Genetics Chapter 21
Which of the following statements about the inheritance of microsatellite markers are correct?
1. Microsatellites that are not linked will assort independently. 2. Microsatellites that are linked tend to be transmitted together to the same offspring.
During pyrosequencing, the release of pyrophosphate after addition of a nucleotide is monitored through a series of chemical reactions. In the first reaction, pyrophosphate and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate are the substrates for ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase. The ATP produced in this reaction is used by the enzyme ___________ to break down luciferin in a reaction that gives off ______.
1. luciferase 2. light
Which of the following technological advances have made high-throughput sequencing possible?
1. parallel sequencing of multiple samples at once 2. automation of various steps in the sequencing procedure
Steps of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
1. treat cells with agents that cause them to swell and fix them onto a slide 2. denature chromosomal DNA 3. hybridize chromosomal DNA to single-stranded DNA probes containing biotin 4. Add fluorescently labeled avidin 5. view with a fluorescence microscope
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
A form of in situ hybridization in which the probe is fluorescently labeled.
shotgun sequencing
A genome-sequencing strategy in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.
sequence tagged site
A short segment of DNA, usually between 100 and 400 bp long, whose base sequence is found to be unique within an entire genome. Sequence-tagged sites are identified by PCR.
in situ hybridization
A technique used to cytogenetically map the locations of genes or other DNA sequences within large eukaryotic chromosomes. In this method, a complementary probe is used to detect the location of a gene within a set of chromosomes.
How can eukaryotic chromosomes be distinguished from one another with the microscope?
Chromosomes can be treated with dyes that produce unique banding patterns for each chromosome.
Which stain is used to produce banding patterns on chromosomes so that the location of a bound probe in a FISH experiment can be compared to banded chromosomes?
Giemsa
physical mapping
Involves DNA-cloning techniques to determine the location of and distance between genes and other DNA regions
comparative genomics
The field of study that uses information from genome projects to understand the genetic variation between different populations and evolutionary relationships among different species.
molecular marker
a segment of DNA that is found at a specific site along a chromosome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis
genetic map
also referred to as a genetic linkage map, a diagram that shoes the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments on a chromosome
microsatellites
are short repetitive sequences that are interspersed throughout a species' genome and tend to vary in length among different individuals. Microsatellites usually contain di- tri- tetra- or pentanucleotide sequences that are repeated many times in a row (typically 10 to 200)
Cytogeneticists can distinguish one chromosome from another based on the______ patterns that are obtained when chromosomes are treated with certain dyes
banding
In a FISH experiment, what molecule is incorporated into the single-stranded DNA probes that later allows for detection of the probes?
biotin
chromosome painting
computer-imaging method used to assign each fluorescently labeled probe a different color
The type of mapping in which a gene is localized to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern is ______mapping.
cytogenetic
What does the term mapping mean in the context of genetics?
determining the locations of genes along individual chromosomes
The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called
high throughput sequencing
During in situ hybridization, a DNA probe made from a cloned gene binds to ______. Multiple choice question.
its complementary sequence on a particular chromosome
An organism's genome is ______.
its total genetic composition
A fluorescence microscope is used to detect bound DNA probes in FISH. To detect the fluorescent molecules, the sample is illuminated with light, and then the fluorescent molecules emit ______ wavelength light, which is transmitted and detected.
longer
In genetics, the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along individual chromosomes is referred to as
mapping
A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located ______.
on both sides of the microsatellite
If DNA is collected from a haploid cell, how many bands will be produced by an STS that is amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis?
one
In linkage mapping, the distance between sites on the same chromosome is determined by calculating the frequency of ______.
recombinant offspring
mapping
refers to the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA on individual chromosomes. three approaches to mapping: Cytogenetic, linkage, physical
hybridization
refers to the fact that a labeled strand of DNA forms a hybrid with an intact chromosome via base pairing
locus
refers to the site within a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA segment is found
A site that can be uniquely amplified by PCR is called a(n) ________ _______ site, or STS.
sequence tagged
What is high-throughput sequencing?
the ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA
What is represented in a genetic map?
the locations of genes or other DNA segments along a chromosome
Cytogenetic mapping
the mapping of genes or genetic sequences using microscopy
genomics
the molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species
functional genomics
the study of gene function at the genome level. It involves the study of many genes simultaneously.
What is the goal of cytogenetic mapping?
to localize a gene to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern
Genome
total genetic composition of a cell, an organism or a species
linkage mapping
uses the frequency of recombination between different genes to determine their relative spacing and order along a chromosome