GEOL 100 Final

Groundwater erosion can occur in area that have these two rock types? marble or limestone sandstone or quartzite schist or gneiss shale or slate

marble or limestone

The great continental glaciers of the last ice age were melting away around______?_____ years ago. (pick a time of intense melting) 35,000 25,000 15,000 5000

15,000

Which of the igneous dikes is the youngest? A B C

A

26) Many metamorphic rocks re-crystallised deep in the Earth's crust as they were heated and squashed up by immense forces. As a result, these metamorphic rocks often have _______ textures. A) Foliated B) Fragmental C) Rough D) Aphanitic

A) Foliated

8) Which of the following statements is NOT accurate in regards to the world's energy supply? A) Geologists have concluded that there are no longer unexplored regions on the globe to receive oil. Therefore the world's oil supply will reach its peak within the next two decades. B) While the use of nuclear energy has increased over the years, only 20% of the United States' electrical energy is generated by nuclear power. In contrast, countries such as France rely on nuclear energy for roughly 76% of their energy. C) As of today, civilization primarily relies on fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas to reach its energy requirements. D) The total consumption of energy by Americans (annually) declined by 7% between the years 2007 and 2009.

A) Geologists have concluded that there are no longer unexplored regions on the globe to receive oil. Therefore the world's oil supply will reach its peak within the next two decades.

4) According to figure 13.20, why is the asthenosphere considered a low-velocity zone? A) The higher temperatures cause partial melting, which decreases the rigidity of the rock. B) It's too deep for the S-waves to reach. C) The lower temperatures cause partial freezing, which increases the rigidity of the rock. D) The asthenosphere is immune to S-waves.

A) The higher temperatures cause partial melting, which decreases the rigidity of the rock.

12) What causes ozone to be formed? (Select all that apply) A. It forms when sunlight interacts with chemical wastes from industrial processes and automobile exhausts. B. It forms during restoration, combustion, and organic decomposition. C. It is formed by heating barium azide. D. In Earth's upper atmosphere, solar radiation transforms ordinary oxygen gas into ozone.

A. It forms when sunlight interacts with chemical wastes from industrial processes and automobile exhausts. D. In Earth's upper atmosphere, solar radiation transforms ordinary oxygen gas into ozone.

10) P Waves and S waves are two types of waves involved in an earthquake. What is true about these waves? Click all that apply A. S waves are slow and move side to side B. P waves are rock dependent and you cannot feel them C. The time between a P wave and an S wave indicates how far the earthquake is from you D. P waves can move through all media

A. S waves are slow and move side to side C. The time between a P wave and an S wave indicates how far the earthquake is from you D. P waves can move through all media

25) Which of the following is true regarding brittle and ductile behavior in Earth's crust? Select all that apply. A. The same rock can be brittle at shallow depths and ductile deep in the crust. B. Rock type affects formation. C. A rock formation that would behave as ductile material if deformed slowly may behave as brittle material if deformed more rapidly. D. Rocks break more easily when subjected to compressive forces than when subjected to tensional forces.

A. The same rock can be brittle at shallow depths and ductile deep in the crust. B. Rock type affects formation. C. A rock formation that would behave as ductile material if deformed slowly may behave as brittle material if deformed more rapidly.

23) An example of metamorphism includes limestone being changed to marble. What change occurs during this process? A. grains grow larger and increase in size B. clays crystallize to micas and form mica-rich rock C. quartz grains react to form quartz and feldspar D. calcite is dissolved away leaving only marble crystals

A. grains grow larger and increase in size

18) An igneous rock is formed with interlocking large, coarse crystals. This rock's cooling process can be described as... A. slow and intrusive B. slow and extrusive C. fast and intrusive D. fast and extrusive

A. slow and intrusive

24) According to Catastrophe - Episode 3: Planet Earth on Fire, which extremely unstable greenhouse gas in a frozen state was a primary contributor to the third phase of the Permian Period's mass extinction? A) Oxygen, because this gas is vital to oxygen-breathing animals. B) Methane, because when heated it rises to the ocean's surface and enters the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas which has 25 times the effect of carbon dioxide C) Nitrogen, because it makes 78% of air. D) Carbon Dioxide, because it is a major greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming.

