General Biology 1 (lab exam 2)
Polymerase Chain Reaction
"PCR" stands for
CO2 and H2O
(This refers to the last laboratory activity in Exercise 7.) A thoroughly watered geranium plant has been left in a dark cabinet for a week. Leaves will be removed from the plant and placed under opaque screens with small areas of each leaf uncovered. Which components of photosynthesis did the leaves have access to while in the cabinet?
(All of the above are true.)
A DNA Microarray allows us to infer: Question options: which mRNA are being transcribed by normal cells. which mRNA are being transcribed by diseased cells. which mRNA are not being transcribed by normal cells. which mRNA are not being transcribed by diseased cells. (All of the above are true.)
23
A diploid cell, with 46 chromosomes, goes through the process of meiosis. How many chromosomes are present in each resulting gamete?
46
A diploid cell, with 46 chromosomes, goes through the process of mitosis. How many chromosomes are present in each daughter cell?
2
A duplicated chromosome is made up of how many sister chromatids?
diploid
A somatic cell having two of each type of chromosome has a(n) ____ chromosome number.
The allele frequency in the gene pool remains in equilibrium over many generations.
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, what happens to the allele frequency in a population gene pool when there are no disturbing influences?
the same as
After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is _____ the parent cell's chromosome number.
the same as
After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is _______ the parent cell.
Metaphase
All duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell.
Prophase
Chromosomes start to condense.
cell wall
Compared to animal cells, plant cells have to deal with an additional cell structure when they are undergoing cytokinesis. What is this cell structure?
Cell plate; cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis proceeds differently in plant and animal cells.
(all of the above are true)
DNA typing (or DNA fingerprinting) can be used with great accuracy in applications such as: paternity determinations identification of genetic disease "markers". identification of human remains criminal investigations (all of the above are true)
alleles
Different forms of a particular gene are referred to as ______.
anaphase II
During meiosis, sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate during ______.
centrosomes
During prophase, the mitotic spindle begins to form as microtubules grow out of _______, which are also referred to as microtubule organizing centers.
a particular gene
Each dot on a DNA microarray (gene chip) contains a known sequence of complementary DNA which corresponds to _____.
a particular gene.
Each dot on a microarray (gene chip) contains a known sequence of complementary DNA which corresponds to ________.
p
Frequency of a dominant allele
Uppercase letter
How are dominant alleles represented in a genotype?
1/2 A and 1/2 a
If a parent has the genotype Aa, what are the expected genotypes of the gametes produced by this parent?
Raising and lowering the temperature of PCR components so that different processes (denaturing, annealing, and extension) can occur.
In PCR, what does "thermal cycling" mean?
Raising and lowering the temperature of PCR components to allow for denaturing, annealing, and extension.
In PCR, what does "thermal cycling" mean?
Gel Green
In our in-class lab activity, what did we use to stain the bands of DNA in the agarose gel?
The total frequency of all alleles for a gene in a gene pool of a population
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p + q = 1), what does the 1 represent?
The total frequency of all alleles for a gene in gene pool of a population
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p + q = 1), what does the 1 represent?
"p" refers to the frequency of the dominant alleles in a gene pool and "p2" refers to the frequency of the homozygous dominant phenotype.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equations, what is the difference between p and p2?
Prophase I
In which of the eight stages of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Gel electrophoresis
In which of these activities did we use a micropipettor?
The photosynthetic pigments are soluble in the nonpolar regions of the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
In which part of a plant cell are photosynthetic pigments found?
Prophase I
In which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
a cell grows and duplicates its DNA.
Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when
halves
Meiosis _________ the parental chromosome number.
sexual reproduction
Meiosis and cytoplasmic division are necessary for _____.
four cells
Meiosis ends with the formation of ______.
4 cells
Meiosis ends with the formation of...?
on different homologous pairs of chromosomes
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment accounts for the inheritance pattern of genes that are______.
genes on homologous chromosomes
Mendel's Law of Segregation accounts for the inheritance pattern of ______.
The shirt contains a dye that absorbs all wavelengths of light except blue.
Michael's shirt is blue. What is the best explanation of this fact?
Telophase
Nuclear membrane reforms around daughter nuclei.
Gene flow
Of the factors that may influence allele frequency and genetic equilibrium in a population, which one is described as the movement of alleles in and out of a population as organisms enter and exit a population?
Natural Selection
Of the factors that may influence allele frequency and genetic equilibrium in a population, which one is described as the process by which species are better adapted to their environment?
Genetic Drift
Of the factors that may influence allele frequency and genetic equilibrium in a population, which one is described as the random loss of genes in a small population?
kinetochore
On each side of a duplicated chromosome's centromere is a _______ which binds to spindle microtubules during mitosis.
solubility in the solvent.
