Government FINAL Review
Magna Carta
(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom
Sheppard v. Maxwell
**6th amendment guarantee of fair trial is superior to 1st amendment guarantee of freedom of the press** Sheppard was jailed for murdering his wife, but the ruling was overturned after the supreme court decided he did not have his right to a fair trial due to the immense publicity. Led to establishment of Restrictive Orders (A court order limiting the discussion of the facts in a criminal case both by participants in the case and by the press.)
expressed powers examples
- Taxing - Coin & Print Money -Declare War -Establish post offices and roads -Define and punish piracies and felonies on the 'high seas' -Establish laws of naturalization
Liberal Ideologies
-Support a more robust safety net for poor people -Support social intervention and change -Want to distribute resources to poor favor the common person
what is the process of a bill becoming a law?
1. An Idea is thought of (Anybody) 2. Placed into hopper, then the idea is proposed to the House or Senate 3. Goes to a committee where they can trash, amend, create a new bill, pass, or pigeonhole it 4. A debate is held on the bill by rest of Senate House- Time Limit Senate- No Time Limit 5. Voting is held on the bill (Majority) 6. Repeated in the next house 7. Given to the president who can ("7-10") a) Veto the bill b) Pocket-Veto (Bill will be denied if congress isn't in session for 10 days) c) Sign the bill d) Leave the bill for 10 days. The bill will pass if congress is in session
identify presidential role and example of that illustrates the role
1. Chief of state- term for the president as the ceremonial head of the united states, a symbol of all the people of the nation (ex. In many countries, the chief of state reigns over government but does not rule. Examples of this can be found in England, Denmark, Japan, Italy, and Germany) 2. Chief executive- decides how the laws of the US are to be enforced and choosing officials to help run the executive branch (ex. This power is used at home on domestic issues and also extends to foreign affairs. The executive power is limited, however, by our government's system of checks and balances) 3. Chief administrator- responsible for the implementation of national policy (ex. As chief administrator, the President is in charge of the executive branch of the federal government. This branch employs more than 2.7 million civilians) 4. Chief diplomat- the president as the main architect of the american foreign policy and the nation's chief spokesperson to other countries (ex. Everything the President says and does is closely followed, both at home and in other countries) 5. Commander in chief- a head of state or officer in supreme command of a country's armed forces (ex. This power gives the President direct and immediate control of the military) 6. Chief legislator- the role of the president in influencing the making of laws (ex. the President may suggest, request, and insist that Congress enact laws he believes are needed. Sometimes, Congress does not agree with the President and decides against legislation. Working with Congress takes up a major part of the President's time) 7. Chief of party- leader of the political party that controls the executive branch 8. Chief citizen- representative of all the people
what are the different factors that influence decision making of law-makers and to what degree are these factors influential?
1. Constituents- members, especially those who hope to win reelection, often take into consideration, the opinion of their constituents and voters back home in their district or state 2. Other lawmakers and staff- more senior members often influence newer members; committees members who works on legislation often influence other members; and staff often research issues and advised members. 3. Party influences- Each party's platform takes a stand on major issues, and loyal members often adhere to the "party line". Members in the house are more likely to support the party position than are Senators. 4. President- Presidents often Lobby members to support legislation through phone calls, invitations to the White House, or even appeals to the public to gain support from voters to bring pressure on members. 5. Lobbyists and interest groups- Often provide members with information on topics relating to their group's interests or possible financial support in future campaigns.
how is it possible for a supreme court case decision to be reversed?
1. If Congress thinks the Court has gotten it wrong, they can change the law to make things clearer. 2. If the decision is based on the Constitution, the Constitution can be amended. For example, the Supreme Court has said that the Constitution bans school-sponsored prayer. If enough people wanted to, they could pass an amendment allowing such prayers. 3. Finally (and this is the most common way of overturning Court decisions) a later Supreme Court can decide that a certain decision was wrong. For example, the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education effectively overruled the decision in made 58 years before in Plessy v. Ferguson.
implied powers examples
1. Income Tax 2. Getting rid of the penny 3. Military Draft
How does american government reflect montesquieu and locke's philosophies?
1. Montesquieu- 3 branches of government 2. Locke- fundamental to US declaration of independence & influenced Thomas Jefferson, "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"
Locke
1. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel 2. Social Contract Theory- people voluntarily give up some power to government in exchange for natural rights protection
In what ways was the concept of federalism incorporated into the constitution?
1. dividing power between the national and state governments 2. by describing obligations that those governments must have toward each other
what role did the magna carta and the english bill of rights have in creating american government?
