HCR 210

passive euthanasia

A form of euthanasia in which the health care staff allows a deadly process to continue without intervention.

Active euthanasia (passive)

A form of euthanasia where the health care staff would provide medications to speed the process of dying when it was felt that further intervention would be futile.

recipient

A positive right can be thought of as a ____________________ right or welfare right.

high utility

According to Bentham and Mill, the only basis for the justification of a right would be ____________________.

extraordinary care

According to the formulation of extraordinary and ordinary care offered by Father Gerald Kelly, if the treatment offers no hope of benefit, even if it is easy to provide, it has become ____________________ care.

Third Party Payer

Agencies such as insurance companies or governmental programs that are called on to pay for health services.

obligation

All rights create ____________________ for others to behave in a certain way, to either provide goods or services, or to refrain from interference.

Qualitative futality

Between quantitative and qualitative futility, _________________________ seems to be the more subjective of the two.

natural and human

Consider the scenario of a person dying of thirst who comes to your door begging for water. If you have enough water for yourself and the person's needs, that person has a ____________________ or ____________________ right to your water.

consequence-oriented

Deontological and teleological reasoning are two forms of reasoning. Utilitarianism is a form of _________________________ reasoning.

HIPAA

Federal legislation designed to promote the use of computers in health information management (cost savings) and provide additional privacy protection for clients.

irrelevant

For the duty-oriented ethicist, the consequences of an act are ____________________ in the determination of rightness or wrongness.

Emergency medical treatment

In the Baby K case, the mother of the child would bring the infant to the emergency room to receive care. The law that requires the emergency room to offer services is known as the ______________________________ and Labor Act.

compenetnt

In the Schloendorff v. The Society of New York Hospital case, the courts clearly stated that the practitioner's desire to do good (beneficence) could not be used to overcome a ____________________ patient's personal autonomy.

biographical life

In the Thomas Furlow model of dying, when the highest levels of brain function are lost and we have lost the capacity for social and intellectual life, what remains is ____________________. Correct! biological life

passive

In the United States current practice recognizes a significant difference between active and passive euthanasia. The form of euthanasia for which there is a consensus which allows practitioner participation is known as ____________________ euthanasia.

Autonomy

Paternalism, as practiced by clinicians, seems to be most in opposition to the basic principle of ____________________.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Perhaps the foremost theorist in regard to value development is ____________________.

legal

Placing the human rights statements of the Declaration of Independence into the Constitution of the United States changed the justification of the rights from human reason to ____________________ requirement.

negative

Rights are often divided into positive and negative rights. The rights outlined in the Declaration of Independence are thought to be ____________________ rights.

Justified

Rights in moral philosophy and legal theory are thought of as ____________________ claims.

hospice

Some have stated that the reason people desire to initiate the practice of physician-assisted suicide is because the American way of dying is frightening (isolation, away from family and friends, intrusive medical interventions, potential loss of family wealth in the process). One alternative that was initiated by Dr. Cicely Sanders to address many of these problems is the ____________________ movement.

Kantian

The "categorical imperative" is part of ____________________ ethics.

food and nutrition

The Nancy Cruzan case broke new ground beyond removing ventilator management in that it allowed the removal of ____________________ and nutrition.

state legislators

The United States Supreme Court has ruled that there is no constitutional right for citizens to commit suicide with the assistance of a physician. The Supreme Court has left the issue to ____________________ to decide.

Autonomy

The basic principle that is most closely associated with the concept of self-determination is ____________________.

veracity

The basic principle that is sacrificed in gaming the system is ____________________.

Morris Massey

The concept of matching historical events to value groups within society is an important element of the organizational management theory of ____________________.

First Amendment to the Constitution

The constitutional allowance for Jehovah's Witnesses patients to refuse life-saving blood transfusion is found in the ______________________________.

advanced directives

The court's decision in the Nancy Cruzan case, which called for clear and convincing evidence in regard to patient choice in these matters has resulted in the increased use of ____________________.