B) Methane, because when heated it rises to the ocean's surface and enters the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas which has 25 times the effect of carbon dioxide

5) How has mass extinction significantly impacted the Earth's living system through the process of biological evolution? A) The earth's living system throughout time has not been impacted. B) The reduction of species competing for space in the biosphere allowed to promote the evolution and creation of new and more developed species. C) Mass extinction wiped out species and didn't allow for the creation of any more species. D) After mass extinction, biological evolution had no influence, and only single-cell species continued to be formed.

B) The reduction of species competing for space in the biosphere allowed to promote the evolution and creation of new and more developed species.

7) In regards to Earth's internal structure, how does ozone in the stratosphere become depleted? A. Solar radiation sometimes fails to form a protective layer for the ozone, therefore depletion happens. B. After certain chemicals are released into the atmosphere, reactions that have anthropogenic compounds seep into the stratosphere and thin the ozone layers. C. The large hole in the ozone layer lets the protective layer travel through, eventually depleting and reacting heavily to radiation. D. Its depletion is natural and occurs regularly to re-build its protective layer stronger to not attract harmful chemicals.

B. After certain chemicals are released into the atmosphere, reactions that have anthropogenic compounds seep into the stratosphere and thin the ozone layers.

33) Feedback systems are an integral part of the climate on Earth. Positive feedbacks are those cycles in which a change in one component is intensified by the changes it creates in another component. Negative feedback is when a change in one component is reduced by the changes it creates in another component. From the following options, what is considered a negative feedback? A. Water vapor feedback, in which the warmer temperatures increases the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. B. Radiation feedback, the warming atmospheric temperatures increases the amount of infrared energy radiation back into space. C. Albedo feedback, warming temperatures increases the energy the surface absorbs D. A groundwater feedback.

B. Radiation feedback, the warming atmospheric temperatures increases the amount of infrared energy radiation back into space.

11) Henry Fielding Reid used the observations from the San Francisco earthquake in 1906 to create elastic rebound theory. What best describes what elastic rebound theory is? A. Rocks underground breaks along the fault B. Rocks that are stressed are strained elastically, that when the fault breaks they go back to C. their stress-free shape D. Process by which tectonic forces deform an area of crust so that layers of rock are pushed into folds E. Releasing energy in form of seismic waves

B. Rocks that are stressed are strained elastically, that when the fault breaks they go back to

31) Which of the following is NOT a true statement about laminar flows and turbulent flows? A. Streamlines in a laminar flow run parallel to each other while streamlines in turbulent flow cross and mix with one another. B. Since water has a low viscosity, most streams in nature tend to be laminar flows because the lower the viscosity, the greater the tendency for laminar flow. C. Turbulent flows can transport larger sediment particles like pebbles and cobbles, than laminar flows which can only transport clay-sized particles. D. Characterization of a laminar flow or a turbulent flow depends on its velocity, depth and viscosity. E. A stream may show turbulent flow over much of its width and laminar flow along its edges.

B. Since water has a low viscosity, most streams in nature tend to be laminar flows because the lower the viscosity, the greater the tendency for laminar flow.

2) Scientists utilize S-wave velocities to explore the layering of the mantle. Below the lithosphere, temperatures rise, however S-waves decrease in velocity in the Asthenosphere before increasing in velocity lower in the mantle. Identify the reason for the slowing of S-waves in the Asthenosphere from the options provided. A. S-waves are slowed down by extreme temperatures B. The melting of peridotite slows down S-waves C. Partially melted magma D. The inelastic Asthenosphere slows down S-waves

B. The melting of peridotite slows down S-waves

29) What is the most significant change from the Precambrian Era to the Cambrian Period? A) The largest mass extinction (90% of existing species extinct). B) Transition from rocks with high amounts of daughter products to high amounts of parent products (Old rocks now considered new rocks in geological time and history). C) Abundant fossils (Hard parts start to appear in rocks). D) The formation of the Siberian Traps (High Quantities of carbon dioxide entering Earth's atmosphere).

