Global Health Final
Which of the following is true of tobacco smoking? A. Men smoke more than women B. Women smoke more than men C. Youth smoke more than adults
A. Men smoke more than women
One of the primary goals of a humanitarian disaster response is to: A. Promote a return to normalcy B. Promote government foreign policies C. Promote vaccine utilization
A. Promote a return to normalcy
What is the most cost-effective approach to reducing indoor air pollution? A. Promoting use of improved stove and ventilation systems B. Promoting use of coal-based fuels C. Building outdoor kitchens
A. Promoting use of improved stove and ventilation systems
Select all that apply in addressing neglected tropical diseases A. The rapid-impact package B. Periodic deworming C. The SAFE strategy D. Insecticide treated bednet distribution
All
Select all that apply: Select all air pollutant: A. Carbon monoxide B. Smog C. Sulfur dioxide D. Volatile organic compounds
All
Select all that are emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: A. Ebola B. Cholera C. Marburg D. Plague E. MERS F. SARS G. Dengue
All
The most critical interventions to deal with undernutrition are: A. Focus on South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa B. Ensure that pregnant women are well nourished and have sufficient amounts of needed micronutrients C. Fight infection and illness through better hygiene, improved water and sanitation, and appropriate food and health behaviors. D. Promote exclusive breastfeeding for all children until they are 6 months of age E. Encourage the provision of appropriate complementary foods for infants beginning at 6 months of age
All
Select the neglected tropical diseases: A. Trachoma B. Leishmaniasis C. Dracunculiasis D. Ascariasis E. Trichuriasis F. Leprosy G. HIV/AIDS
All but G
People from which of the following places are more likely to have Iodine deficiency? A. People who live near sea shores B. People who live in mountainous areas
B
The lack of vitamin A is associated with the development of a condition known as xeropthalmia. The person with this condition is first likely to get _______________ and later the eye dries out which can lead to permanent blindness. A. day blindness B. night blindness C. Vitamin A blindness D. river blindness
B
The term neonatal refers to what? A. The first five years of life B. The first month of life C. The first week of life D. The first year of life
B
Which country has a very large number of internationally displaced people? A. South Africa B. Sudan C. Morocco
B
Who is a refugee? A. A person who has migrated to another country B. A person who is outside his or her country of nationality and has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion C. A person who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border
B
Why is exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a child's life so important? A. Exclusive breastfeeding is not actually necessary and complementary foods should be introduced earlier than six months B. The mother's milk has important antibodies that are crucial to the baby's healthy development C. The baby's body cannot digest other foods
B
How did Nepal address micro-nutrient deficiencies (select all that apply) A. Nepal was able to address the issue of micronutrient on its own without collaboration from development partners. B. Community health worker volunteers (CHWV), usually women who live in the community, administer the needed supplements in their communities, record the children or women who receive the supplements and spend time educating parents, particularly women who receive the supplements. C. To address Anemia Nepal government initiated the National Anemia Control Strategy and Iron Intensification Program in 2003, with support from WHO, UNICEF, and the Micro-nutrient Initiative. D. To increase the use of both oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and zinc when treating diarrheal disease, USAID supported training for private sector health care providers.
B C D
Which of the following describes a waterborne infection? A. Person-to-person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene B. The pathogen is in water that is ingested C. Transmission by insects that breed in water or bite near water
B - Answer - Waterborne A - Water-washed C - Water vectored
The most important environmental risk factor in low- and middle-income countries is... A. Outdoor air pollution B. Indoor air pollution C. Unsafe Water
B - Indoor air polution
Select all statements that are true about the prevention and treatment of TB. A. The BCG vaccine is important in reducing the transmission of TB. B. WHO recommends starting antiretroviral therapy for anyone who is HIV-positive who has TB C. Any responsible individual can be a DOTS provider. D. DOTS is a cost-effective approach to TB treatment
B C D A - BCG vaccine is used for children but does not have a significant effect on transmission
Select all that are true about sex-selective abortions: A. The one-child policy in China has not exacerbated male preference. B. Generally, family size and preferences for males decreases as income and education rise. However, this has not been true in some countries, like India, where families have used available technology (ultrasound) to express their preference for males by engaging in sex-selective abortion. C. A consequence of sex-selective abortion is the skewed ratios of males to females in a number of countries, like India and China, where there are about 112 males born for every 100 females (India) and 111 males born for every 100 females (China). D. Sex selective abortion appears to be more prevalent in India and China than in any other country.