Utilitarian

The end of a natural life cycle proposal for rationing health care is an example of a ____________________ system of health care distribution.

negative

The fact that women were given the right to abortion by law but not allowed to receive governmental funding to pay for the procedure is an example of a ____________________ right.

nonmaleficence

The famous admonition "If you can't do the patient good, at least avoid harm," speaks of the two important principles, of beneficence and ____________________.

need

The hungry woman who enters the house and looks in the refrigerator is probably being motivated by ____________________.

negative

The legal right found in the Constitution that allows citizens to bear arms and binds others from interference is an example of a ____________________ right.

beneficence, role fidelity

The obligation of practitioners to help and to promote the well-being of clients falls most directly under the principle of ____________________ or ____________________.

double effect

The principle of ____________________ was developed to offer a way to examine the morality of an action when some of the foreseeable effects of that action are harmful.

Autonomy

The principle that is most closely associated with the practice of informed consent is ____________________.

Gaming the System

The process where one stretches the truth or makes fraudulent claims to get around part of the health care process, usually having to do with payments.

substituted judgement

The proxy decision-making standard that best fit the Karen Ann Quinlan case was known as the ____________________ standard.

act

The purist form of utilitarianism is ____________________ utilitarianism.

Thomas Hobbs

The statement that life in the state of nature was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" comes from the work of ____________________.

Agape

The term ____________________ means a love for humanity, general good will.

gaming the system

The term used to describe the process whereby the practitioner is attempting to get around the system and is willing to lie in the process is known as _________________________.

beneficence

The two basic principles found to be in conflict in the Tarasoff case were confidentiality and ____________________.

Divine command

____________________ ethics is a system often used in debates because it relies on moral injunctions derived from God, the scriptures, or an exemplary being.

HIPAA

____________________ is a new federal law that encourages the use of computerized information systems and provides additional protection of a patient's privacy.

managed care

____________________ is an umbrella term for plans that coordinate health care through primary care generalists in an effort to restrain spiraling health care costs.

Paternalism

____________________ is seen in practices such as benevolent deception, where the practitioner intentionally withholds information from the patient, based on the feeling that the information will somehow hurt the patient.

teleological

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are generally considered to be the fathers of one of the more important ____________________ oriented systems used to make value decisions.

mercy killing

To bring about an individual's death based on your perception that you would be freeing him from further pain and suffering.

Libertarian

Using a free-market approach to distribute health care within society best fits the category known as a ____________________ theory.

Medicare

____________________ provides assistance to pay for health services for U.S. citizens age 65 or older and for persons receiving Social Security disability after two years.

yin,yang

erhaps the most basic principle of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is that the universe is composed of mutually dependent opposites, the ____________________ and ____________________.

embryo

he term test tube baby should perhaps be more appropriately titled "test tube ____________________," followed by first embryo transfer.

Disparage

____________________ literally means to talk badly about.

ahimsa

The doctrine of nonviolence toward all living entities is known as ____________________.

Eugenics

The idea that through breeding or genetic manipulation one can improve the human species

Role Fidelity

The legislated practice acts are important in that they spell out this element of our profession.

"click to enter comment"

A right that grants freedom from interference but does not grant delivery of goods or services or both.

caste

In traditional India, one's dharma (duty) in regard to occupation and station in life is determined by your birth ____________________.

Euthenesia

____________________ literally means "good death."

Morris Massey

"You are what you are, because of where you were when" is a quote that describes the value theory developed by ____________________.

Worldview

A ____________________ is a set of subjective values derived from an individual's religious background, cultural heritage, and personal experiences.

AIDS

A disease that reduces the immune mechanisms of those infected.

Institutional Review Board

A research committee set up to screen research protocols for appropriateness in areas such as maintenance of client confidentiality.