C) Abundant fossils (Hard parts start to appear in rocks)

19) Which of the following statements accurately describe humans' strong desire for Diamonds? A) While the initial reasoning is unknown, humans have had a high desire for diamonds since Columbus' 'discovery' of the new world in the late 1400s. B) Humans predating the birth of Christ (B.C.) have traditionally offered diamonds to their female partners as a sign of commitment due to the scarcity of the mineral, as it was a sign that they would also provide other valuable resources to ensure the survival of their offspring. C) As of the late 1800s, diamonds became no longer scarce; however, corporations strategically convinced people that diamonds represent a permanent commitment to a relationship. D) There is very little scientific understanding as to why diamonds carry such an appeal. However, as societies worldwide have shown, the rare mineral's unique beauty causes its artificial value.

C) As of the late 1800s, diamonds became no longer scarce; however, corporations strategically convinced people that diamonds represent a permanent commitment to a relationship.

32) Last year was the warmest year that we have recorded, but there are estimated to have been warmer years before that. Why is everyone so nervous about this global warming? A) Lots of the glaciers are melting. B) Each year is consistently getting hotter. C) The rate it is getting hotter is much greater than ever before. D) The oceans are rising about 3mm a year.

C) The rate it is getting hotter is much greater than ever before.

20) The Geologic Time Scale is a system of chronological dating, it is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that have occurred during Earth's history. How were scientists originally able to study the layers in the Earth in order to set up a chronological sequence of events to better understand the past. A. By studying sedimentary rocks in the Earth B. By studying metamorphic rock in the Earth C. By studying fossil assemblages in the Earth D. By studying how the layers have changed over time

C. By studying fossil assemblages in the Earth

28) How was Earth's Moon formed? A. When Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, the Moon formed with it. B. The Moon used to be a moon of Venus, but was grabbed by Earth's gravitational pull, thus falling into Earth's orbit. C. Collisions with several space objects, including a Mars-sized object, led to the major spreading of debris that melted the outer part of our Earth and formed our Moon. D. In the early days, when Earth was molten, it spun so fast that it was able to eject giant rocks from our Earth into space, which explains why there are many isotope similarities between Earth and the Moon.

C. Collisions with several space objects, including a Mars-sized object, led to the major spreading of debris that melted the outer part of our Earth and formed our Moon.

22) Research labs try and recreate conditions that are naturally produced on Earth's crust, why can't these laboratories perfectly recreate these conditions? A. We actually can reproduce these conditions in controlled labs through new technology B. New technology is simply not able to recreate these conditions C. Forces that are created through tectonic plates have been applied over millions of years D. Tectonic forces are applied over the last few hours or days

C. Forces that are created through tectonic plates have been applied over millions of years

17) A lahar is defined, by the Oxford Languages, as the "destructive mudflow on the side of a volcano". Why are lahars so dangerous? How are they caused? A. Lahars are dangerous because the air can become toxic and the sunlight can be blocked. They are caused by fast moving fluid lava. B. Lahars are dangerous because they're extremely hot and move very quickly. They are caused by part of a volcano breaking and sliding down. C. Lahars are dangerous because they move extremely quickly and can move large amounts of land and debris. They are caused when a pyroclastic flow meets a river, ice, or other fluid body and lead to massive mudslides. D. Lahars are dangerous because they move extremely quickly and are unpredictable. They are caused by volcanic ash entering the stratosphere.

C. Lahars are dangerous because they move extremely quickly and can move large amounts of land and debris. They are caused when a pyroclastic flow meets a river, ice, or other fluid body and lead to massive mudslides.

27) Which of the following foliated rocks has the highest intensity of metamorphism? A. Phyllite B. Schist C. Migmatite D. Slate

C. Migmatite

21) Which of the following is NOT true of the Silurian period? A. It occurred about 430 million years ago. B. It followed the Ordovician period and preceded the Devonian period. C. Pangaea began rifting during this period. D. During this period, sea levels were much higher than present day.

