General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology, Chapter 3

Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Fibrocartilaginous disk pad located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints

Meniscus

The plane that passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments is called the ________ plane.

Midcoronal (also referred to as the midaxillary plane)

The plane passing through the midline of the body and dividing it into equal right and left halves is known as the ____________ plane.

Midsagittal

Distal

Refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body.

Superficial

Refers to parts near skin or surface

Proximal

Refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward center of body

External

Refers to parts outside an organ or on outside of the body

Medial

Refers to parts toward median plane of body or toward the middle of another body part

Cephalad

Refers to parts toward the head of the body

Internal

Refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ

Visceral

Refers to the covering of an organ

Palmar

Refers to the palm of the hand

Lateral Projection

Refers to the side of, or side view Described by the side closest to IR or that body part from which the CR exits True lateral- 90° or perpendicular or at a right angle to a true AP or PA If it is not true, it is oblique

Plantar

Refers to the sole of the foot

Dorsum

Refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand

Parietal

Refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity

Crest

Ridgelike process

List the functional and Structural classification of: Knee

Diarthrodial; synovial

Distal / Proximal

Distal- away from the source Proximal- near the source , or beginning

Medial/lateral

Medial- toward center or median plane Lateral away from center

Deep

Refers to parts far from the surface

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Heart

Thoracic

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Lungs

Thoracic

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Trachea

Thoracic

List 2 major cavities of the torso

Thoracic and abdominal

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous membrane, connecting that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage)

Interiliac Plane

Transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process. It is used in positioning the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx.

True or False The thoracic cavity is subdivided into a pericardial segment and two pleural portions?

True

True or False Projections can also be defined by the relationship formed between the central Ray and the body as the central Ray passes through the entire body or body part. Ex: axial and tangential

True

Meatus

Tubelike passageway running within a bone

Special Planes

Two special planes are used in radiographic positioning. These planes are localized to a specific area of the body only. Interiliac Plane Occlusal Plane

Body Habitus

Variations in the shape of the human body. Has a significant effect on shape and location of internal body organs.

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C7, T1

Vertebra Prominens

The following are the four positioning terms most commonly used in radiology:

View Method Position Projection

Lateral Projection-Extremity

When performing a lateral projection on an extremity, we use the path of the CR to determine Ex. Hand- lateromedial elbow- lateromedial ankle- mediolateral knee-mediolateral

Appendicular Skeleton - Allows the body to move in various positions and from place to place with its 126 bones.

- extremities - pelvic - shoulder girdle

Axial Skeleton - Protects and supports the head and trunk with 80 bones

- skull - spine - sternum - ribs

Fibrous Joints - Do not have a joint cavity, they are united by various fibrous and connective tissues or ligaments. These are the strongest joints in the body because they are virtually immovable. 3 Types of fibrous joints

1. Syndesmosis-very slightly movable, joined by sheets of fibrous tissue Ex. Tibiofibular joint Only one in body 2. Suture- immovable, only in skull - held by strong connective tissue, 3. Gomphosis- immovable, only in roots of teeth

How many bones comprise the typical adult skeleton?

206

Sthenic 50% of the population

50% of population Average build May be considered "athletic" build, with no significant excess body fat

Epiphyseal Plate

A growth occurs, a plate of cartilage called epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal plates are made up of cartilage and do not visualize on x-rays.

Compact Bone

A strong dense outer layer of bony tissue The hard compact bone protects the bone and gives it strength for supporting the body

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Liver

Abdiminal

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Spleen

Abdominal

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Ureters

Abdominal

Some anatomists combine the abdominal and pelvic cavities and refer to them as the ______________.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

List the functional and Structural classification of: Pubic Symphysis

Amphiarthrodial; cartilaginous

Primary Ossification

Begins before birth and forms the entire bulk of the short and irregular bones.

Oblique Projection

An angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal plane is perpendicular or at a right angle to the IR Described by the part and the side closest to the IR

Oblique Plane

An oblique plane can pass through the body part at any angle among the three previously described planes (sagittal, coronal, or horizontal)

When the central Ray enters anywhere anterior (front) surface of the body and exits the back (posterior) this is termed

Anteroposterior; AP projection

List the two main skeletal divisions that make up the bony framework of the body.

