genetics

-child of a mother with untreated phenylketonuria is -1% -25% -10% -100%

-100%

1. How many amino acids are found in proteins? A)20, B) 25, C)10, D)4

A)20

1. DNA helicase is aprotein which opens up double helix of DNA during replication. A)TrueB)False

A)True

1. DNA replication occurs during Interphase: A)TrueB)False

A)True

1. The enzymes that perform transcription are called RNA polymerases. A)TrueB) False

A)True

What do studies of maternal nurturing behavior in rats suggest about humans? a. Maternal nurturing causes children to release corticosterone, which reduces levels of stress and leads to more nurturing. b. People who are adequately nurtured early in life tend to be less nurturing when they have children of their own. c. Children with nurturing mothers develop fewer natural defenses to stress and are more likely to become suicidal. d. Maternal neglect early in life may have lasting impacts on a person's ability to cope with life's challenges.

d. Maternal neglect early in life may have lasting impacts on a person's ability to cope with life's challenges.

The effects of PKU are epigenetic because a. having two genes for PKU doubles the chances that phenylalanine will impact a child's brain development. b. a child inherits two genes for PKU only when environmental conditions are favorable. c. phenylalanine causes mental deficits even if a child inherits just one gene for PKU. d. PKU is harmful only if a child ingests significant amounts of phenylalanine.

d. PKU is harmful only if a child ingests significant amounts of phenylalanine.

Twins who share a certain physical or behavioral trait are _______ for that trait. a. discordant b. monozygotic c. dizygotic d. concordant

d. concordant

Twin studies of the heritability of schizophrenia generally show that a. there is a 50 percent difference in the genomes between those with schizophrenia and those without it. b. 90 percent of twins who inherit genes for schizophrenia will develop symptoms. c. monozygotic twins tend not to inherit genes for schizophrenia. d. the heritability of schizophrenia is about 50 percent.

d. the heritability of schizophrenia is about 50 percent.

-gene mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide (base) for anot -frameshift -insertion -point mutations -deletion

point mutations

Tay - Sachs disease shows autosomal recessive inheritance. Parents of a newly diagnosed affected child are referred for genetic counseling. It would be correct to tell them that -the probability that their next child will be affected is 1 in 2 -the probability that the older unaffected sister of the affected child is a carrier is 1 in 2. -the fact that their last child was affected means that their next three children will not be affected. -the probability that each parent is a carrier is 1

the probability that each parent is a carrier is 1

1. Cells are enclosed in a plasma membranes. Plasma membranes are: A)Hydrophobic, B) Amphiphilic, C) Lipophilic, D) Hydrophilic

) Amphiphilic

1. Guanine (G) is complementary to: UracilB) AdenineC)ThymineD) Cytosine

) Cytosine

1. The flow of genetic information in cells is therefore: A) Protein - gene -RNA B) RNA-DNA-protein C) DNA-RNA-Protein D)RNA-protein-DNA

) DNA-RNA-Protein

1. Phototrophic cells get their energy from: A) Non-living word (feeding on rocks), B) Living word, C) Non-living word (feeding on light)D) all answers are true

) Non-living word (feeding on light)

1. Transcription occurs in the: A) Cytoplasm B) Nucleus C)both version are false; D)Both version are true

) Nucleus

1. The enzymes that perform transcription (synthesis of RNA from DNA) are called: A) Proteases B) Oxidoreductases C) RNA polymerasesD)Lygase

) RNA polymerases

1. All following molecules are small organic molecules: A) Polysaccharide, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides. B) Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides C) Proteins, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides.D)Nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids

) Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides

1. α - helices wrap around each other to form a particularly stable structure, known as: A)α - helices B) β-sheets C) coiled-coilD)Primary structure

) coiled-coil

1. Most common folding patterns (secondary structures) of proteins are: A) Domains B) α - helices, β-sheets C) Side chains D) Amino acids