B C D A - HAS exacerbated
What should NOT be among the first things done during the emergency phase of a Complex Humanitarian Emergency (CHE)? A. Assessment of the displaced population B. Address noncommunicable diseases C. Establish a disease surveillance system
B. Address noncommunicable diseases
To decrease the number of new HIV infections, which age group would you predominantly focus on? A. Infants B. Adults aged 15-24 C. Adults over 24
B. Adults aged 15-24
What is the best measure to reduce the risk of diarrhea among one-year-old children? A. Immunizations against malaria B. Improved personal hygiene C. Pneumococcal vaccine
B. Improved personal hygiene
Tuberculosis is spread in which way? A. Foodborne B. Inhalation C. Waterborne
B. Inhalation
Which type of fuel creates the least amount of indoor air pollution? A. Coal B. Kerosene C. Wood
B. Kerosene
"Kangaroo mother care" is for which of the following? A. Babies with HIV B. Low birth weight & premature babies who are otherwise healthy C. Malnourished children
B. Low birth weight and premature babies who are otherwise healthy
Which of the following is true about tuberculosis? A. Women have active TB disease more than men B. Men have active TB disease more than women C. TB infects the elderly population disproportionately
B. Men have active TB disease more than women
A child who is two weeks old is in which phase of life? A. Perinatal B. Neonatal C. Infant
B. Neonatal
Which of the following is the most important step to reduce the burden of noncommunicable disease? A. Reduce alcohol consumption B. Reduce tobacco consumption C. Reduce illegal drug consumption
B. Reduce tobacco consumption
What are measures that can be taken to reduce outdoor air pollution? A. Using leaded gasoline B. Reducing the burning of garbage C. Encouraging less frequent emissions inspections
B. Reducing the burning of garbage
Improved sanitation, if coupled with hand washing with soap, would have the largest impact on... A. Reduction in the prevalence of TB B. Reduction of diarrhea C. Reduction of onchocerciasis
B. Reduction of diarrhea
Compared to other populations, women in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (CHE) are at considerable risk of which of the following? A. Cholera B. Sexual Violence C. Cardiovascular Diseases
B. Sexual Violence
Which of the following is true of TB in South Asia? A. There is a > incidence of TB in South Asia than in other regions B. South Asia contains half of all new cases of TB in the world C. South Asia has > cases of XDR-TB than any other region
B. South Asia contains half of all new cases of TB in the world
Which of the following are not neglected tropical diseases? A. Onchocerciasis, keusgnabuasus B. Tuberculosis, malaria C. Chagas disease, Leprosy
B. TB, malaria
Drug resistant TB is a result, among other things, of: A. The population not seeking treatment quickly B. Those with TB not taking all of their medicine C. Doctors misdiagnosing TB as another illness
B. Those with TB not taking all of their medicine
Which of the following is true of depression? A. Men suffer from higher rates of depression than women. B. Women suffer from higher rates of depression than men. C. Children suffer from higher rates of depression than adults.
B. Women suffer from higher rates of depression than men.
1. The following term best refers to: "A complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security." A. Natural disaster B. Disaster C. Complex humanitarian emergency
C
Iron fortification can help to address what problem? A. Diarrhea B. Blindness C. Anemia
C
One can ensure that relief agencies work in a coordinated fashion and focus on the most cost-effective activities by: A. Having partners work outside of the mandate of the UN coordinating body B. Working without close collaboration with the host government, as well as with each other C. Being evidence-based and transparent with each other and the affected community
C
The leading cause of death among the communicable diseases for all age groups in low and middle-income countries is: A. Malaria B. HIV/AIDS C. Lower Respiratory Conditions D. Tuberculosis
C
What are the top three causes of post-neonatal under-5 deaths globally? A. Lower respiratory diseases, birth asphyxia and birth trauma and prematurity. B. Lower respiratory infections, diarrheal disease, and prematurity C. Lower respiratory infections, diarrheal disease, and malaria D. Lower respiratory infections, malaria, and injuries
C
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)? A. A person who has left their home for another place B. A person who is outside his or her country of nationality and has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion C. A person who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border
C
Which of these would be among the FIRST things that would be done to address the health effects of a complex humanitarian emergency? A. Provide family planning services and distribute condoms B. Provide TB treatment and HIV treatment C. Assess the size and composition of the displaced population and establish a system for disease surveillance
C
Which statement about the burden of disease from environmental factors is false? A. Most DALYs attributable to poor sanitation, water, and hygiene occur primarily in young children B. About 8.4% of the total burden of disease in low-and middle-income countries is due to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene, urban air pollution, and indoor air pollution C. Most deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution occurs in adults less than 45 years of age D. There is tentative evidence linking indoor air pollution with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight.
