Geology final exam
Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica? A)augite B) muscovite C) olivine D) orthoclase
B) muscovite
Which of the following minerals is a silicate? A. Hematite B. Muscovite C. Calcite D. Halite
B. Muscovite
What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? A. Carbon B. Chlorine C. Oxygen D. Sodium
C. Oxygen
What is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks?
Quartz
Which common, rock-forming mineral or mineral group is most readily dissolved by groundwater? a. calcite b. clay minerals c.feldspar d. quartz
a. calcite
Which does not fit pattern a. gradient b. velocity c. capacity d. discharge
b. velocity
____ cement produces bright-red and yellow colors in some sandstone a.calcite b.iron oxide c.clay d.quartz
b.iron oxide
Which variety of limestone consists mainly of sand-sized, mostly spherical grains of calcium carbonate precipitated in shallow marine-waters?
oolitic
_______ is the sediment transport mode in which sand grains alternately bounce up into the water column, sink and roll or skip along the bottom before bouncing again.
saltation
________ is defined as the drop in elevation of the the stream surface divided by the distance the water flows
stream gradient
At low pressures and in the absence of water, rhyolites and granites begin to melt at about ________. A) 800o C B) 300o C C) 6000o F D) 500o F
A) 800o C
________ tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano. A) High viscosity and dissolved gas B) Low viscosity; low dissolved gas content C) Low silica content, low viscosity D) High viscosity; low dissolved gas content
A) High viscosity and dissolved gas
4) Volcanic bombs originate ________. A) as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground B) as blocks of volcanic rock ejected from an erupting volcanic crater C) as laser-guided, granite blocks launched from a supersonic jet D) as ash particles that join together in the eruptive plume and fall as cobble-sized objects
A) as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground
7) Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? A) calcite B) Plagioclase C) dolomite D) quartz
A) calcite
29) An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? A)7 B) 19 C) 6 D) 13
A)7
Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering? A)Clays B) feldspars C) micas D) ferromagnesians
A)Clays
Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates? A)They are black to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium. B) They contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters. C) They contain magnetite and ferroite and they are clear to light green. D) They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrium.
A)They are black to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium.
30) Which one of the following is not true for minerals? A)They can be a liquid, solid, or gas. B) They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure. C) They have a specific, predictable chemical composition. D) They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
A)They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.
The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________. A)cleavage B) crystal form C) cracking luster D) streak
A)cleavage
Consider the Bowen's reaction series. Which mineral would you expect to see as a phenocryst in a porphyritic basalt? A. Olivine B. Quartz C. Orthoclase D. Sodium-rich plagioclase
A. Olivine
________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. A. Plagioclase B. Microline C. Orthoclase D. Pyroxene
A. Plagioclase
he ________ ocean basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones. A) Arctic B) Pacific C) Indian D) Atlantic
B) Pacific
2) Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms? A)Electron B) Selectron C) Neutron D) protons
B) Selectron
5) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element? A)The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons. B) The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons. C) The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons. D) The atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons.
B) The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons.
________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism. A) Neon and ammonia B) Water and carbon dioxide C) Oxygen and nitrogen D) Chlorine and sodium
B) Water and carbon dioxide
Which of the following diseases has been linked directly to prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust? A)diabetes B) lung cancer C) glaucoma D) muscular dystrophy
B) lung cancer
Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface? A) most magmas are richer in silica than most crustal and upper mantle rocks B) magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock C) magmas are more viscous than solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle D) all of the above
B) magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock
What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? A)Carbon B) oxygen C) chlorine D) sodium
B) oxygen
8) Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)? A)diamond B) quartz C) calcite D) olivine
B) quartz
Which one of the following statements is not true? A) basalt magmas in general have higher temperatures than rhyolite magmas B) when magma reaches the surface, its dissolved gas content increases C) melting temperatures of silicate rocks are lowered by small amounts of water D) melting temperatures of silicate rocks increase with increased pressure
B) when magma reaches the surface, its dissolved gas content increases
1) The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years. A)6.4 trillion B)4.6 billion C)4.6 thousand D)6.4 million
B)4.6 billion
5)________ was an important 18th century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism. A)James Ussher B)James Hutton C)Charles Lyell D)Isaac Newton
B)James Hutton
7)Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? A)a mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern B)in a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains C)a rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks D)a rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles
B)in a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains
4)Which one of the following observations and inferences is consistent with the idea of uniformitarianism? A)lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawater B)sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstream C)erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds D)all of the above
B)sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstream
Which one of the following describes a mineral's response to mechanical impact? A. Luster B. Cleavage C. Streak D. Crystal form
B. Cleavage
The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________. A)6 oxygen ions B) 6 sodium ions C) 4 oxygen ions D) 4 sodium ions
C) 4 oxygen ions
4) Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding? A) Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds. B) Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons. C) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges. D) Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
C) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
17) Which of the following can logically be concluded by speleothems/dripstone hanging from a cave roof? A) The cave roof was below the water table when the speleothems formed. B) The cave floor was above the water table and the roof was below the water table when the speleothems formed. C) The cave roof was above the water table when the speleothems formed. D) The cave roof was below the water table sometime after the speleothems had formed.
