GEOL 101 - Chapter 9

What is required for liquefaction? SELECT THREE 1. shaking 2. water 3. unconsolidated sediment 4. folds 5. air 6. bedrock 7. houses

1. shaking 2. water 3. unconsolidated sediment

Which fault type is the result of compression? SELECT TWO 1. Strike-slip 2. Thrust 3. Detachment 4. Normal 5. Reverse

2. Thrust 5. Reverse

Which of these faults are caused by strong compressional forces? SELECT TWO 1. Detachment 2. Strike Slip 3. Thrust 4. Normal 5. Reverse

3. Thrust 5. Reverse

Where was the largest earthquake ever recorded? A. 1960 Valdivia Chile B. 2010 Haiti C. 1989 Loma Prieta D. 1964 Alaska E. 1868 Charleston

A. 1960 Valdivia Chile

The State of Michigan is largely occupied by the Michigan Basin, a structural basin between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron that contains Cambrian through Pennsylvanian strata. Where are the Pennsylvanian rocks located? A. In the center of the state B. On the S side by the borders with Indiana and Ohio C. On the NE side of Lake Huron D. On the NW side of Lake Michigan

A. In the center of the state

Which fault type would be most prominent at a transform plate boundary? A. Strike-slip B. Reverse C. Normal D. Thrust E. Detachment

A. Strike-slip

What is the focus of an earthquake? A. Where the actual rupture of rock occurs in the subsurface producing the earthquake B. The spot on the earth's surface directly above where the rock rupture occurs C. Where the seismic energy of the earthquake is concentrated D. The place with the most damage and/or highest toll of human injury E. Where the direct seismic waves combine with the waves reflecting from the earth's core

A. Where the actual rupture of rock occurs in the subsurface producing the earthquake

The ____________ point is when permanent deformation is measurable. A. Yield B. Compression C. Ductile D. Brittle

A. Yield

Shear stress applied to crustal rocks results in what kind of strain? A. tearing (strike-slip faulting) B. change in volume C. expansion D. stretching and thinning E. shortening and thickening

A. tearing (strike-slip faulting)

Geologists define a geological formation as ______________________? A. A rock that has been completely lithified B. A recognizable, mappable rock unit C. A transgressive overlap D. A uniquely shaped rock feature

B. A recognizable, mappable rock unit

How will a rock respond if it is subjected to high heat and pressure? A. Break B. Bend C. Expand D. No change E. Melt

B. Bend

If you snap a "green" stick (freshly removed from a tree) into two pieces, it will first undergo __________ deformation, then __________ deformation. A. Brittle; Elastic B. Elastic; Brittle C. Elastic; Plastic D. Brittle; Plastic E. Plastic; Elastic

B. Elastic; Brittle

What is the resulting strain produced by tensional stress on a rock? A. Shortening and thickening of the rock. B. Lengthening and thinning of the rock. C. Tearing of the rock. D. Rounding of the rock. E. Change in volume of the rock

B. Lengthening and thinning of the rock.

Which seismic wave type is most damaging? A. Rayleigh B. Love C. P D. S E. Body

B. Love

Which of these scales is a qualitative measure of seismic shaking? A. California Seismic Magnitude Scale B. Mercalli Scale C. Richter Scale D. Logarithmic Scale E. Moment Magnitude Scale

B. Mercalli Scale

In which type of fault does the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall? A. Abnormal B. Normal C.Strike-slip D. Reverse E. Thrust

B. Normal

What is the principal type of stress is applied to crustal rocks at the mid-ocean ridge? A. Shear B. Tension C. Compression D. Lateral E. Uniform

B. Tension

How do we determine the location of an earthquake? A. Shake Maps B. Triangulation C. SeismicRefraction D. Seismic Reflection E. Seismic Absorption

B. Triangulation

Which earthquake killed over 200,000 people as a result of the subsequent tsunami? A. 2011 Tohoku B. 1964 Good Friday C. 2004 Indian Ocean D. 1876 Lone Pine E. 1989 Loma Prieta

C. 2004 Indian Ocean

What is the difference between a joint and a fault? A. A fault is caused by brittle deformation; a joint is caused by ductile deformation. B. A fault results from tension; a joint results from compression. C. A fault is a fracture with movement; a joint is a fracture with no movement. D. A joint is a fracture with movement; a fault is a fracture with no movement. E. A joint is a local bar frequented by geologists after mapping faults.