) α - helices, β-sheets

1. Strands of DNA double helix are: A) Parallel B)Antiparallel C)non-complementary D)all answers are false

)Antiparallel

1. During deamination ,purine group of base is lost. A)TrueB)False

)False

1. Once an mRNA has been produced by transcription and processing, the information present in its nucleotide sequence is used to synthesizesugars. A)TrueB)False

)False

1. Replication fork is a tree of life. A)TrueB)False

)False

1. During DNA replication at the replication origin is formed so called: A) Chromosome B) Chromatide C)Replication fork D)Chromatine

)Replication fork

1. The RNA molecules that are copied from genes (which ultimately direct the synthesis of proteins) are called: A) tRNA B)mRNA C)rRNA D)micro-RNA

)mRNA

A mother is affected by Down's syndrome caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Father is normal. The chance of offspring affected by the disorder is -100% -75% - 50% -25%

- 50%

.The 'Christmas disease' patients lack antihaemophilic factor -Homogentisic acid - Factor VIII - Factor XI - Factor IX

- Factor IX

.Genetic map is one that: - establishes sites of the gene on a chromosome - Establishes the various stages in gene evolution - Shows the stages during cell division - Shows distribution of various species in region

- establishes sites of the gene on a chromosome

.Orchronosis is assosiated with: -Tay-sachs -Gauche -Alkaptonuria -all

-Alkaptonuria

29.Increases gene transcription. -DNA acetylation -helicase -transcriptase -methylation

-DNA acetylation

Tay-Sachs disease is caused by deficiency of _______? -Alpha-L-iduronidase -Glucose-6-phosphatase -Hexosaminidase A

-Hexosaminidase A

development of testes which has an additional chromosome X. The condition is -Turner's syndrome -Huntington's disease -Klinefelter's syndrome

-Klinefelter's syndrome

.Familial hypercholesterolaemia is caused by mutations in the gene which encodes what? -High density lipoprotein -HMG-CoA reductase -Low density lipoprotein -Low density lipoprotein receptor

-Low density lipoprotein receptor

1. What causes mutations? -Mistakes in replication or environmental substances -The amino acids -Passed down by genetics -It's how your born

-Mistakes in replication or environmental substances

Pleiotropy: -One gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects -Mutations at different loci can produce a similar phenotype -Different mutations in the same locus produce the same phenotype -All above

-One gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects

Unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells. -Stem cell -Neuro glia -Neurons -All

-Stem cell

Achondroplasia shows autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance. A man with achondroplasia has an unaffected partner of normal height. Their first two children are not affected. Which of the following is correct? -The probability that their next child will be affected is 1 in 2. -The probability that each of their children will be affected is less than 1 in 2 because the parents of the man with achondroplasia are not affected. -The mother of these children has a sister with achondroplasia. This increases the risk that the children could be carriers. -If their third child is unaffected, then the probability that their fourth child will be affected is 1 in 8.

-The probability that their next child will be affected is 1 in 2.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is one of the most common autosomal dominant disorders. A woman with neurofibromatosis type 1 has an unaffected partner. Which of the following is correct regarding their children? -The probability that each of their children will be affected is 1 in 4 -The probability that their second child will be affected if their first child is affected is 1 in 4. -The probability that their third child will be affected if their first two children are affected is 1 in 2.

-The probability that their third child will be affected if their first two children are affected is 1 in 2.

Why are insertion and deletion mutations so harmful? -They change all of the codons (amino acids) from the mutation on down the line, which ......amino acid sequence -They insert things that an organism doesn't need. -hey often delete things that organisms need. -Insertion and deletions are not any more harmful than substitution mutations

-They change all of the codons (amino acids) from the mutation on down the line, which ......amino acid sequence

A monosomic abnormality in human is -Klinefelter's syndrome -Turner's syndrome -Edwards syndrome -Down's syndrome

-Turner's syndrome

Which is NOT true about haemophilia? -Bleeder's disease -Royal disease -X-linked disease -Y-linked disorder

-Y-linked disorder

Codominance -heterozygote shows intermediate phenotype -both alleles equally expressed in a heterozygote -One gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects -All above