1. established limited government 2. trial by jury (included in bill of rights) 3. due process (included in bill of rights)
what were the arguments of federalists and anti federalists?
1. federalists- those persons who supported the ratification of the constitution (wanted a strong central government) 2. anti-federalists- those persons who opposed the ratification of the constitution (feared a strong central government, federal government would be too strong, slavery still existed in new constitution, no bill of rights included)
describe the factors that can influence a supreme court case decision
1. individual justices may be influenced by personal background, political views, relationships with other judges, and even by the clerks who assist them 2. the Solicitor General decides which cases the government should ask the court to review and what the government's position will be in them. 3. the supreme court is influenced by what it believes the majority of the american people will support
inherent powers example
1. power to create immigration laws 2. recognize foreign countries 3. power to create new departments of government
what aspects of colonial american government were related to the english roots of representative government?
1. representative government- the idea that the people have a say in their own government 2. limited government- the belief that government should be subject to strict limits on the lawful use of power 3. individual rights- the belief that government should protect individual and property rights
what amendment most supports the concept of federalism?
10th amendment- reserves those powers not delegated to the federal government to the states
In what ways has the right to vote been expanded in America? Identify each of the measures that provided this expansion
15th amendment - a citizen cannot be denied the right to vote based on race/color (protected the right of black male citizens to vote) 24th amendment- a person can not be denied the right to vote due to them not paying poll tax 23rd amendment- citizens of the district Columbia can vote 26th amendment- qualified citizens over eighteen years old may vote 19th amendment- the right to vote cannot be denied on account of sex (this gave women the right to vote)
***which of the following are not rights guaranteed to the accused in the Bill of Rights?
4th amendment- right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment
Citizens United v. FEC
A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Lead to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering (Citizens for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow)
Dictatorship
A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen
Recall
A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term. In AZ: A recall is when a political committee petitions the electors of the state, county, city/town, or district to demand an officer be recalled based on a statement of grounds by the committee.
executive order
A rule issued by the president that has the force of law
Federalism
A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Libel
A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Marshall)
Aaron Ogden's New York ferry license gave him the right to operate steamboats to and from New York He stated that Thomas Gibbon's federal coasting license did not include "landing rights" in New York Court invalidated NY licensing regulations, holding that federal regulations should take precedence under the supremacy clause The decision strengthened the power of the united states to regulate any interstate business relationship (1824, Marshall) *Only Congress may regulate interstate commerce.*
Conservative Ideologies
Advocate minimal regulation of the economy and put little emphasis on income redistribution (preserve things as they are) favor the wealthy/corporations
15th amendment
Black men can vote
in what way can media impact an election and/or public perception of elected officials
By influencing political opinions of voters (However, the media can SWAY people who are uncommitted or have no strong opinion in the first place. Since these voters often decide elections results, the power of media in elections can be substantial.) By determining the behavior of candidates and officials. (Critics believe that too much attention is focused on how politicians look and come across on camera, rather than on how good a job they are doing in public service.) By setting the public agenda (Most Americans learn about SOCIAL ISSUES from print or electronic media. The fact that the media focuses on some issues and ignores others can help set what gets done in government. Media sources have often been accused of emphasizing scandal and high-interest issues at the expense of duller but more important political problems)
***What kind of speech is not protected?
CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER/THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY, INCITING A RIOT/ FIGHTING WORDS, OBSCENITY
Veto
Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature
Commerce Clause
Clause stating that Congress can regulate interstate and international commerce.
Considering the varying points of view in congress and the likelihood of the House and the Senate to have opposing majority parties, how can differences in proposed bills be worked out? Whose responsibility is it?
Conference committee- temporary committee of members from both houses of congress, created to resolve the differences in House and Senate versions of a bill. It is a compromise committee
Supreme Court
Consists of nine justices, each appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress. Appointment is for life. Supreme Court exercises the power to determine constitutionality of statutes
Supremacy Clause
Constitution is the supreme law of the land
5th Amendment
Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
Why was federalism a demand of the founding fathers?
Federalism was a demand for the founding fathers to ensure the avoidance of tyranny, to allow more participation in politics, & to use the states as "laboratories" for new ideas and programs.
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
Inalienable Rights
Found in the Declaration of Independence. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness AKA: rights that cannot be taken away
Schneck v. US
Free speech limited in clear and present danger
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
1st Amendment
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition establishment clause
Patriot Acts of 2001 and 2003
Gave govt expanded ability to obtain information and arrest suspects
the will of the people
Government listens to what the people want and enact laws to address those wants and needs
interest groups
Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals
Referendum
In AZ: A referendum is any measure, or item, section or part of any measure enacted by the Legislature during legislative session. Arizona's registered voters may circulate a petition to refer to the voters a measure or part of a measure passed by the legislature.