Gatekeeping

A series of duties that the practitioner performs as part of the role duty function. They are designed to promote the profession's and the practitioners' good reputation and, in the end, promote the interests of the clients we serve.

standard precautions

A set protocol that provides a barrier between an infected patient and a health care provider, which reduces the risk for blood and secretion contamination.

Self Referral

A situation in which a practitioners have a financial interest in a service where their patients are referred.

Utilitarian

A society that provides services such as health care to its citizens, based on the "greatest good for the greatest number" and has health care expenditures compete for dollars with other areas such as transportation, defense, and education, would be using a ____________________ system.

Legitimate interest

Access to the patient record is limited to those whose functions require the access.

material

Although it would actually be impossible to ensure that every patient had a full understanding of the situation and every choice be voluntary, the health care provider is at least required to be sure that the legal standard of disclosing all ____________________ risks has been completed.

SARS

An acute respiratory illness caused by a corona virus that is transmitted most readily by nasal droplet. The disease was first reported in Asia in February of 2003.

Utilization Review

An example of legitimate interest where individuals outside the patient-provider relationship are allowed to collect information regarding patient care.

customary

Following the Baby Doe case, a hotline was set up to take calls from individuals who felt that a handicapped infant was receiving less than ____________________ medical care.

moksha

For Hindus, ____________________ provides the enlightened with a release from the cycle of rebirth.

haram

For Muslims, pork would be considered a ____________________ meat, while beef would be categorized as a Halal or approved food.

values

Humans are motivated by both needs and values; of the two ____________________ appear to be the more subjective.

Privacy

If confidentiality is the professional duty, this is the legal right.

ethics

If the term morality is defined as what individuals believe to be right and good, ____________________ is a generic term that offers a way of examining and making decisions regarding appropriate actions involving the moral life.

preconventional morality, reward and punishment

In Kohlberg's theory, if a person was operating from fear of punishment in making a value decision, he would be at the _________________________, stage _________________________ level of development.

Self Actualization

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, the highest point of development is ____________________.

health

In cases such as wounds inflicted with guns and knives, child abuse, and contagious disease, the patient's personal protective privilege of confidentiality is limited by the society's public ____________________ needs.

warn

In deciding the Tarasoff case, the courts held that the practitioners had a duty to ____________________ the young woman.

material risk

In general a ____________________ is any risk that would likely affect the patient's decision

palliative care

In passive euthanasia, health care providers stop attempting to save the patient's life but they do continue to provide this level of comfort care.

germ line

In regard to gene therapy, the modification of somatic cells seems less ethically problematic than the modification of ____________________ cells.

may not

In regard to refusing an emergency blood transfusion for a child in a Jehovah's Witnesses family, the courts have held that the parents ____________________ refuse the treatment for the child.

Life Plan Choice

In regard to the decision to have an abortion, the most common reason given is ____________________. life

abortion

In the case of Hindu women who feel that they have a duty to provide their husbands with sons, the knowledge that one is pregnant with a girl has been one of the primary reasons for ____________________ and even infanticide in India.

cultural shock

Individuals who find themselves in situation where they fail to understand the basic cues of social interaction are susceptible to the high stress malady known as ____________________.

murder

Involuntary euthanasia, which ignores the individual's autonomous rights and could potentially bring about the death of an unwilling victim, is not easily distinguished from ____________________.

developing world

It is estimated that there were five million newly infected people with HIV in 2003, with about 80 percent of these occurring in the ____________________.

social

Medical utility, where resources are provided on the basis of best prognosis, seems to be a less subjective system than providing resources on the basis of perceived merit or worth, which is the basis of ____________________ utility.

somatic

Modification of these cells would not affect the genetic make-up of one's children.

Standard precautions

Occupational risk for health care providers has been lowered to acceptable levels by the adoption of ____________________ for all patients.

moral option

The decision to treat in a situation where a patient has an incurable fatal and infectious disease, and the health care providers have no means of protecting themselves from the infection.