C
Who is most likely to be affected by poor environmental conditions indoors? A. Men working in urban cities B. Women and children in urban areas of middle-income countries C. Poor women and children in low-income countries
C
Who is most likely to smoke tobacco? A. An educated man in a high-income country B. An uneducated woman in a middle-income country C. An uneducated man in a low-income country
C. An uneducated man in a low-income country
What is the most cost effective way for external partners to assist in a disaster situation? A. Search and rescue teams B. Send clothing and shoes to families C. Cash assistance to families
C. Cash Assistance to families
Indoor air pollution is responsible for more deaths in this group than in any other... A. Men B. Women C. Children under 5
C. Children under 5
Which of these is a principle of conduct for the International Red Cross during a Disaster Response? A. Aid priorities based on age B. Disaster response remain independent of local organizatinos C. Culture and custom should be respected
C. Culture and custom should be respected
Which water and sanitation intervention is the most cost-effective per DALY saved? A. Hand pump B. House connection C. Hygiene promotion
C. Hygiene promotion
Which of the following are risk factors for developing TB? A. Alcohol consumption, cardiovascular disease B. Exposure to a person infected with TB, high-fat diet C. Overcrowded housing, undernutrition
C. Overcrowded housing, undernutrition
What are the three leading causes of death in children under 5 in Southeast Asia? A. HIV/AIDS, malaria, pneumonia B. HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhea C. Pneumonia, Diarrhea, pre-term birth
C. Pneumonia, diarrhea, pre-term birth
What are the three leading causes of neonatal deaths in low- and middle-income countries? A. Pneumonia, diarrhea, congenital abnormalities B. Pre-term birth, birth asphyxia, sepsis C. Pre-term birth, diarrhea, pneumonia
C. Pre-term birth, diarrhea, pneumonia
What is the most effective way to avoid mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS? A. Provide vitamin supplements to the mother-to-be B. Exclusively breastfeed the baby for 6 months C. Provide ART to pregnant women with HIV and their new babies
C. Provide ART to pregnant women with HIV and their new babies
Cardiovascular disease is the largest cause of death in all regions, except: A. The Caribbean B. South Asia C. Sub-Saharan Africa
C. Sub-Saharan Africa
Part of the WHO protocol in addressing diarrhea in children in low- and middle-income countries is... A. Vitamin A B. Iodine C. Zinc
C. Zinc
It is important to know how communicable diseases spread. An example of waterborne disease is: A. rabies B. Anthrax C. Hepatitis, HIV D. Cholera
D
One of the conditions that can result from prolonged or failed childbirth is: A. Cancer B. Female Genital Mutilation C. Heart disease D. Obstetric Fistula
D
The leading cause of death for people aged 5-14 in low and middle-income countries is: A. Perinatal conditions B. Malaria C. Whooping cough D. Diarrheal diseases
D
The code of conduct: principles of conduct for the international red cross and red crescent movement and NGOs in disaster response programs include: A. The humanitarian imperative comes first B. Aid is given regardless of the race, creed, or nationality of the recipient and without adverse distinction of any kind. Aid priorities are calculated on the basis of need alone. C. Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint D. to endeavor not to act as instruments of government foreign policy E. All of the above
E
The main risk factors for Tuberculosis (TB) include: A. Exposure to a person infected with TB B. Living in crowded circumstances C. Undernutrition D. HIV/AIDS E. All of the above
E
Reported cases of measles has been constantly increasing globally. True False
F
South Asia has the highest maternal mortality ratio. True False
F - Sub-Saharan Africa
World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 842,00000 deaths and 10.5 percent of the global burden of disease was attributable in 2012 to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene. True False
False -- 1.5%
The Vitamin A program in Nepal aimed to reduce child morbidity and mortality by prophylactic supplementation of high dose vitamin A capsules to pregnant women aged 17-35. True False
False -- To children 6-60m of age, not mothers
Biomass fuels and coal do not completely combust when they are burned. Instead, they leave behind breathable particles of a variety of gases and chemical products. The amount of these substances in a poorly ventilated home can exceed World Health Organization norms by more than 20 times. True False
T
Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant, during delivery, or within 42 days of delivery. True False
T
Norovirus is a type of viral waterborne pathogens. True False
T