C) The cave roof was above the water table when the speleothems formed.
Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble? A) pillow lava B) pahoehoe C) aa D) scoria
C) aa
Which one of the following describes a mineralʹs response to mechanical impact? A)luster B) streak C) cleavage D) crystal form
C) cleavage
6) What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? A) silicate B) muscovite C) diamond D) native gold
C) diamond
Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? A)pyroxenes B) carbonates C) feldspars D) clays
C) feldspars
10) A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that ________. A)gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon B) gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz C) gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine D) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold
C) gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine
Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? A)olivine B) Diamond C) halite D) talc
C) halite
12) Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate? A)Quartz B) orthoclase C) muscovite D) hornblende
C) muscovite
Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface? A) pegmatitic B) aa C) pahoehoe D) scoria
C) pahoehoe
11) Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations? A)Sanidine B) orthoclase C) plagioclase D) Microcline
C) plagioclase
A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. A) cinder cone B) stratospheric C) shield D) composite
C) shield
Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes? A) the coastal plain of western Africa B) European Russia and Siberia C) the circum-Pacific area D) the area surrounding the Red Sea
C) the circum-Pacific area
Which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spots? A) the very young cinder cones scattered across the southwestern United States B) Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy C) the volcanoes of Hawaii and Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park D) Mt. St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains
C) the volcanoes of Hawaii and Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park
6)A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. A)Theory B)Law C)Hypothesis D)generalization
C)Hypothesis
2)What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology? A)physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past B)physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past C)historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface D)none of the above - physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same
C)historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study
________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains? A. Obsidian B. Pumice C. Pegmatite D. Granite
C. Pegmatite
Compaction is a very important part of the lithification process for which of the following sediments? A.Gravel B.Sand C.Mud D.Cobble
C.Mud
________ magma is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers. A) Pegmatitic B) Granitic C) Andesitic D) Basaltic
D) Basaltic
________ is a major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases? A) Hydrogen chloride B) Carbon monoxide C) Methane D) Water
D) Water
The average composition of rocks comprising a large composite cone or stratovolcano is similar to a (an) ________ magma. A) rhyolitic B) ultramafic C) basaltic D) andesitic
D) andesitic
hat in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction? A)isotope B) nucleon C) molecule D) ion
D) ion
3)The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics. A) Eosphere B) Astrosphere C) Asthenosphere D) lithosphere
D) lithosphere
3) Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________. A)electrons in the valence bond level B) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell C) electrons in the nucleus D) protons in the nucleus
D) protons in the nucleus
Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity? A) andesite, rhyolite, basalt B) basalt, andesite, rhyolite C) basalt, rhyolite, andesite D) rhyolite, andesite, basalt
D) rhyolite, andesite, basalt
Which kind of volcanism is typical of mid-oceanic ridge systems? A) explosive; composite cones B) explosive; rhyolitic, pyroclastic flows C) fissure eruptions; flood basalts fields D) submarine; basaltic lava flows
D) submarine; basaltic lava flows
The Icelandic volcanoes are related to plate tectonics because ________. A) they lie on a spreading center where two plates are converging B) they lie on a subduction zone where two plates are converging C) they lie along a subduction zone where two plates are diverging D) they lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart
D) they lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart
9)Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________. A)neutrons in the outer nuclear shell B)electrons in the nucleus C)electrons in the valence bond level D)protons in the nucleus
D)protons in the nucleus
________ is a volcanic rock that is extremely vesicular and glassy. A. Obsidian B. Pegmatite C. Tuff D. Pumice
D. Pumice
________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. A. Secondary B. Igneous C. Metamorphic D. Sedimentary
D. Sedimentary
All silicate minerals contain which two elements? A. Iron, Silicon B. Silicon, Sodium C. Oxygen, Carbon D. Silicon, Oxygen
D. Silicon, Oxygen
True or False: Boulder conglomerates suggest deposition by strong winds in a desert
F
True or False: Clastic particles in a sedimentary breccia are rounded and are about the same size as fine-grained sand.