C. A fault is a fracture with movement; a joint is a fracture with no movement.

Where on earth are strike-slip faults most common? A. Along the edge of continental shields B. Inside collision zone like the Himalaya C. Fracture zones adjacent to midocean ridges D. Southern California E. The Wasatch Mountains of Utah

C. Fracture zones adjacent to midocean ridges

Which seismic wave type travels the fastest? A. Love B. Surface C. P D. S E. Rayleigh

C. P

When viewing folds on a map, which fold type has the oldest rock beds on the flanks, near its axis, and youngest beds in the middle? A. Anticlines B. Monocline C. Synclines D. Dip-slip E. Basins

C. Synclines

Folds (anticlines and synclines) are produced by____. A. Tectonic extension B. Volcanism C. Tectonic compression D. Tectonic shear E. Erosion

C. Tectonic compression

What does the strike and dip of a rock represent? A. Strike is the angle by which a rock is hit by a rock hammer. B. Strike is the offset of fault and dip in the area exposed by the faulting. C. Dip is the thickness of the bed and strike is how steeply it is inclined. D. Dip is the angle of greatest inclination down from horizontal and strike is the angle from true north or true south of a horizontal line on the stratum.

D. Dip is the angle of greatest inclination down from horizontal and strike is the angle from true north or true south of a horizontal line on the stratum.

Greater seismic intensity occurs with constructive interference. This is a result of _____________? A. Direct seismic waves interact with reflected waves from the earth's interior. B. Waves from two different earthquakes meet each other C. Two waves at the same amplitude and frequency combine at 1/2 wavelength out of sync D. Multiple seismic waves combining in sync with each other

D. Multiple seismic waves combining in sync with each other

What are geologic cross sections designed to show? A. Pressure and temperature B. Deformation style C. Strike and dip of rocks D. Subsurface structural interpretations from surface and subsurface measurements

D. Subsurface structural interpretations from surface and subsurface measurements

Shear stresses are most common along which type of plate boundary? A. Convergent B. Regressive C. Divergent D. Transform E. Passive

D. Transform

In an anticline, where are the oldest rocks? A. away from the axis B. on the top C. above the plunge point D. near the axis E. randomly distributed throughout

D. near the axis

What is the resulting strain in ductile deformation? A. flow back into original shape B. No change C. liquefaction D. permanent change in shape E. temporary change in shape

D. permanent change in shape

If stress are the forces applied to a rock, then strain is ______. A. relief of that stress B. the melting of the rock under intense metamorphism C. the decrease in stress D. the increase of stress D. the deformation of the rock

D. the deformation of the rock

An increase of one on the Richter scale is equivalent to an increase in actual ENERGY released of ________? A. 1 B. 100 C. 3.2 D. 10 E. 32

E. 32

Which type of fold would be the most likely to trap oil and gas at its axis? (Oil and gas rise and float on groundwater.) A. Dip-slip B. Monocline C. Basin D. Syncline E. Anticline

E. Anticline

If you crush a soda can, what type of stress are you applying? A. Longitudinal B. Transformational C. Shear D. Tension E. Compression

E. Compression

Geologists define geologic formations as: A. The process of lithification B. A nice shaped, identifiable rock feature C. The process of creating a rock D. A transgressive overlap E. Recognizable, mappable rock units

E. Recognizable, mappable rock units

What does the series of horsts and grabens from the Wasatch Mountains of Utah to the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Nevada tell us about the dominant stress being applied to the crust of the region? A. The horsts are pushed up by compressional reverse faults B. The entire region is characterized by compressional thrust faults C. Crustal contraction caused by subcrustal cooling D. Shear stresses cause many different transform faults E. The normal faults producing the horst/graben structures tell us it is tension

E. The normal faults producing the horst/graben structures tell us it is tension

Which building type is least resistant to earthquake damage? A. Reinforced masonry B. Base isolated steel C. Wood frame D. Steel frame E. Unreinforced masonry

E. Unreinforced masonry

If a rock layer has a dip of 90 degrees, how is that rock layer oriented relative to a horizontal plane? A. Diagonal (45 degrees from level ground) B. Horizontal (parallel to level ground) C. Syncline (fold facing up) D. Anticline (fold facing down) E. Vertical (perpendicular to level ground)

E. Vertical (perpendicular to level ground)

Increasing rock strength results in what type of strain? A. shear B. expansion C. ductile D. elastic E. brittle

E. brittle

When an earthquake occurs in a horst-graben situation, where is seismic shaking greatest? A. at the boundary between the horst and graben B. in the rigid bedrock of the horsts C. on the other side of the valley D. at the distal edge of the earthquake E. in the poorly consolidated sediments of the valleys (grabens)

E. in the poorly consolidated sediments of the valleys (grabens)