or prominence
Epicondyle
Projection above a condyle
Divisions of the Abdomen 4 quadrants
Quadrants - divided at midsagittal plane (MSP) and umbilicus RUQ - Right upper quadrant RLQ - Right lower quadrant LUQ - Left upper quadrant LLQ - Left lower quadrant Dividing the abdomen into 4 quadrants is useful for describing the location of the various abdominal organs.
Sinus
Recess, groove, cavity or hollow space
Ipsilateral
Refers to a part on the same side of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Refers to back part of body or organ, (note however that the superior surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface)
Anterior (ventral)
Refers to forward or front part of body or forward part of an organ.
Central
Refers to middle area or main part of an organ
Inferior
Refers to nearer the feet or situated above
Superior
Refers to nearer the head or situated above
Contralateral
Refers to part or parts on opposite side of the body
Peripheral
Refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part.
Lateral
Refers to parts away from median plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
Caudad
Refers to parts away from the head of the body
Piviot (trochoid)
Rotation
Condyle
Rounded process at a joint Ex.- distal femur, proximal tibia, distal humerus
What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Saddle (sellar)
Any plane passing vertically through the body from front to back and dividing the body into right and left segments is called an _________ plane.
Sagittal
4 fundamental body planes
Sagittal Coronal Horizontal Oblique
Classify the following bone by its shape: Patella
Sesamoid
Groove
Shallow, linear channel humerus
Spine
Sharp process
Classify the following bone by its shape: Lunate
Short
Asthenic 10% of the population
Slender, slight body frame Skeletal structure is delicate Have a long, narrow thorax and a very long J-shaped stomach Colon also situated lower then other types
Gliding (plane)
Sliding, Gliding
Hyposthenic 35% of the population
Slightly smaller frame than the average person Stomach, intestines, and GB are located higher in the abdomen Carry less body fat than a sthenic person
Tubercle
Small, rounded, and elevated process
Facet
Small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation
Divisions of the Abdomen Regions
Some anatomists divide the abdomen into 9 regions by using four planes. The 9 regions of the body, divided into three groups are names as follows: Superior: Right hypochondruim Epigastrium Left hypochondrium Middle Right lateral Umbillical Left lateral Inferior Right inguinal Hypogastrium Left inguinal
What are the two classifications of joints?
Structural or functional
Joint classification - Structural
Structurally - Joints care classified into three distinct groups on the basis of their connective tissues: Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C5
Thyroid Cartilage
The abdomen is the portion of the trunk that is boarded superiorly by the _____________ and inferiorly by the __________.
Superior by the diaphragm Inferior by the superior pelvic apeture
Cartilaginous joints - They do not have a joint cavity and they are virtually immovable, hyaline or fibrocartlige unites these joints.
Symphasis - Essential feature is presence of a broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage Provides strength and absorbs shock Synchondrosis - temporary form of joint Synarthrodial- immovable
Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Joining together of two midline bones in the body by a plate of fibrocartilage
Symphysis
List the functional and Structural classification of: Cranial Sutures
Synarthrodial; fibrous
Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Joint in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
Synchondrosis
List the three structural classifications of articulations.
Synovial Cartilaginous Fibrous
Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Lubricant and nutrient compound found with in synovial joints
Synovial fluid
Thoracic Area
T1- 2in. above jugular notch T2-3- at jugular notch T4-5- sternal angle T7- inferior angles of scapula T9-10- xiphoid process
Describe the anatomic position.
The body standing erect, face and eyes directed for¬ward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward, heels together, and the toes pointing anteriorly with the great toes touching
Epiphysis
The ends of the long bone.
Anatomy
The term applied to the science of the structure of the body
Endosteum
The tissue lining the meduallary cavity of bones
What body cavity is the structure located in?: Esophagus
Thoracic