F
True or False: Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to clastic particle size; chemical sedimentary rocks are named according to the most abundant mineral.
F
True or False: A feldspar rich sandstone is called arkose
T
True or False: Clay and muddy sediments lithify to form shales and mudstones
T
True or False: Detrital Sedimentary rocks have clastic textures
T
True or False: Many limestones are of biochemical origin
T
True or False: Water is gradually expelled from compacting clay and mud sediments
T
_______ is the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants
Transpiration
A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient? a. 0.5m/km b.0.5 km/in c. 2 km/in d. 2 m/km
a. 0.5m/km
A lens of fresh groundwater in an unconfined aquifer overlies deeper, salty groundwater. if the water table elevation drops by one foot, how far will the interface between the freshwater and salty water rise? a. 40 feet b. 20 meters c.30 meters d. 10 feet
a. 40 feet
_________ is not part of the hydrologic cycle. a. calcium carbonates dissolving in soil water and groundwater b. water moving into creeks and streams following a rainstorm c. water evaporating from a lake d. water infiltrating into the soil and bedrock
a. calcium carbonates dissolving in soil water and groundwater
Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams? a. conglomerate b. mudstone c. graywacke d. oolitic limestone
a. conglomerate
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. the source is also referred to as the ___________. a. focus b. epicenter c. seismic zone d. inertial point
a. focus
The ____ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere a. hydrologic cycle b. aquatic cycle c. precipitation cycle d. aqualtic cycle
a. hydrologic cycle
Which one of the following does not apply to stream turbulence and average velocity? a. laminar flow; dissolved load b. discharge, stream gradient c.channel shape; bed roughness d. stream gradient; channel roughness
a. laminar flow; dissolved load
Which of the following geologic materials would have the highest groundwater velocities and be least effective in removing unwanted pollutants from the water? a. limestone b. lakebeds c. sandstone d. unconsolidated medium-grained sand; sand grains are coated with clay minerals
a. limestone
Which type of sediment undergoes the most compaction as it lithifies to sedimentary rocks? a. marine mud b. desert dune sand c. coarse gravel d. reef limestone
a. marine mud
____________ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or open space in a rock or conconsolidated material. a. porosity b. permeability c. saturation index d. space yield
a. porosity
Which does not fit the pattern a. shale b. sandstone c. breccia d. conglomerate
a. shale
Excessive ground water withdrawals can cause _________. a. the water table drops or declines in elevation b. porosity in the aquifer increases as the water is removed c. expansion of the dewatered aquifer d. an influent stream becomes an effluent stream
a. the water table drops or declines in elevation
Which of the following applies to the basic constituents of halite, gypsum, and sylvite? a. transported as dissolved ions; deposited by evaporation b. transported and deposited as mud-sized particles c. transported as dissolved ions; deposited as detrital mud d. transported as detrital mud; deposited by evaporation
a. transported as dissolved ions; deposited by evaporation
An artesian well is one in which __________. a. water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping b. the water is warm, fairly saline, and recharged by an affluent stream c. pressurized groundwater rises from a deep, unsaturated aquifer d. the well is horizontal and the water table is perched
a. water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping
Studies of deep-sea sediment cores have contributed greatly to scientific knowledge of ________. a.climatic change during the last 4 million years b.the origin of oscillation ripple marks c.how soft-bodied organisms are carbonized d.the biological impacts of pollution on parts of the continental shelves
a.climatic change during the last 4 million years
Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Sandstone a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment
a.sand
Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometers of rock (first percentage). Also, what percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by sedimentary rocks (second percentage)? a. 3.5%; 100% b. 5%; 75% c. 85%; 100% d. 65%; 10%
b. 5%; 75%
The ______ river has the largest discharge of any in the world a. Mississippi b. Amazon c. congo d. Nile
b. Amazon
Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient? a. the increase in discharge of a stream per unit drop in elevation b. The drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels. c. the water pressure at the bottom of the stream divided by the streams width d. the distance traveled by water in a channel times a drop in elevation
b. The drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels.