-both alleles equally expressed in a heterozygote

Sex - linked genetically inherited traits: -can appear in both males and females -are only found in males -are only found in females -result from premarital sexual intercourse

-can appear in both males and females

Homozygous: -containing a pair of the same alleles -containing two different alleles. -the genetic composition of an individual

-containing a pair of the same alleles

Alkaptonuria is caused by......? -Alpha-L-iduronidase -b) Glucose-6-phosphatase -c) Hexosaminidase A -d) Homogentisic acid oxidase

-d) Homogentisic acid oxidase

chromosome is found to be shorter than it's homologous match. Which... .......would this most likely be? -insertion -inversion -deletion -translocation

-deletion

What is the name of the scientific field that examines inheritable traits not caused by changes in the DNA code? -genogenetics -methylation -non-codal genetics -epigenetics

-epigenetics

1. Mutations are only passed on to offspring when they happen in -gametes -somatic cells - Mitochondria - All

-gametes

There are two types of mutations -gene mutation and chromosomal mutations -transcription and translation -deletion and inversion -all above

-gene mutation and chromosomal mutations

Phenylketonuria disease is caused by deficiency of _______? -hydroxylase -oxidase -dehydrogenase -all

-hydroxylase

A point mutation that changes a codon specifying an amino acid into a stop....... -nonsense -missense -frameshift -deletion

-nonsense

Y-linked traits are inherited: -only by females -only by males -by both males and females -all above

-only by males

A high blood ammonia level occurs in: -galactosaemia. -Hurler's syndrome. -ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency

-ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency.

type of substitution in which no amino acids change is called -silent -nonsense -missense -deletion

-silent

Phenotype: -the genetic composition of an individual -an alternate form of a gene -A piece of DNA that encodes a particular trait -the physical expression of a gene or allele

-the physical expression of a gene or allele

Twins who share a certain physical or behavioral trait are _______ for that trait. a. discordant b. monozygotic c. dizygotic d. concordant

.d. concordant

1. DNA translation is the process of producing two identical DNA replicas from one original DNA molecule. A) True B)False

A) False

1. Polymerization occurs from: A)5' and to 3' direction B)3'and to 5' direction C)both version are false; D)Both version are true

A)5' and to 3' direction

1. Genes (coding DNA) carry information about proteins, regulatory DNA carries information about when and in which cell genes should be activated. A)TrueB) False

A)True

1. Genes can be expressed with different efficiencies. Some genes can produce a lot of protein copies, some- little amount. A)TrueB) False

A)True

1. Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. A)TrueB) False

A)True

1. There are two types of bases in nucleotides: pyrimidine and purine. A)TrueB)False

A)True

1. Depurination is a type of DNA damage when: A)Whole purine group is lost B) Whole pyrimidine group is lost C)both version are false; D)Both version are true

A)Whole purine group is lost

1. When genes are going to express (to make proteins) they move to the center of nucleus and extend out some parts of DNA in form of: A) Square B) Loops s C)Circles D)threads

B) Loops s

1. For scientists in experimental genetics, worm, a fly, a mouse, and a human are: A) Animals B) Model organismsC) Non-living matters D) Cells

B) Model organisms

1. Ionic, hydrogen, Van der Waals attraction and hydrophobic forces are: A) Covalent bonds B) Non-covalent bondsC) Peptide bonds D) Disulphide bonds

B) Non-covalent bonds

1. One feature of cells that is universal: each cell is enclosed by a membrane, called: A) Shell B) Plasma membraneC) Lamina D) Endoplasmic reticulum

B) Plasma membrane

1. When genome undergoes multiple duplications, it is called: A) Singleploid genome B) Polyploid genomeC)Haploid genome D)all answers are true

B) Polyploid genome

1. We know that nucleotide consists of sugar, phosphate group and base. There are two types of bases in nucleotides: pyrimidine and: A) Adenine B) Purine C) Guanine D)Amino acid