Appendicular Axial

Sesamoid Bones

Are small oval bones that develop in and near tendons and function to protect ten-dons from excessive wear. Develop inside and beside tendons Provide protection for tendon from wear and tear EX: knee cap

Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint

Articular capsule

206 bones Divided into 2 main groups

Axial and Appendicular

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Hip

Ball and Socket (spheroid)

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Shoulder

Ball and Socket (spheroid)

Coracoid or Coronoid

Beaklike or crownlike process

Irregular Bone

Because of their peculiar shape, cannot be classified as long, short, or flat bones. Peculiar shaped Vertebrae, facial, bones at base of cranium, bones of pelvis EX: vertebrae, the bones in the pelvis

Intramembraneous Ossification

Bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo. produce the flat bones-skull, clavicles, mandible, and sternum. Before birth these bones are not joined.

Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Fluid containing sacs that are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction

Bursae

Tangential Projection

CR merely skims a body part to project that part in profile and away from other structures EX.- zygomatic arch, patella, trauma skull

Medullary Cavity

Central Cylindrical canal of long bones

External Landmarks

Cervical area C1- mastoid tip C2-3- gonion C5- thyroid cartilage C7, T1- vertebra prominens

Fissure

Cleft or deep groove In skull; -supra- and infra orbital

Malleolus

Club-shaped process

Common classifications of fractures are as follows; *Many fractures fall into more than one category.

Compression Open or compound Simple Greenstick Transverse Spiral or Oblique Comminuted Impacted

Processes or Projections

Condyle, Coracoid or coronoid, crest, epicondyle, facet, hamulus, head, horn, line, malleolus, spiine, styloid, and protuberance.

Flat Bones

Consist mainly of compact bone in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of spongy tissue. - 2 tables of compact bone *Between is narrow space called diploe *Cranium, sternum, scapula *Provide protection and for muscle attachment EX: sternum, cranium, scapula

Short Bones

Consist mainly of spongy tissue and have only a thin outer layer of compact bone. Carpal bones of wrist Tarsal bones of foot Allow minimum flexibility EX: carpal bones of the wrist, tarsal bones

Long Bone

Consist of a body and two articular ends. Long - limbs Consists of body, or shaft and 2 ends Function to provide support Long bones have central cavity called the medullary cavity EX: femur, humerus

Any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side and dividing the body into anterior and posterior segments is called an _______ plane.

Coronal

Position

Describes the overall posture of the patient Also describes the specific placement of the body part

Endochondral Ossification

Develop from hyaline cartilage in the embryo and produce short, irregular, and long bones. Endochondral ossification occurs from two distinct centers of development called primary and secondary ossification.

Diaphysis

During the development only the long shaft of the bone is called the diaphysis.

Trochanter

Either of 2 large, rounded and elevated processes(greater or major and lesser or minor) located of junction of neck and shaft of femur

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Metacarpophalangeal

Ellipsoid (condyloid)

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Wrist

Ellipsoid (condyloid)

General Body Positions

Erect/upright Recumbent Supine Prone Fowlers Trendelenburg

Head

Expanded end of a long bone

Depressions are all of the following:

Fissure, Foramen, Fossa, Groove, Meatus, Notch, Sinus, Sulcus

Classify the following bone by its shape: Scapula

Flat

From the following list what is the 5 classifications (by shape) of bone? Flat Long Short Small Cranial Irregular Appendicular Sesamiod

Flat Long Short Irregular Sesamiod

Ellipsoid (condyloid)

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction

Saddle (sellar)

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction

Ball and Socket (spheroid)

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation

Hinge (ginglymus)

Flexion, Extension

Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone at the same point, through openings called the ________

Foramina

Match the classification with its articulations: Synovial

Freely movable

List the two classifications of joints, which is the more widely used classification?

Functional and Structural (widely used)

Joints classification- Functional

Functional- mobility or lack of mobility 1.Synarthrosis - immovable 2. Amphiarthrosis - limited movement 3. Diarthrosis - freely movable

Sulcus

Furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression Pg 92- carpal Pg 231- calcaneal

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Intertarsal

Gliding (plane)

Projection

Is defined as the path of the central Ray as it exits the x-Ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR. Most projects are defined by entrance and exit points in the body and are based on an atomic position.

Body Habitus Directly Affects the location of the following:

Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Diaphragm, Colon and Gallbladder.

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Elbow

Hinge (ginglymus)

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Interphalangeal

Hinge (ginglymus)

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Knee

Hinge (ginglymus)

Foramen

Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

Depressions

Hollow or depressed areas

Hamulus

Hook shaped process

A plane that passes crosswise through the body and divides the body into superior and inferior segments is an _________ plane or a _______________ plane.