Pigments were separated with chromatography solvent based on their
Regulatory switches for jaw and pelvic tissue for all three phenotypes
Polymerase chain reaction will be used in this week's lab to amplify selected DNA sequences of marine, freshwater, and hybrid sticklebacks. Which DNA sequences will be amplified?
True
Restriction enzymes cleave phosphodiester bonds to create fragments of DNA.
Anaphase
Sister chromatids move apart
True
TRUE/FALSE Cells resulting from meiosis are different from each other and the parent cell.
True
TRUE/FALSE Cells resulting from mitosis are identical to each other and the parent cell.
0.42
The equation p + q = 1.0 refers to allele frequencies. The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 refers to genotype frequencies. If a dominant allele frequency (p) in a population is 0.3, what is the frequency of individuals with a heterozygous genotype (2pq)?
had a coding sequence that was identical in freshwater and marine sticklebacks.
The gene PitX1 is found in both freshwater and marine sticklebacks. Scientists were able to determine that this gene...
plants store glucose in starch molecules.
The reason we use iodine to test for photosynthesis is because
complete dominance
The relationship between IA and i is _____.
distance
The size of the DNA fragments cut by a restriction enzyme depends on the ___________ between the recognition sites.
genotype
The terms heterozygous and homozygous refer to an organism's ______.
if there is a difference in the size of each DNA segment
We will use gel electrophoresis to compare the amplified segments of DNA from different stickleback phenotypes. What will we be able to tell from the results shown on the gel?
Expression of a certain gene by normal cells, but not cancer cells
What does a green dot indicate on a DNA microarray?
Expression of a certain gene by cancer cells, but not normal cells
What does a red dot indicate on a DNA microarray?
Photosynthesis decreases atmospheric CO2 levels
What effect does photosynthesis have on atmospheric CO2?
Photosynthesis decreases atmospheric CO2 levels.
What effect does photosynthesis have on atmospheric carbon dioxide?
DNA replication/synthesis
What important event occurs in the S phase of interphase?
Heterozygous
What is an individual called who possesses two different alleles for the same gene?
Metaphase
What stage of mitosis is shown?
gel electrophoresis
What technique can be used to separate DNA samples based on size and charge?
Homologous
What term describes the pairs of similar chromosomes in a diploid cell, with one of each pair contributed by the mother, the other by the father?
in the thylakoids of the chloroplast
Where in the plant cell do the light reactions take place?
Question options: in the stroma of the chloroplast
Where in the plant cell does the Calvin cycle take place?
in the stroma of the chloroplast
Where in the plant cell does the Calvin cycle take place?
Violet; red
Which color has the shortest wavelength? Which color has the longest?
Mutations and deletions & Each individual's DNA contains alleles from each parent, resulting in a unique genetic combination.
Which of the following are possible reasons that there are differences in DNA sequences from one individual to the next? (Choose all correct answers.)
It is labeled with a fluorescent tag. It will bind to a complementary "oligo" (single stranded piece of DNA) on the DNA microarray. It is copied from mRNA using reverse transcriptase.
Which of the following are true about cDNA? (Choose all correct answers.)
An alternate form of a gene
Which of the following best describes an allele?
Ocean-dwelling with pelvic spines
Which of the following best describes the ancestors of freshwater sticklebacks?
Similar, but not identical, pairs of chromosomes. One of each is contributed by the mother, the other by the father.
Which of the following correctly describes homologous chromosomes?
Energy + 6CO2 + 12H2O -> -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Which of the following is a summary of the correct general formula for photosynthesis?
All of the chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in the various parts of the chloroplasts.
Which of the following is accurate regarding the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis?
Pedigree chart
Which of the following is used to study the inheritance pattern of a trait through several generations of a family?
PCR and Gel electrophoresis
Which of the following techniques will be used in Exercise 12?
Human height
Which of the following traits is controlled by many genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes?
Bb
Which of these is a heterozygous genotype?
The pigment that is most soluble in the solvent
Which pigment would you expect to move the furthest from the origin on a chromatogram (chromatography paper with organic solvents)?
Gel electrophoresis
Which technique can be used to separate DNA samples based on size and charge?
Polymerase chain reaction
Which technique is used to amplify (make millions of identical copies of) a particular sequence of DNA?
DNA microarray
Which technique is used to compare the expression amounts of specific mRNA in control (normal) and experimental (diseased) cells?
DNA microarrayRaising and lowering the temperature of PCR components to allow for denaturing, annealing, and extension.
Which technique uses complementary nucleotides that have been tagged with fluorescent markers?
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
Which two atmospheric gases can be monitored in order to measure the rate of photosynthesis?
Question options: so it would use up its stores of starch.
Why was the Geranium plant placed in a dark cabinet for 5 days before lab?
2pq
frequency of heterozygous individuals
p^2
frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
q^2
frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
q
frequency of recessive allele
a regulatory gene that turns other genes "on" and "off".
the gene PitX1 is ..