Initiative
In AZ: An initiative is any measure taken out by the people that proposes new laws or amends the Arizona Revised Statutes or the Arizona Constitution.
Super PACs
Independent expenditure-only PACs are known as Super PACs because they may accept donations of any size and can endorse candidates. Their contributions and expenditures must be periodically reported to the FEC.
what factors have led to an increase in the influence of interest groups in American Government and politics?
Interest group- An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy 1. the broad economic developments that make new interests and redefine old ones. ex) farmers weren't organized until they started selling in unstable markets or forces they can't control. 2. government policy. ex) wars=veterans=veteran organizations 3. leaders/entrepreneurs. ex) antislavery organizations created by young people 4. the more things government does, the more people will be interested in what the government does. ex) many labor unions formed after policies affected labor went into effect.
clear and present danger test
Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
It found no compelling government interest for prohibiting corporations and unions from using their general treasury funds to make election-related independent expenditures. Turned BCRA around. Money is an expression, free speech. (2010) 1st amendment
English Bill of Rights
King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.
Johne Locke
Life, Liberty, Property and social contract
What is the purpose, the effect, and the significance of the relationship of the lobbyist and members of congress?
Lobbyist- a person who takes part in an organized attempt to influence legislators 1. Purpose- to work hard to influence committee action, floor debate, and then the final vote in a legislative body. to write speeches, to provide information to officeholders, to make campaign contributions, draft legislation, & file court briefs. 2. Effect: Shape opinions to match their own. 3. Significance: can provide persuasive arguments and helps everyone to learn all important arguments and facts on a controversial issue.
26th Amendment
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
media
Means of communication that reach large widely dispersed audiences simultaneously. mass media has a huge effect on the formation of public opinion.
Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison)
Most important case in Supreme Court history - first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of judicial review (the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution.) Written in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the decision played a key role in making the Supreme Court a separate branch of government on par with Congress and the executive.
8th Amendment
No cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail
what is the nomination process?
Nomination- the naming of those who will seek office. There are 5 methods of nomination 1. Primary- qualified voters cast ballots for in private for their candidate. The person who receives the most votes is nominated. 2. Caucus- party members and supporters debate the merits of the candidates and then vote to select a nominee 3. Convention- local districts select delegates to represent them at a higher level meeting where the nominee is chosen 4. Self announcement- the candidate announces his/her intention to run for office, usually as an independent or as a write-in candidate 5. Petition- candidates collect a specified number of signatures from voters to qualify for the general election
Judicial Activism
Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect current conditions and values.
PACs
Political Action Committees, raise money for candidates &/or parties
in what ways do political parties impact the job of the congress?
Political parties provide Congress with organizational structure and discipline. The Democratic and Republican parties are a robust presence in Congress. Almost all members of Congress are either Republicans or Democrats. Party organizations have permanent offices and staffs on the Hill. Parties facilitate lawmaking and are the basis for the most stable coalitions in Congress. They unite individuals who share ideological orientations and policy goals and help them work together to pass legislation. Congressional campaign committees help party members get elected to Congress.
Purpose of AZ Initiative, Referendum & Recall procedures for the citizens
Power given to the people Initiative, Referendum and Recall are three powers reserved to the voters to enable them, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office.
where does the power lie in a monarchy?
Power of the monarch is limited by law; the real power lies in another branch of government.
reserved powers
Powers given to the state government alone marriage /divorce laws, speed limits, conduct elections, regulate alcoholic beverages
implied powers
Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution ex. draft an army, set minimum wage, protect against mail fraud, create IRS, punish tax evasion, outlaw the sale of certain items
delegated powers
Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government
describe the factors that influence american foreign policy
Religion: religion plays an important role. A country which belongs to whatever religion will make a hectic effort to establish a cordial relationship with a country having a similar religion, culture, and way of life. Geography: a country geography plays its vital role in the foreign policy of any country. Good relation with neighbor assure peace and stability while bad relation creates anarchy which leads the country toward destabilization. Political instability. the politically stable country has always a good relation with other countries depending upon its need while that country where internal politics is not mature often involve in power tussle and political wrangling, ignoring the prime objective of its foreign policy which is the national interest. The state institutions and political parties often sacrifice national interest for the interest of specific group or parties, as a result, a country fails to establish a cordial and amicable relationship with the outside world. Economic compulsion: each and every country try to establish foreign relation in order to achieve economic stability. The poor countries always in search of better relation with those of the advance countries only because to gain some aid in the form of cash or goods while the advance countries looking for its market in order to increase its sale and capturing foreign markets. One of the main reason of this is to avoid from any deficit in BOP and to improve BOT. Strategic factor: in the globalized world each country is being affected from the outside world if the circumstances in that country is not good or if any threat from its adversaries who trying to sabotage its interest. The first and foremost objective of the country will look after its interest to establish good relation with other country or to abandon relation in case of its interest are jeopardise.