Horizontal (also referred to as a transverse. cross-sectional or axial plane)

Horn

Hornlike process on a bone

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C3, C4

Hyoid Bone

Match the classification with its articulations: Fibrous

Immovable

Notch

Indentation into the border of a bone Trochlear notch

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. L2, L3

Inferior costal margin

Spongy Bone

Inner trabeculated portion of the bone, an inner layer that is less dense The softer spongy bone contains a spiculated network of interconnecting spaces called trabeculae. Trabeculae are filled with red and yellow marrow. Red marrow produces RBC and WBC and yellow marrow stores adipose (fat) cells.

Classify the following bone by its shape: Maxilla

Irregular

Classify the following bone by its shape: Vertebrae

Irregular

Occlusal Plane

Is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed. It is used in positioning of the odontoid process and in some head projections.

Osteology

Is the detailed study of the body of knowledge related to the bones of the body Bones serve as - attachment for muscles - mechanical basis for movement - protection of internal organs - a frame to support the body - storage for calcium, phosphours, and other salts - production of RBC and WBC

Arthrology

Is the study of joints or articulations between bones.

Physiology

Is the study of the function of the body organs

Ossification

Is the term given to the development and formation of bones, Ossification occurs separately by two distinct processes: Intramembraneous Endochondral

Lumbar Area

L2-3- inferior costal margin L4-5- most superior aspect of iliac crests S1-2- ASIS Coccyx- pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

Hypersthenic 5% of the population

Large body frame and heavy Framework is thick and wide Stomach will lie transverse, while lungs and heart are high in relation to other organs Colon pushed out toward edges of the abdomen

Tuberosity

Large, rounded, and elevated process

Line

Less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T7

Level of Inferior Angles of Scapulae

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T2, T3

Level of Jugular Notch

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T4, T5

Level of Sternal Angle

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. S1, S2

Level of anterior superior iliac spines

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. Coccyx

Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. L4, L5

Level of superior most aspect of iliac crest

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. T9, T10

Level of xiphoid process

Match the classification with its articulations: Carilaginous

Limited or slight movement

The Principal Structures located in the Abdominal Cavity

Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Stomach Intenstines Kidneys Ureters Major Blood Vessels Peritoneum Pelvic Portion- rectum, urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system

Classify the following bone by its shape: Radius

Long

Classify the following bone by its shape: Tibia

Long

Classification of Bones by Shape:

Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

Styloid

Long, pointed process

Axial Projection

Longitudinal angulation of the CR with the long axis of the body or a specific body part Usually done by angling the CR cephalad or caudad, but can also be done by angling the body (or part)

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C1

Mastoid Tip

Surface Landmarks

Most anatomic structures cannot be visualized directly; the radiographer must use various protuberances, tuberosites, and other external indicators to position the patient accurately.These surface landmarks enable the radiographer to obtain radiographs of optimal quality consistently for a wide variety of body types.

From the following list, what are the 4 main parts of the axial skeleton? Neck Skull Thorax Vertebral Column Upper limb (extremities) Lower limb (extremities)

Neck Skull Thorax Vertebral Column

Near the center of all long bones is an opening in the peritoneum called the _____

Nutrient foramen

Secondary Ossification

Occurs after birth when a separate bones begins to develop at both ends of each long bone.

Fracture - Is a break in the bone

Open-Serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin Closed-fracture that does not break through the skin Displaced-Serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic alignment Non-displaced-Fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment

Bone Development

Ossification In utero - bones are composed of cartilaginous tissue Osteoblasts - produce bone tissue Osteoclast - destroy bone tissue

Projection

Path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the image receptor AP projection- beam enters anterior body and exits posterior PA projection- beam enters posterior and exits anterior

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Ovaries

Pelvic

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Rectum

Pelvic

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Uterus

Pelvic

Although the abdominal cavity has no intervening partition, the lower portion is called the ____________.

Pelvic Cavity

From the following list circle the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton. Ribs Pelvic Girdle Shoulder Girdle Vertebral Column Upper Limb (extremities) Lower Limb (extremities)

Pelvic Girdle Shoulder Girdle Upper Limb (extermities) Lower Limb (exteremities)

Fossa

Pit, fovea, or hollow space

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: C1 and C2

Pivot (trochoid)

Synovial joints - Permit a wide range of motion.