B) Purine

1. Transcription is a process in which segments of the DNA sequence are used as templates for the synthesis of shorter molecules of the closely related polymer: A) Nitrogen B) RNAC) Enzyme D) ATP

B) RNA

1. DNA replication starts at specific area of DNA called: CentromereB) Replication originC) telomere D)Locus

B) Replication origin

1. During DNA replication, Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSB proteins): A) Separate DNA strands B) Stabilize the newly single stranded DNA C)Determines ending of process D) produce signals for starting process

B) Stabilize the newly single stranded DNA

1. DNA use (T) Thymine as a nucleotide and RNA instead use: A) Cytosine B) Uracyl C) Guanine D)Cytosine

B) Uracyl

1. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun can produce a covalent linkage between two adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA to form: A) Loops B) thymine dimmers C) RNA D)Amino acids

B) thymine dimmers

1. Amino acids are a varied class of molecules with one defining property: they all possess a carboxylic acid group and an amino group, both linked to a single carbon atom called: A) SodiumB) α -carbonC) PotassiumD) α - Hydrogen

B) α -carbon

1. Base excision repair and nucleotide excision-repair are two common ways of: A) RNA synthesis B)DNA repair C) MutationD)DNA replication

B)DNA repair

1. Process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule is called: TranscriptionB)ReplicationC)Translation D)Reparation

B)Replication

Before the mechanisms behind PKU were known to science, infants that inherited the genes for the disorder almost always a. maintained a low body weight. b. developed mental impairments. c. grew to pass on the genes to offspring. d. died before the age of ten.

Before the mechanisms behind PKU were known to science, infants that inherited the genes for the disorder almost always a. maintained a low body weight. b. developed mental impairments. c. grew to pass on the genes to offspring. d. died before the age of ten.

1. Sister chromosomes, or sister chromatids, held together at their: A) Telomeres B) Replication origin C) Centromere D) locus

C) Centromere

1. All living cells on Earth, without any known exception, store their hereditary information in the form of double-stranded molecules of? A) Protein B) Enzyme C) DNA D) RNA

C) DNA

1. Most tmutations in DNA are immediately corrected by a set of processes that are collectively called: A) Translation B) Transcription C) DNA repairD)cell cycle

C) DNA repair

1. Enzyme which separate DNA strands during DNA replication is called: A) Protease B) Oxidase C) Helicase D)Lygase

C) Helicase

1. Permanent change in DNA is called: A) Transcription B) Translation C) Mutation D)Reparation

C) Mutation

1. The process in whichmessenger RNA (mRNA)—produced by transcription from DNA—is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide is called: MutationB) DNA repairC) TranslationD) Transcription

C) Translation

1. A part of protein that can fold independently into in compact, stable structure, that is called: A) Chaperon, B) Side chain, C)Domain, D)Amino acid.

C)Domain

1. All cells replicate their hereditary information by: A) Condensation B) Phosphorilation C)Templated Polymerization D) Hydrolysis

C)Templated Polymerization

1. Triplet is composed ofnucleotide: A)one B)two C)three D)Four

C)three

1. RNA nucleotides are following: A) A, C, T and G B) A, C, R and G C) U, F, G and CD) A, C, G and U

D) A, C, G and U

1. Fatty acids and their derivatives such as triacylglycerols are examples of: A) Sugars B) RNA C) DNA D) Lipids

D) Lipids

1. Damage in the "base" part of nucleotide, like depurination or deamination canlead to RNA synthesis. A)TrueB)False

False

1. Like DNA, RNA is a linear polymer made of four different types of lipids linked together by phosphodiester bonds. A)TrueB)False

False

1. Replication is a process of making RNA from DNA template. A)TrueB)False

False

1. The flow of genetic information in cells is from DNA to protein to RNA. A)TrueB)False

False

1. When DNA in the chromosome is highly condensed: Genes are silencedB) Genes are actively expressed C)both version are false; D)Both version

Genes are silenced

1. The nucleotide sequence of a gene, through the intermediary of mRNA, is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein by rules that are known as the: A) Genetic code B) Enzyme code C) Lipid code D)Protein code