C. Pangaea began rifting during this period.

16) Volcanic eruptions can be the cause of great destruction and many fatalities. Which of the following detrimental events cause the most fatalities and why? A. Ash falls that drift through the air and cause harmful aerosols that may create respiratory issues as well as other physical irritants. B.Tsunamis produced by submarine volcanic eruptions causing waves of water to travel inland. C.Pyroclastic flows that cause hot ash, lava, and gas to flow downward at a fast speed. D.Earthquakes that cause shaking and can result in structural damage.

C.Pyroclastic flows that cause hot ash, lava, and gas to flow downward at a fast speed.

9) Which among the following definitions is applicable to reserves? A. Supplies that have not been discovered yet. B.The entire amount of resources, both undiscovered and discovered C.Resources that have been discovered and are being used. D.Resources that may be available for use in the future.

C.Resources that have been discovered and are being used.

1) Often times people tend to use hazard and risk interchangeably. However, in geology terms Hazard and Risk mean two very different, yet similar things. What are the appropriate definitions of hazard and risk? A: Hazard-the damage that will likely be caused. Risk- chances that nature will throw something big at us B: Hazard-the chances that nature will throw something big at us. Risk- How risky it is to stay in that location C: Hazard- The chances that nature will throw something big at us. Risk- The damage that will likely be caused D: Hazard- A measurement of how dangerous the natural disaster is. Risk- The damage that will likely be caused

C: Hazard- The chances that nature will throw something big at us. Risk- The damage that will likely be caused

3) In Chapter 1 of "The Essential Earth" textbook, Jordan and Grotzinger went into detail regarding the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report explaining anthropogenic climate change while mentioning 7 specific conclusions made by the IPCC. Which of the following is NOT one of those specific conclusions? A) The average temperature of the Earth's surface has risen about .6 degrees celsius since the start of the 20th century. B) Due to anthropogenic warming, there have been many changes in tons of natural systems including: warmer lakes and rivers, long growing seasons for plants, early timing for leaf unfolding and bird migrations, and reduced amounts of Arctic sea ice and mountain glaciers. C) Because of human activities and pollution, greenhouse gases levels will continue to increase throughout the 21st century. D) The Earth's average temperature is ever changing and the current increase in degrees is apart of the fluctuating natural warming and cooling cycle the Earth goes through annually.

D) The Earth's average temperature is ever changing and the current increase in degrees is apart of the fluctuating natural warming and cooling cycle the Earth goes through annually.

6) In Chapter 1 of "The Essential Earth" textbook, Jordan and Grotzinger went into detail regarding the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report explaining anthropogenic climate change while mentioning 7 specific conclusions made by the IPCC. Which of the following is NOT one of those specific conclusions? A) The average temperature of the Earth's surface has risen about .6 degrees celsius since the start of the 20th century. B) Due to anthropogenic warming, there have been many changes in tons of natural systems including: warmer lakes and rivers, long growing seasons for plants, early timing for leaf unfolding and bird migrations, and reduced amounts of Arctic sea ice and mountain glaciers. C) Because of human activities and pollution, greenhouse gases levels will continue to increase throughout the 21st century. D) The Earth's average temperature is ever changing and the current increase in degrees is apart of the fluctuating natural warming and cooling cycle the Earth goes through annually.

D) The Earth's average temperature is ever changing and the current increase in degrees is apart of the fluctuating natural warming and cooling cycle the Earth goes through annually.

15) Which of the following is NOT true about minerals? A. They are inorganic substances B.90% of minerals are formed by ionic bonds C.They can be formed by crystallization D.Atoms in minerals are arranged in a two-dimensional array E.Their formation can be affected by either temperature or pressure

D.Atoms in minerals are arranged in a two-dimensional array

Structural geology is the part of earth science that tells us about....... the structure of the earth's mantle Folds, faults and deformation the shape of the Earth's surface stability of building foundations

Folds, faults and deformation

IN what type of environment do most sediments get deposited and eventually preserved as sedimentary rocks? Marine environment Lacustrine environment Fluvial environment Alluvial environment

Marine environment

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about sedimentary layers? (pick the false statement) Sedimentary layers contain evidence of past environments Most sedimentary accumulations occur in the ocean Sedimentary layers can be deposited by water, wind and ice Sedimentary layers are seldom flat lying or horizontal