Plane (Gliding)- very slight movement Ex-joints between wrist and feet Ginglymus (Hinge)- uniaxial movement, Permits only flexion and extension Ex.-elbow, knee, ankle, IP joints of fingers and toes Trochoid-(Pivot)- rotation around single axis rounded portion of one bone articulates within a ring formed by other bone Ex.-atlas and axis Ellipsoid (condyloid) - permits movement in 2 directions at right angles to each other Ex. radiocarpal Sellar -Saddle - similar to ellipsoid, one surface shaped like saddle and other shaped like a rider Ex. carpometacarpal Spheroid- (Ball and socket) - Multi-axial movement - round head of one bone rests in cup shaped depression of other bone Ex. Hip joint

The Principal Structures located in the Thoracic Cavity

Pleural membranes Lungs - Pleural Trachea Esophagus Pericardium Heart and Great Vessels Pericardial - heart Mediastinal

Bone Markings and Features

Processes- AKA projections- extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone Usually serve as attachment for muscles and ligaments

Protuberance

Projecting part or prominence

Epicondyle

Projection above a condyle

Divisions of the Abdomen 4 quadrants

Quadrants - divided at midsagittal plane (MSP) and umbilicus RUQ - Right upper quadrant RLQ - Right lower quadrant LUQ - Left upper quadrant LLQ - Left lower quadrant Dividing the abdomen into 4 quadrants is useful for describing the location of the various abdominal organs.

Sinus

Recess, groove, cavity or hollow space

Ipsilateral

Refers to a part on the same side of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Refers to back part of body or organ, (note however that the superior surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface)

Anterior (ventral)

Refers to forward or front part of body or forward part of an organ.

Central

Refers to middle area or main part of an organ

Inferior

Refers to nearer the feet or situated above

Superior

Refers to nearer the head or situated above

Contralateral

Refers to part or parts on opposite side of the body

Peripheral

Refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part.

Lateral

Refers to parts away from median plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left

Caudad

Refers to parts away from the head of the body

Piviot (trochoid)

Rotation

Condyle

Rounded process at a joint Ex.- distal femur, proximal tibia, distal humerus

What is the corresponding Synovial Joint to the structure?: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Saddle (sellar)

Any plane passing vertically through the body from front to back and dividing the body into right and left segments is called an _________ plane.

Sagittal

4 fundamental body planes

Sagittal Coronal Horizontal Oblique

Classify the following bone by its shape: Patella

Sesamoid

Groove

Shallow, linear channel humerus

Spine

Sharp process

Classify the following bone by its shape: Lunate

Short

Asthenic 10% of the population

Slender, slight body frame Skeletal structure is delicate Have a long, narrow thorax and a very long J-shaped stomach Colon also situated lower then other types

Gliding (plane)

Sliding, Gliding

Hyposthenic 35% of the population

Slightly smaller frame than the average person Stomach, intestines, and GB are located higher in the abdomen Carry less body fat than a sthenic person

Tubercle

Small, rounded, and elevated process

Facet

Small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation

Divisions of the Abdomen Regions

Some anatomists divide the abdomen into 9 regions by using four planes. The 9 regions of the body, divided into three groups are names as follows: Superior: Right hypochondruim Epigastrium Left hypochondrium Middle Right lateral Umbillical Left lateral Inferior Right inguinal Hypogastrium Left inguinal

What are the two classifications of joints?

Structural or functional

Joint classification - Structural

Structurally - Joints care classified into three distinct groups on the basis of their connective tissues: Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Match the Vertebrae with the appropriate external landmark present at the same body level. C5

Thyroid Cartilage

The abdomen is the portion of the trunk that is boarded superiorly by the _____________ and inferiorly by the __________.

Superior by the diaphragm Inferior by the superior pelvic apeture

Cartilaginous joints - They do not have a joint cavity and they are virtually immovable, hyaline or fibrocartlige unites these joints.

Symphasis - Essential feature is presence of a broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage Provides strength and absorbs shock Synchondrosis - temporary form of joint Synarthrodial- immovable

Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Joining together of two midline bones in the body by a plate of fibrocartilage

Symphysis

List the functional and Structural classification of: Cranial Sutures

Synarthrodial; fibrous

Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Joint in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

Synchondrosis

List the three structural classifications of articulations.

Synovial Cartilaginous Fibrous

Match the definitions with the articulation terms: Lubricant and nutrient compound found with in synovial joints

Synovial fluid

Thoracic Area

T1- 2in. above jugular notch T2-3- at jugular notch T4-5- sternal angle T7- inferior angles of scapula T9-10- xiphoid process

Describe the anatomic position.

The body standing erect, face and eyes directed for¬ward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward, heels together, and the toes pointing anteriorly with the great toes touching

Epiphysis

The ends of the long bone.

Anatomy

The term applied to the science of the structure of the body

Endosteum

The tissue lining the meduallary cavity of bones

What body cavity is the structure located in?: Esophagus

Thoracic