An aquifer is ___________ a. the porous and permeable, saturated cone of depression in an aquitard b. a saturated, porous and permeable layer or stratum c. an unsaturated, influent-flow bed or stratum below a spring d. a layer or stratum in which groundwater flows downward to the water table
b. a saturated, porous and permeable layer or stratum
Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as a. tremors b. aftershocks c. hyposhocks d. foreshocks
b. aftershocks
P waves __________. a. produce the strongest ground shaking b. are faster than S waves and surface waves c. propagate only in solids d. have higher amplitudes than do S waves
b. are faster than S waves and surface waves
Which of the following is not a type of limestone? a. coquina b. arkose c. travertine d. chalk
b. arkose
Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Mudstone a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment
b. clay and fine silt
The position on earths surface directly above the earthquake source is called the ____________. a. inertial point b. epicenter c. focus d. seismic wave
b. epicenter
_________ is not a common cementing agent for sandstone. a. quartz b. fluorite c. calcite d. iron oxides
b. fluorite
For unconfined aquifers, what hyrdrologic factor is approximated by the slope of the water table? a. affluent decline b. hyderaulic gradient c. porosity head d.hydro competency
b. hyderaulic gradient
The aerated zone __________. a. is a well oxygenated shallow aquifer b. lies above the water table c. pore spaces are filled with water d. lies below the capillary fringe zone
b. lies above the water table
_____ is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock a. chert b. limestone c. phosphate rock d. quartz sandstone
b. limestone
____________ refers to the tendency for a foundation material to lose its internal cohesion and fail mechanically during earthquake shaking a. slurrying b. liquefaction c. seismoflowage d. motion slip
b. liquefaction
The ___________ magnitude scale is a measure of the energy released. it doesnt directly measure the extents of the buildings damage. a. mercalli b. richter c. reid d. gutenberg
b. richter
__________, a common mineral found in igneous rocks,is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks. a. calcute b.quartz c.orthoclase d.biotite
b.quartz
____________ have the highest velocities a. surface wave b. secondary waves c. Primary waves d. refracted S waves
c. Primary waves
Which one of the following is true regarding tsunamis? a. They travel as deep water waves at speeds greater than seismic surface waves but slower than S waves b. Their wave heights decrease and wavelengths increase as they move into shallower water c. They occur in the open ocean, wavelengths are many miles or kilometers and wave heights are only a few feet d. They are started by fault-induced, horizontal shifts in the seafloor that suddenly propel great masses of water in opposite directions
c. They occur in the open ocean, wavelengths are many miles or kilometers and wave heights are only a few feet
Which of the following statements concerning unconfined aquifers on barrier islands and atolls is correct? a. pumping freshwater from one, large capacity well is much less likely to cause salty water to rise in aquifer than pumping from several, widely spaced, smaller capacity wells b. wells drilled below sea level will produce only saline water c. any salty water is the aquifer will rise if the water table is lowered by pumping d. the water table must be 40 feet above sea level to keep the salty water in the aquifer below sea level
c. any salty water is the aquifer will rise if the water table is lowered by pumping
The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake soruce is determined from the ____________. a. length of the seismic record b. intensity of the earthquake c. arrival times of P and S waves d. earthquake magnitude
c. arrival times of P and S waves
An unconfined water table is the ____________. a. boundary between the saturated zone above and partly saturated zone below b. boundary between the aerated and unsaturated zone c. boundary between the aerated zone above and saturated zone below d. bottom boundary surface of the saturated zone above an aquitard
c. boundary between the aerated zone above and saturated zone below
Which of the following Detrital grains of which mineral(s) are extremely rare in detrital sediments? a. quartz, it is very hard and insoluble b. feldspar, they occur only in granites c. calcite, it is soft and relatively soluble d. clays, they are rare in soils and regolith
c. calcite, it is soft and relatively soluble
________ describes the total sediment load transported down stream a. discharge b. competence c. capacity d. hydro-load factor
c. capacity
which major component of detrital sedimentary rocks only rarely occurs as a primary mineral in igneous rocks? a. ferromagnesian minerals b. quartz c. clays. d.carbonates
c. clays.
