Genetics HW 3

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What is a nucleotide?

- A five carbon sugar - A phosphate group - One of the 5 nitrogenous bases

RNA strands differ from DNA strands in which way?

- Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose - It is usually single stranded - It contains Uracil instead of thymine

DNA polymerases in DNA replication .....

- can attach to new nucleotides only in the 5' to 3' direction of the growing strand - must begin synthesis using a primer or existing DNA strand - DNA polymerases must have a template strand to copy from

How many origins of replication does a bacterial chromosome contain?

1

About how many DNA wrap around a histone complex?

146

Which component of the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit is the peptidyl transferase (i.e. acts as a ribozyme to catalyze peptide formation)?

28s rRNA

The proofreading of the DNA occurs where?

3' to 5' direction

One strand of DNA is 5'- AGGCCTTA- 3'. What is the opposite strand?

3'- TCCGGAAT-5'

The zigzag and solenoid models are associated with what level of DNA organization?

30 nm fiber

How many general transcription factors are needed for eukaryotic transcription?

5

How many types of histone proteins are there (not including variants)?

5

DNA helicase enzymes move in what direction along the DNA during replication?

5' to 3'

Define a chromosome territory?

A region in the nucleus that is occupied by a single chromosome

What form of DNA is the most common in living organisms?

B DNA

What is the purpose of phosphorylating the carboxy terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II?

Convert from the initiation to the elongation stage of transcription

DNA methylation occurs where and results in what?

CpG islands, blocking transcription of downstream gene

Which enzyme is responsible for the majority of DNA synthesis during prokaryotic replication?

DNA polymerase III

Which enzyme synthesizes most of the lagging strand of the DNA in bacteria?

DNA polymerase III

A functional protein is made up of the information contained within what region of DNA?

Exons

TRUE or FALSE: DNA polymerase III has the ability to begin synthesis of the new daughter strands immediately following the formation of the replication fork.

FLASE

You are studying DNA replication in human cells. You discover a mutant cell line that can carry out DNA replication, but the final product contains both RNA and DNA fragments. What enzyme is likely to be missing in this cell line?

Flap endonuclease

Areas of the chromosome that are highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive are called what?

Heterochromatin

What are histone variants?

Histone proteins that have slightly different amino acid sequences and specialized functions

DNA sequences that act to block the effects of control elements of one gene on another gene are known as what?

Insulators

What site of the ribosome is primarily responsible for holding the growing polypeptide?

P

The backbone of the DNA is formed by what kind of bonds?

Phosphodiester bonds

What is not a eukaryotic regulatory unit?

Pribnow box

TRUE or FALSE: One would expect heterochromatic regions of DNA to be more compacted than euchromatic regions.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Steroid hormones are an example of an effector, which regulates regulatory transcription factor activity.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The ability of the DNA polymerase to remove mismatched bases is called exonuclease cleavage or proofreading.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The helical shape of the DNA contains major and minor grooves, which assist in the regulating of gene expression.

TRUE

What is found at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome?

Telomeres

The majority of the nonrepetitive genes in an organism are found where?

Unique sequences

Chromatin remodeling complexes after nucleosomes, this occurs when...

complexes of ATP-dependent proteins may reposition, evict, or change nucleosome composition.

What is not part of the eukaryotic preinitiation complex?

mediator

The correct order of compaction from least compacted to most compacted would be:

naked DNA, nucleosome, 30 nm fiber, radial loop, metaphase chromosome

Regulatory transcription factors may influence gene expression in which of the following ways?

recruiting proteins to the promoter to enhace chromatin compaction

The primary structure of a protein refers to...

the linear sequence of the amino acids


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