7th Amendment
Right to a trial by jury in civil cases
Article 3 of the Constitution
Section of the Constitution laying out powers and responsibilities of the Judicial Branch
Responsibilities of American Citizens
Support and defend the Constitution. Stay informed of the issues affecting your community. Participate in the democratic process. Respect and obey federal, state, and local laws. Respect the rights, beliefs, and opinions of others. Participate in your local community. Pay income and other taxes honestly, and on time, to federal, state, and local authorities. Serve on a jury when called upon. Defend the country if the need should arise.
Separate but equal
Supreme Court doctrine established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. Allowed state-required racial segregation in places of public accommodation as long as the facilities were equal.
unitary system
System of government in which all power is invested in a central government.
In what ways does the Declaration of Independence reflect the social contract belief?
The Declaration of Independence reflects John Locke's social contract by withdrawing their obligation to obey the monarchy, by grouping colonists to change leadership because they believed the monarchy failed to protect their rights.
Jurisdiction
The authority of a court to hear a case
Purposes of Political Parties
The basic purpose of political parties is to nominate candidates for public office and to get as many of them elected as possible. Once elected, these officials try to achieve the goals of their party through legislation and program initiatives
what was the constitutional basis for the ruling in brown v board of education of topeka?
The court heard the arguments of whether or not segregation violated the equal protection clause and found that when dealing with education "separate but equal" has no place
What power of checks and balances can Congress implement in regards to the President and the Judicial Branch?
The power of judicial review (the power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a government action)
Appointment Power
The power of the President & Senate to appoint important government officers (federal judges, agency directors, etc.). President nominates candidate, which then must by confirmed by simple majority in the Senate (check on President's power). Subject to senatorial courtesy rule for local appointments (district judges)
Has the power of the President been expanded or limited in recent years? In what ways?
The power of the president has both expanded and been limited in recent years. It is no secret that the public votes for a president in hopes of the president giving the people what he/she promised when campaigning. However, the power of the president is limited by the constitution. There are certain things that a president can't do due to the fact that their actions may/may not abide by the constitution.
What tools of checks and balances can the president implement?
The president can veto acts of Congress. Thus if the executive tries to pass laws that the president believes are unconstitutional or even just bad policy, the president can prevent the bill from becoming law. A two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress can override a presidential veto, allowing a bill to become law even over the president's objections.)
what is the president's role in regards to framing american foreign policy?
The president's authority in foreign affairs, as in all areas, is rooted in Article II of the Constitution. The charter grants the officeholder the powers to make treaties and appoint ambassadors with the advice and consent of the Senate
what are the reserved powers of the government?
The reserved powers clause of the U.S. Constitution, found in the 10th Amendment, established that any power not specifically delegated to the national government reverts to the states.
6th Amendment
The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person
Montesquieu
The spirit of the laws (1784) -classified the government into three types 1. monarchies 2. republics 3. despotisms -developed the concept of separation of powers
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The supreme court considered whether or not Congress had the power to create a national bank and whether Maryland had interfered with congressional powers by taxing the national bank Maryland law ruled unconstitutional (required federally chartered banks to use only a special paper to print money, which amounted to a tax) McCulloch (a cashier) claimed that States could not tax the federal government Court declared the Maryland law to be unconstitutional, Maryland had interfered with one of congress's implied powers Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax federal government. Institution; John Marshall; "the power to tax involves the power to destroy."
How does the initiative, referendum & recall engage political responsibility?
These were three changes intended to increase the individual voter's influence in government. It gives a person the power to propose laws, states that certain laws passed by the state legislature do not take effect unless they are approved by a majority of the citizens, and strengthens the control of voters over elected officials.