Genetic code

1. Cells that transmit genetic information from parent to offspring are called: A) Germ cells B) Somatic cells C) Neurons D) Hepatocyte

Germ cells

1. During DNA replication, one strand of DNA which is synthesized continuously is called: A) Leading strand B) Daughter strand C) RNA strand D)Lagging strand

Leading strand

Decreases gene transcription. Methylation Helices Ligase All

Methylation

phenylalanine hydroxylase deficency is assosiated with: -Gauche -Alkaptonuria -Phenylketonuria -Tay-sachs

Phenylketonuria

1. Addition of phosphate group to protein is catalyzed by: Protein kinaseB) ReductaseC) HydrolaseD) Protease

Protein kinase

1. Nucleotide-polymerizing enzyme which enables DNA polymerization (synthesis) process is called: A) RNA polymerase B) Proteinkynase C) DNA polymerase D)revers-transcriptase

RNA polymerase

1. Codon is the same as: A) Triplet of nucleotides B) Two nucleotides C) One nucleotide D)four nucleotide

Triplet of nucleotides

1. Complementary beses in DNA are binded to each other by hydrogen bonds A)TrueB)False

True

1. DNA polymerase isnucleotide-polymerizing enzyme which enables DNA mutation. A) TrueB)False

True

Why are dominant, yet harmful, alleles like the huntingtin gene so rare in our genomes? a. Only a few harmful alleles affect the nervous system. b. The carrier does not survive long enough to pass on the allele. c. The alleles for disorders are not active until adulthood.

Why are dominant, yet harmful, alleles like the huntingtin gene so rare in our genomes? a. Only a few harmful alleles affect the nervous system. b. The carrier does not survive long enough to pass on the allele. c. The alleles for disorders are not active until adulthood.

.Which statement best describes a valid gene—environment interaction on behavior? a. Identical twins adopted by different families often display behaviors typical of their adoptive families. b. In rats, littermates reared by mothers of different strains display the same exploratory behavior as their biological siblings. c. Two people with the same phenotype may not share the same genotype. d. Shrews raised in a lab without their mother fail to nurture their young.

a. Identical twins adopted by different families often display behaviors typical of their adoptive families.

Transcription factors are : a. Protein or protein complex .... b. Protein or protein complex .... c. all d. Protein or protein complex that enhances or inhibits transcription

a. Protein or protein complex that enhances or inhibits transcription

Which confounding variable is teased out when psychologists study the traits of identical twins? a. Similar environments shared by relatives b. Shared zygotes of monozygotic twins c. The influence of dysfunctional alleles d. The genetic influence of the huntingtin gene

a. Similar environments shared by relatives

.Which single gene effect do men display more often than women? a. The inability to distinguish red from green b. The inability to distinguish different pitches c. A gradual decline in the ability to focus on distant objects d. A gradual decline in the ability to hear

a. The inability to distinguish red from green

.Each of our _______ consists of tightly coiled DNA. a. chromosomes b. cell proteins c. nucleotides d. amino acids

a. chromosomes

The process by which a cell directs a gene to make a certain protein is called a. gene expression. b. DNA extraction. c. chromosome assembly. d. genetic modification.

a. gene expression

The process by which a cell directs a gene to make a certain protein is called a. gene expression. b. DNA extraction. c. chromosome assembly. d. genetic modification

a. gene expression.

Heritability estimates tell us a. the degree to which variations in a population can be attributed to genetics. b. the rate at which people in a given population develop a particular disorder. c. the percentage of people who can pass on a specific gene to a child. d. the chance that any one person will carry a particular gene.

a. the degree to which variations in a population can be attributed to genetics.

Which situation is most consistent with the results of twin studies of schizophrenia? a. When both twins carry the gene for schizophrenia, only one will develop symptoms. b. Schizophrenia is more likely to materialize in a twin who experiences extreme stress. c. Twins who inherit the gene for schizophrenia very rarely present symptoms of the disorder. d. Having a father with schizophrenia greatly increases the chance that male twins will develop the disorder.

b. Schizophrenia is more likely to materialize in a twin who experiences extreme stress.