The leading causes of under-5 deaths in East Asia and Pacific, Latin America and the Carribean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, High-income countries, is Preterm birth complications while it is Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. True False
T
Unsafe abortions are highest in Eastern and Central Africa. True False
T
Violence among women have negative consequences, including injuries, unwanted pregnancies, STIs, depression, and sometimes permanent disability or death. True False
T
Although natural disasters have been associated with considerable death and economic loss the impact of complex emergencies on health over the last decade has been considerably greater than that of natural disasters. True False
True
In the early stages of dealing with large numbers of displaced people in the Complex Humanitarian Emergencies, most deaths occur from diarrheal diseases, respiratory infections, measles, or malaria. True False
True
It is suggested that each adult in a camp (internally displaced people or refugees should get at least 2100 kilocalories of energy from food per day. True False
True
Select all that apply about the steps Sri Lanka took to address maternal mortality: A. Made use of its civil registration data to identify what areas of the country had the most significant problems with maternal mortality B. Improved access to health services C. Sri Lanka introduced policies to expand the number of midwives D. There were efforts from the government to improve health by improving sanitation and by measures to combat malaria and hookworm (progress in other health areas).
all
What are the measures families can take even in low-income communities, to protect the health of their young children: A. Promote mental and social development by responding to child's needs for care and through talking, playing, and providing a stimulating environment. B. Ensure that every pregnant woman has adequate antenatal care. C. Give sick children appropriate home treatment for infections D. Breastfeed infants exclusively for up to 6 months. (mothers that are HIV-positive require counseling about possible alternatives to breastfeeding).
all
Among the following world regions, Iron deficiency (Anemia) related deaths in children under five years is highest in: A. Africa B. Asia C. East Asia and Pacific D. Europe
A
In simple terms, stunting refers to what measure? A. Height-for-age B. Weight-for-height C. Weight-for-age
A
Low birthweight is: A. Birthweight less than 2500 grams B. Birthweight less than 4500 grams C. None of the above D. Birthweight less than 3500 grams
A
The case fertility rate is: A. The proportion of people with a disease that die from the disease B. The proportion of people infected with a disease that survive the disease C. The proportion of people with a disease that die D. The proportion of people exposed to a disease that contract the disease
A
What best defines water-washed transmission of infection? A. Person-to-person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene B. Transmission by insects that breed in water C. Pathogen in the water is ingested D. Transmission via an aquatic intermediate host
A
Which WHO world region has the highest prevalence of underweight of children under five years of age: A. South-East Asia B. Africa C. Western Pacific D. Eastern Mediterranean
A
Which intervention is the most appropriate, cost-effective measure for caring for stable, low birth weight infants in very resource-limited settings? A. Kangaroo mother care B. Neonatal incubator C. Feeding through a nasogastric tube D. None of these are correct
A
Which is likely to be least related to the social determinants of health? A. Breast cancer B. Sexual abuse C. Female infanticide D. Dowry death
A
Which of the following is not one of the "three delays"? (As discussed in reducing maternal mortality in Tamil Nadu, India) A. A delay in getting a traditional healer to the pregnant woman B. A delay in providing appropriate emergency obstetric care in the hospital C. A delay in identifying complications and seeking care
A
Which of the following is the largest cause of the burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries? A. Household air pollution B. Outdoor air pollution C. Toxic chemicals in the soil
A
Which of the following would be THE MOST important way to improve the health of infants in rural communities of low-income countries? A. Promote exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months B. Promote the introduction of complimentary foods at 3 months C. Promote the use of vitamin supplements at 1 year
A
Select all that are true about handwashing with soap in Senegal (according to a 2004 study). A. The rate of handwashing was 23 percent after going to the toilet B. The rate of handwashing was 18% after cleaning a child C. The rate of handwashing is 80 percent after going to toilet D. The rate of handwashing was 18 percent before handling food.