Montesquieu and separation of powers
To secure our liberty, there must be a system of checks and balances. Power must be a check to power. Executive, legislative, and judiciary branches.
explain the rights of an accused person based on due process as established in the constitution
Under the 5th Amendment, you have the right to refuse to answer questions, or make statements, that might incriminate you The 5th Amendment also contains the Due Process Clause, which protects you from suffering certain consequences without due process of law. As the judicial interpretation of the Due Process Clause has evolved, it has been subdivided into two guarantees: substantive due process and procedural due process. Substantive due process refers to specific rights, such as rights related to free speech, voting, and association. Procedural due process ensures that the adjudication process,the way you are tried for a crime, is fair and impartial. 6th amendment 1. the right to trial by jury; 2. The right to trial in a timely manner; 3. the right to be informed of the nature and cause of all accusations against you; 4. the right to confront witnesses against you; 5. the right to have legal counsel available to you; and 6. the right to compel witnesses to testify on your behalf. 8th amendment prohibits excessive bail or cruel/unusual punishment Miranda warnings 1. that they have the right to remain silent; 2. that anything they say can and will be used against them in a court of law; 3. that they have the right to be represented by counsel; and that, if they cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them
19th amendment
Women's right to vote
Electoral College
a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.
dual court system
a court system made up of both federal and state courts
Legislative elastic clause
a statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers (delegated/expressed powers)
Judicial Constraint
a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional,[1] though what counts as obviously unconstitutional is itself a matter of some debate.
Domestic Policy
administrative decisions that are directly related to all issues and activity within a nation's borders
***the due process clause in the 14th amendment did which of the following?
applied the US constitution to the states
McGulloch v. Maryland
case that established the supremacy of the national government over the state governments
where does the power lie in a unitary governmental system?
central government
***which of the president's role is he/she filling when he/she signs or veto's a bill from congress?
chief legislator and chief executive
Describe the duties and powers of the President as detailed in Article 2 of the constitution?
control of armed forces, approves legislation, appoints executive officials and appoints judges
***expressed power in the constitution
declaring war
how are the limits on first amendment rights determined?
determined by the courts
where does the power lie in dictatorship?
dictator (leader)
***What kind of court system does the US have?
dual court system (federal and state)
where does the power lie in a representative democracy?
elected representatives
***inherent power of the federal government
establishing an income tax
Examples of Separation of Powers
example 1: For example, the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries. But these appointments must be approved by the Senate. The Congress can pass a law, but the President can veto it. The Supreme Court can rule a law to be unconstitutional, but the Congress, with the States, can amend the Constitution. example 2: while the President is the Commander in Chief of the armed forces (the guy ultimately in charge of the military), however, the President must ask Congress for funds for war, permission to use the military (after a brief time period) AND the power to declare war rests solely within Congress.
Due Process
fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.
identify leaders from both sides (federalists vs. anti federalists)
federalists- led by alexander hamilton, james madison, john jay anti-federalists- led by patrick henry, samuel adams, john hancock, richard henry lee, george mason
describe how conflicts between rights of citizens occur during times of crisis or war
government is very limiting and strict during those periods
Limited Government
government structure in which government actions are limited by law
appellate
having the power to hear appeals and to reverse lower court decisions
*** -power is held by a small group of people -authority is based on wealth -families are often in control of the government
oligarchy
Political Parties
organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices
citizens united
political action committee - The group promotes corporate interests, socially conservative causes and candidates who advance their goals, which it says are "...limited government, freedom of enterprise, strong families, and national sovereignty and security."
***what was used to disenfranchise voters in the US?
poll taxes & literacy tests
***define federalism
power is shared between the national government, state and local governments
where does the power lie in a oligarchy?
power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
inherent powers
powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it
expressed powers
powers directly stated in the constitution ex. declare war, print money, regulate interstate trade, make treaties, establish post offices and postal roads
***Implied power of the federal government
regulating commerce between the states
Foreign Policy
relations with the governments of other countries
Judicial Review
review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.
conference committee
special joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
***what document influenced the american colonists to revolt?
the english bill of rights
Divine Right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
***what may influence legislators?
the media lobbyists political parties
***statement that reflect the fear of the anti-federalists
the national government would become too powerful
***what influence did the european philosophers, such as hobbs, locke have on the colonists?
the philosophers advocated overthrowing any government that denied individual rights
***statement re the presidential election
there are two races, for the party nomination and the general election
***what do the 15th and 19th amendment have in common?
they both expanded voting rights
***what would the free exercise clause protect?
voluntary prayer before school begins
Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)
william marbury asked the Supreme Court to enforce the delivery of his commission based on a provision of the judiciary act of 1789 that allowed the court to hear such cases on original jurisdiction... the court refused his request finding that the Judiciary act was in conflict with the Constitution (this case established the supreme court's power of judicial review, the court has the power to interpret the constitution)