Which of the following describes the configuration of an unconfined water table around a pumping well? a. upside-down siphon b. inverted cone head c. cone of depression d. depressional withdrawal
c. cone of depression
Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________. a. colors of the cementing minerals b. degree of compaction and lithification c. grain sizes of the detrital particles d. compositions of soluble minerals
c. grain sizes of the detrital particles
After ice sheets and glaciers, what contains the next highest percentage of Earth's freshwater? a. the atmosphere b. rocks and minerals c. groundwater d. lakes and rivers
c. groundwater
____________ are characteristics found in all good aquifers a. high potability and high portability b. low permeability and high potability c. high porosity and high permeability d. low porosity and low permeability
c. high porosity and high permeability
Which of the following is not a general characteristic of groundwater? a. rarely contains suspended sediment b. constant temperature c. rarely contains dissolved constituents d. supply is independent of short droughts
c. rarely contains dissolved constituents
______ describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom a.siltation b. alluviation c. saltation d. impact leaping
c. saltation
The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is an ___________. a. time-travel graph b. seismograph c. seismogram d. epigraph
c. seismogram
The instrument that records earthquake events is termed a ___________. a. polygraph b. barograph c. seismograph d. thermograph
c. seismograph
Which one of the following is not a chemical sedimentary rock or evaporite? a. cherty dolostone b. bedded gypsum c. shale d. colitic limestone
c. shale
_________ is a form of calcium carbonate a. lignite b. chert c. travertine d. gypsum
c. travertine
Which does not fit the pattern a. lithification b. cementation c. weathering d. compaction
c. weathering
How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin? a. both increase b. both decrease c.infiltration decreases; runoff increases c. runoff decreases; infiltration increases
c.infiltration decreases; runoff increases
Sand stones are lithified mainly by cementation. What is the major process involved in the lithification of shales?
compaction
What stream characteristics is measured by the size of the largest particle that a stream can move?
competence
What is the chemical formula for dolomite, the major mineral in dolostones? a. SiO2 b. NaCl c. CaSo4-2H2O d. CaMg(CO3)2
d. CaMg(CO3)2
Which one of the following statements is true? a. P and S waves travel through liquids , but s waves do not travel through solids b. P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves do not travel through solids c. P waves travel through solids; S waves do not d. S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids
d. S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids
A perched water table develops when __________. a. an aquifer below the regional water table is underlain by a horizontal aquitard b. an aquifer above the regional water table is overlain by a horizontal aquitard c. an aquitard below the regional water table lies above a horizontal aquifer d. a horizontal aquitard above the regional water table lies below an aquifer
d. a horizontal aquitard above the regional water table lies below an aquifer
Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Conglomerate a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment
d. all clay sediment
Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Shale a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment
d. all clay sediment
The amount of destruction causes by earthquake vibrations is affected by ___________. a. nature of the surface material b. intensity and duration of vibrations c. design of structures d. all of these
d. all of these
The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is termed _____________. a. fault displacement b. stress fracture c. seismic rebound d. elastic rebound
d. elastic rebound
Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite? a. variates of coal and peat b.varieties of dolostone c. detrital sedimentary rocks d. evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks
d. evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks
Overall this type of seismic wave is the most destructive a. S wave b. P wave c. tsunami d. surface wave
d. surface wave
On a typical seismogram, _________ will show the highest amplitudes a. P waves b. S waves c. body waves d. surface waves
d. surface waves
______ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream. a. saltation load b. bed load c. dissolved load d. suspended load
d. suspended load
Which one of the following is true for an artesian aquifer? a. in deep, stream cut valleys, many springs are fed from artesian aquifers b. upward flow from a permeable aquitard is prevented by a confining aquifer c. the pressure at any point in the aquifer is considerably less than the weight of the water column between the point and the top of the aquifer d. the water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the surface
d. the water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the surface
Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true? a. they probably show some evidence of stratification b. they may contain fossils that provide clues ancient life forms c. they are composed of particles and continuents derrived from weathering and errosion of other rocks d. they were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea
d. they were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea
A cherty limestone would contain which major constituents? a. silica, iron oxide b.clay minerals c.iron oxide, calcite d.silica, calcite
d.silica, calcite
__________ is the quanity of water flowing past a certain stream cross section per unit time
discharge
Which of the following describes the correct order for relative solubility of minerals in sedimentary rocks?
evaporate minerals are more soluble than calcite and quartz
Which component of the hydrologic cycle describes the recharge of water to the soil and groundwater systems?
infiltration
Which is the most common, chemical, sedimentary rock?
limestones
_________ is the total quanity of sediment carried by the river
load