A B D
What is/are the key intervention/s in controlling malaria in highly endemic regions of Africa? A. Intermittent preventative therapy for pregnant women. B. Prompt artemisinin-based therapy for those infected, based on confirmed diagnosis C. Long-lasting insecticide treated bednets for people living in malarial zones D. Outdoor residual spraying of insecticides
A B C D - Indoor residual spraying, not outdoor
Select all that are true about immunization of children: A. Vaccine preventable diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world B. Vaccination is consistent with the "inverse care law" which observes that the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population. C. Lower vaccine coverage are not associated with socioeconomic determinants of health such as education status of the mother, geographic distance from health centers, and family income levels. D. Poor immunization coverage in the Africa Region may be explained in part by civil unrest, lack of human resources for health care, and limited funding for routine immunization services
A B D C - IS associated
Select all that apply about Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): A. When FGM is performed initially, it can result in terrible pain or shock. B. The World Health Organization has grouped female genital mutilation into four types, generally varying from excision of the prepuce, the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris, to excision of part or all of the external genitalia and the stitching and narrowing of the vaginal opening. C. FGM is not common among women, who are 15-49 years old, in Egypt, Guinea, and Somalia. D. It is estimated that half of the girls who undergo FGM will be cut before they are 5 years of age and the remainder will be cut before they are 15 years of age.
A B D C - IS common
Select all that are true: A. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates for all indicators (Neonatal mortality rates, Infant mortality rates, Under-five child mortality rates) as defined by the World Bank Region. B. The higher the income group of the region, the less likely under-5 children are to die of conditions related to birth, such as congenital anomalies. C. The lower the income group of the region, the less likely under-five children are to die of infectious causes. D. In most low-and middle-income regions, the largest share of the children who die will die as neonates, but in some regions, there is still a significant risk of dying from the 1st month of life to the 12th month of life. E. South-Asia has the second-highest rates for all indicators (Neonatal mortality rates, Infant mortality rates, Under-five child mortality rates) as defined by the World Bank Region. F. In Sub-Saharan Africa uniquely, malaria and HIV/AIDS are also significant killers of young children
A D E F B - More likely C - More likely
Which WHO region has the highest neonatal mortality? A. Africa B. Southeast Asia C. Eastern Mediterranean
A. Africa
Essential intervention for newborns includes all of the following, except... A. Bathing the infant in the first 24h after birth B. Early and exclusive breastfeeding C. Keeping the baby warm
A. Bathing the infant in the first 24h after birth
Which of the following are two of the best predictors of infant health and survival? A. Birth weight, period of gestation at delivery B. Birth weight, body temperature C. Mother's weight, period of gestation at delivery
A. Birth weight, period of gestation at delivery
What is the leading cause of death worldwide? A. Cardiovascular Disease B. HIV/AIDS C. Neuropsychiatric disorders
A. Cardiovascular Disease
Most of the deaths during a Complex Humanitarian Emergency (CHE) are a result of: A. Cholera, measles B. Dengue fever, meningitis C. Malnutrition, anemia
A. Cholera, measles
Two most important risk factors in terms of the burden of environmentally-related diseases... A. Indoor air pollution, unsanitary disposal of human waste B. Climate change, indoor air pollution C. Crowded housing, outdoor air pollution
A. Indoor air pollution, unsanitary disposal of human waste
Which of these three is responsible for most deaths in adults in low and middle-income countries? A. Ischemic Heart Disease B. Tuberculosis C. Diabetes
A. Ischemic Heart Disease
In Senegal, what was a barrier to hand washing with soap? A. Lack of a designated place for hand washing B. Lack of soap C. Lack of a water source
A. Lack of a designated place for hand washing.
Which cancers are most closely associated with tobacco use? A. Lung, esophageal B. Colon, Stomach C. Liver, Cervical
A. Lung, esophageal