Sedimentary layers are seldom flat lying or horizontal

Ox bow lakes form by.... the capture of a canyon river the superimposition of river on bedrock The evolution of a meandering river the down cutting of a glacial river

The evolution of a meandering river

Which of the following statements is true about Cenezoic ice ages on Earth? We have only had ice ages in the last couple million years of the Cenezoic Ice ages have occurred sporadically throughout the Cenezoic There were ice ages in the beginning and end of the Cenezoic

We have only had ice ages in the last couple million years of the Cenezoic

A dendritic river system is characterized by.... sudden changes in course a radial pattern a braided pattern a branching pattern

a branching pattern

Which of the following rocks could potentially form a quartzite after undergoing metmorphism? a mudstone a fossliferous limestone a cross bedded sandstone an evaporite deposit

a cross bedded sandstone

The type of fold in depicted in this image...... a syncline a monocline an anticline a holocline

a syncline

A Valley Glacier is also referred to as a/an_________ glacier river trough ablation alpine

alpine

Pick from the following all the methods that enable us to interpret paleoclimate from ocean sediments? analysis of stable isotope concentrations in the sediments Analysis of fossils contained in the sediments Analysis of the depositional environment of the sediments Analysis of the depth of the ocean at the time of sediment deposition Analysis of sediment type and composition

analysis of stable isotope concentrations in the sediments Analysis of fossils contained in the sediments Analysis of the depositional environment of the sediments Analysis of sediment type and composition

T/F: When a glacier flows, the fastest part of the movement occurs near the base of the ice flow

false

14) Mario Molina, Sherwood Rowland, and Paul Crutzen won a nobel prize for their hypothesis that the compound Chlorofluorocarbons lead to stratospheric ozone depletion. Which of the following is NOT true about Chlorofluorocarbons. a) Chlorofluorocarbons are released into the air from refrigerants, spray-can propellants, and cleaning solvents. b) Chlorofluorocarbons are not only responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion, but also releasing toxins harmful to the atmosphere c) Chemical reactions between chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone in the stratosphere causes thinning in the protective ozone layer d) Molina and Rowland's hypothesis about chlorofluorocarbons was confirmed when a large hole in the Ozone layer was found in Antarctica

b) Chlorofluorocarbons are not only responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion, but also releasing toxins harmful to the atmosphere

A metamorphosed limestone would be called a..... schist marble gneiss quartzite

marble

An abundance and alignment of this mineral_____ would help define a rock as a schist? biotite feldspar calcite quartz

biotite

13) It is clear that as long as humans have been here, they have altered the natural process in which the environment changes and modifies. Over the past 50 years, which has largely contributed to the damages to our protective ozone layer? a. The increase in ocean water evaporation due to global warming. b. Light pollution from new cities and taller buildings being built. c. The new invention of artificial coolant freon, escaping out of air conditioners and refrigerators and into the atmosphere. d. The change from gas to electric cars, as it takes too many harmful steps to create a battery powerful enough to run a car.

c. The new invention of artificial coolant freon, escaping out of air conditioners and refrigerators and into the atmosphere.

30) What was the cause of the Paleocene - Eocene boundary mass extinction? a. giant meteor hitting earth b. increased volcanic activity c. global warming d. massive earthquake

c. global warming

Deposition of sediment to form a thick layer of "chalk", as seen in the white cliffs of dover in eastern Britain, would form by the accumulation of what type of ocean life form? red algae siliceous phytoplankton calcareous phytoplankton siliceous zooplankton coral

calcareous phytoplankton

Which size of sedimentary grain will be deposited when water is flowing fast? silt sand clay cobble

cobble

The discharge of a river is measured in..... meters per kilometer meters per hour cubic meters per second meters per square area

cubic meters per second

The process that forms desert pavement from alluvial sediments is_______________. ablation lithification deflation concretion

deflation

A part of a river's dispersal system where periodic deposition of sediment along new river branches near the ocean would be called a........ delta sandbar river terrace

delta

Which process would likely NOT occur with fine-grained sediment in a high energy water environment... erosion deposition transport

deposition

The term Loess refers to this feature found in parts of some deserts? a vast expanse of sandy deposits deposits of occasional mudflows a hard rock ridge eroded by wind deposits of wind blown clay and silt

deposits of wind blown clay and silt

A cone of _____________ will form along the water table in the area of an actively pumping water well? influence discharge recharge depression

depression

T/F: A radioactive parent product will accumulate over time?

