Genetics Chapter 21

Which of the following statements about the inheritance of microsatellite markers are correct?

1. Microsatellites that are not linked will assort independently. 2. Microsatellites that are linked tend to be transmitted together to the same offspring.

During pyrosequencing, the release of pyrophosphate after addition of a nucleotide is monitored through a series of chemical reactions. In the first reaction, pyrophosphate and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate are the substrates for ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase. The ATP produced in this reaction is used by the enzyme ___________ to break down luciferin in a reaction that gives off ______.

1. luciferase 2. light

Which of the following technological advances have made high-throughput sequencing possible?

1. parallel sequencing of multiple samples at once 2. automation of various steps in the sequencing procedure

Steps of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)

1. treat cells with agents that cause them to swell and fix them onto a slide 2. denature chromosomal DNA 3. hybridize chromosomal DNA to single-stranded DNA probes containing biotin 4. Add fluorescently labeled avidin 5. view with a fluorescence microscope

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

A form of in situ hybridization in which the probe is fluorescently labeled.

shotgun sequencing

A genome-sequencing strategy in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.

sequence tagged site

A short segment of DNA, usually between 100 and 400 bp long, whose base sequence is found to be unique within an entire genome. Sequence-tagged sites are identified by PCR.

in situ hybridization

A technique used to cytogenetically map the locations of genes or other DNA sequences within large eukaryotic chromosomes. In this method, a complementary probe is used to detect the location of a gene within a set of chromosomes.

How can eukaryotic chromosomes be distinguished from one another with the microscope?

Chromosomes can be treated with dyes that produce unique banding patterns for each chromosome.

Which stain is used to produce banding patterns on chromosomes so that the location of a bound probe in a FISH experiment can be compared to banded chromosomes?

Giemsa

physical mapping

Involves DNA-cloning techniques to determine the location of and distance between genes and other DNA regions

comparative genomics

The field of study that uses information from genome projects to understand the genetic variation between different populations and evolutionary relationships among different species.

molecular marker

a segment of DNA that is found at a specific site along a chromosome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis

genetic map

also referred to as a genetic linkage map, a diagram that shoes the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments on a chromosome

microsatellites

are short repetitive sequences that are interspersed throughout a species' genome and tend to vary in length among different individuals. Microsatellites usually contain di- tri- tetra- or pentanucleotide sequences that are repeated many times in a row (typically 10 to 200)

Cytogeneticists can distinguish one chromosome from another based on the______ patterns that are obtained when chromosomes are treated with certain dyes

banding

In a FISH experiment, what molecule is incorporated into the single-stranded DNA probes that later allows for detection of the probes?

biotin

chromosome painting

computer-imaging method used to assign each fluorescently labeled probe a different color

The type of mapping in which a gene is localized to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern is ______mapping.

cytogenetic

What does the term mapping mean in the context of genetics?

determining the locations of genes along individual chromosomes

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called

high throughput sequencing

During in situ hybridization, a DNA probe made from a cloned gene binds to ______. Multiple choice question.

its complementary sequence on a particular chromosome

An organism's genome is ______.

its total genetic composition

A fluorescence microscope is used to detect bound DNA probes in FISH. To detect the fluorescent molecules, the sample is illuminated with light, and then the fluorescent molecules emit ______ wavelength light, which is transmitted and detected.

longer

In genetics, the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along individual chromosomes is referred to as

mapping

A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located ______.

on both sides of the microsatellite

If DNA is collected from a haploid cell, how many bands will be produced by an STS that is amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis?

one

In linkage mapping, the distance between sites on the same chromosome is determined by calculating the frequency of ______.

recombinant offspring

mapping

refers to the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA on individual chromosomes. three approaches to mapping: Cytogenetic, linkage, physical

hybridization

refers to the fact that a labeled strand of DNA forms a hybrid with an intact chromosome via base pairing

locus

refers to the site within a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA segment is found

A site that can be uniquely amplified by PCR is called a(n) ________ _______ site, or STS.

sequence tagged

What is high-throughput sequencing?

the ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

What is represented in a genetic map?

the locations of genes or other DNA segments along a chromosome

Cytogenetic mapping

the mapping of genes or genetic sequences using microscopy

genomics

the molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species

functional genomics

the study of gene function at the genome level. It involves the study of many genes simultaneously.

What is the goal of cytogenetic mapping?

to localize a gene to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern

Genome

total genetic composition of a cell, an organism or a species

linkage mapping

uses the frequency of recombination between different genes to determine their relative spacing and order along a chromosome