In cases where only one of two identical twins develops schizophrenia, all of the following factors may be responsible except a. birth weight. b. birth order. c. nutrition. d. nurturing.

b. birth order.

Genes regulate protein synthesis by a. coding for the arrangement of ribosomes on DNA molecules. b. specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order. c. regulating the influx of ions like sodium and potassium, which code for proteins. d. setting the cell's biological clock and controlling how and when a cell divides.

b. specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order.

Epigenetics is most concerned with a. changes in a person's genotype resulting from environmental influences. b. the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs. c. environmental influences on gene expression over experiential influences. d. the heritability of genotypes that have been altered over multiple generations 28.The process by which a cell directs a gene to make a certain

b. the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs.

Epigenetics is most concerned with a. changes in a person's genotype resulting from environmental influences. b. the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs. c. environmental influences on gene expression over experiential influences. d. the heritability of genotypes that have been altered over multiple generations.

b. the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs.

.Schizophrenia most often presents itself at what stage? a. Early childhood, when parental influences are most significant b. Late childhood, when genetics and family environment have the greatest impact c. Early adulthood, when people begin to face the world on their own d. Late adulthood, when brain and body cells are more susceptible to breaking down

c. Early adulthood, when people begin to face the world on their own

.What is the key difference between twin studies and adoption studies? a. Twin studies involve identical twins, while adoption studies involve fraternal twins. b. In twin studies, the effects of the environment are not taken into consideration. c. In adoption studies, twins are separated at birth, adopted, and raised apart. d. Adoption studies involve non-twin biological siblings raised by different families.

c. In adoption studies, twins are separated at birth, adopted, and raised apart.

.How do gene mutations contribute to evolution? a. Beneficial mutations are passed on to several members of a generation, quickly taking hold in a population. b. Unfavorable mutations have a more significant effect on genes than do favorable mutations, so they are spread through the population. c. Natural selection favors beneficial mutations, so they survive and are passed on to future generations. d. Beneficial and unfavorable mutations take hold in the population equally over numerous generations.

c. Natural selection favors beneficial mutations, so they survive and are passed on to future generations.

.In the experiment with dull and bright rats, Cooper and Zubek demonstrated a gene—environment interaction by showing that when navigating the maze a. dull rats raised in all environments always made more errors. b. bright rats raised in enriched environments sometimes made more errors. c. dull rats raised in enriched environments eventually performed as well as bright rats. d. dull rats raised in impoverished environments performed poorly.

c. dull rats raised in enriched environments eventually performed as well as bright rats.

The fusion of your father's sperm and your mother's egg is referred to as a. gene expression. b. spermatization. c. fertilization. d. epigenetics

c. fertilization.

One reason dysfunctional alleles can have such specific effects on the workings of our sensory systems is that a. only one allele has a significant effect on each system. b. the toxicity of dysfunctional alleles degrades the action of the entire brain. c. our sensory systems rely on the functioning of more than one protein. d. only a single allele needs to be dysfunctional to result in a deficit

c. our sensory systems rely on the functioning of more than one protein.

.Even though your body changes and you develop new physical and behavioral characteristics, your _______ never changes. a. archetype b. phenotype c. appearance d. genotype

d. genotype

.Dizygotic twins a. have identical DNA. b. appear to be identical. c. rarely resemble each other. d. grow from separate zygotes.

d. grow from separate zygotes.

Dominant allele: -expressed only in the absence of a dominant allele -expressed whether alone or in pairs -A piece of DNA that encodes a particular trait. -the physical expression of a gene or allele

expressed whether alone or in pairs

1. Part of DNA that codes for proteins is called: GeneB) RNAC) Protein D) Genome

gene

What compounds attach to genes to direct their expression as certain types of cells? -methyl groups -chlorofluorocarbons -tracer molecule -DNA riders

methyl groups