false

Which of the following decreases as you go downstream on a river? velocity gradient channel depth channel width

gradient

Which of the following is true about the period of time during which the great continental ice sheets were melting? (select all that apply) in the last stages of melting the Sahara Desert was not a desert during melting enormous tsunami were formed by glacial calving during melting the sea level rose as fast as 5 meters per year during melting the continental shelves were drowned by rising seas there is evidence that during ice cap melting there were enormous floods

in the last stages of melting the Sahara Desert was not a desert during melting the continental shelves were drowned by rising seas there is evidence that during ice cap melting there were enormous floods

Runoff is to river water as _________ is to groundwater? depletion contamination storage infiltration

infiltration

The highest rates of movement within a continental ice sheet are measured in....... kilometers per hour kilometers per day kilometers per month kilometers per year kilometers per decade

kilometers per year

What type of lateral movement is shown in the diagram below? right lateral bilateral left lateral unilateral

left lateral

Which rock does not fit with the rest of the group? limestone conglomerate sandstone shale

limestone

Which of the following processes creates a sedimentary rock layer from a deposit of unconsolidated beach sand? weathering erosion transportation lithification petrafication migmatization

lithification

Which of the following is not a feature formed in a desert environment? desert pavement desert varnish alluvial fans ventifacts mud cracks moraine

moraine

Mud, Sand and Gravel are common sediments that are classified as.... hydrogenous terrigenous cosmosgenous biogenous

terrigenous

After a meandering river has created a wide flood plain and uplift then causes the river to begin cutting down a feature that might be formed is a .... river thalweg river deposit river terrace river levee

river terrace

Which of the following is true about ice ages and sea level? sea level rises during ice ages sea level falls during ice ages sea level does not change much during during climate shifts

sea level falls during ice ages

A slate will form by the regional metamorphism of....... conglomerate shale sandstone limestone

shale

Which of the following is NOT a metamorphic rock? phyllite gneiss slate shale

shale

Which of the following is NOT a metamorphic rock? shale phyllite gneiss

shale

A special metamorphic rock called a "blueschist" is characteristic of this environment? subduction zone volcanic vent meteoric impacts

subduction zone

A moraine that forms along the front edge of the ice flow is called a __________moraine lateral medial terminal final

terminal

Paleogeographic maps of Earth over the last 650 million years tell a story of......(select more than one) the rifting of a supercontinent subduction gobbling up ocean floor the formation of a supercontinent continents rifting and colliding

the rifting of a supercontinent subduction gobbling up ocean floor the formation of a supercontinent continents rifting and colliding

T/F: Fossils become much more abundant in the geologic record in the Paleozoic?

true

In this diagram of sand layers with a cross-bedded structure, which direction has the predominant wind blown to form this pattern? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ to the left to the right

to the right

T/F: A characteristic in common with all 5 mass extinctions is the loss of at least 50% of the marine invertebrates that exist at those times.

true

T/F: A continental glacier can exist in an area that does not receive annual snow accumulation.

true

T/F: A continental ice sheet thickness can sometimes be measured in miles

true

T/F: Folds and faults often form together do to deformational forces

true

Along the course of a river where would deposition of sediment occur? when the river flows down a high gradient when the river slows in velocity when the river flows through a narrow V-shaped valley when the river suddenly increase in velocity

when the river slows in velocity

Depositional environments for sedimentary rocks can be deduced by look at sedimentary structures, like the giant cross-stratified Navajo Sandstone exposed in Zion National Park. To what do these dipping cross-bedded layers owe their origin? giant waves on a beach in shallow marine waters a flash-flood of sand in a mountain canyon wind blowing sand in to dunes in the desert deep ocean floor sedimentation by turbidity currents

wind blowing sand in to dunes in the desert