Medicide

One of Dr. Kevorkian's ideas was the creation of obitoriums where people could go to die and would be assisted by health care specialists. What is the term he coined for the new practice?

informed consent

One of the great doctrines and responsibilities put in place over the last half century to ensure patient self-determination is the requirements for ____________________.

Practice

One of the important source documents relating to our role duty is the legislated ____________________ Act.

brain death

Over time society has moved away from a cardiopulmonary definition of death, and most legal jurisdictions have accepted the concept of ____________________.

beneficence

Paternalism in its best form seems to flow from the practitioner attempting to honor the basic principle of ____________________.

five pillars

Perhaps the most foundational of Islamic beliefs is the five obligations known as the ____________________ of the faith.

Duty to treat

The decision to treat in a situation where a patient has an incurable fatal and infectious disease, but the health care providers have effective means to protect themselves from the infection.

High risk behavior

Sharing needles for drug administration, unprotected sex, sexual relations with multiple partners.

genome project

The ____________________ is an attempt to map the complete set of genes that make up the forty-six human chromosomes that comprise the human genome.

duty

The adoption of standard precautions for all patients has reduced the risk for health care providers to the level that the decision to treat AIDS patients has moved from that of a moral option to a moral ____________________.

beneficence, nonmalficence,role fidelity, justice

The basic principles of ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________, provide an ethical and professional imperative for health providers to build bridges of understanding so that culturally appropriate health care can be provided.

Pro-Choice

The belief that abortion should be legal and the individual decision a matter of personal liberty.

IVF (pro-choice)

The birth of Louise Brown is the first example of this technological advance.

stem cell

The blank precursor embryonic cells that later differentiate into the cells that form the various tissues of the body.

embryonic stem

The blank slate embryonic cells that later differentiate into all of the body's specialized tissues are known as ____________________ cells.

practitioner or health care worker

The case of Behringer v. Medical Center at Princeton is especially instructive in regard to the maintenance of confidentiality for infected _________________________.

Viability

The characteristic of biological independence.

Genome

The complete list and map of the three billion chemical letters that compose the genetic makeup of a human being.

Patient Self-Determination Act

The legislative mandate that requires all health facilities receiving federal reimbursements under Medicare or Medicaid to provide patients at the time of admission with information concerning their right to refuse medical interventions is known as the _________________________ of 1990.

advanced directives

The living will and durable power of attorney are two forms of ____________________.

Patient Advocate

The manner in which all health specialties have a duty to act toward the patient, and some specialties such as the nursing profession have added it formally to its role duty.

medical

The micro-allocation process where a scarce resource such as an ICU bed is distributed on the basis of best prognosis is a form of ____________________ utility.

embryos

The most common ethical problems associated with the process of in vitro fertilization comes from what is to be done with the unneeded ____________________.

utilitarianism

The most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning is known as ____________________.

Quickening

The period during pregnancy when a woman can feel movement of the fetus.

life

The position that abortion is murder and must be stopped is known as the pro-____________________ position.

choice

The position that the decision to abort is one of personal liberty and thus should be legal is known as the pro-____________________ position.

clone

The taking of a somatic cell from an adult animal, inserting it into an egg, and growing an identical twin.

material

The use of the fair opportunity rule in regard to the distribution of goods and services ensures that the criteria selected would meet the ____________________ justice standard.

holistic

Traditional Chinese medicine possesses two outstanding features, its ____________________ nature and the codified applications of treatment according to differentiation of symptom-complexes.

passive

When further treatment appears futile without the possibility of patient benefit, the allowance of a deadly process to continue is the form of euthanasia known as ____________________ euthanasia.

Values

When individuals think about what they "ought" to do in a particular situation, they are thinking in the world of ____________________.

biographical life

When we speak of life in the sense of relationships, dreams, and expectations for the future, we are speaking of ____________________.

Morality

___________________ is what people believe to be right and good.

Medicaid

____________________ authorizes federal matching funds to assist the states in providing health care for certain low-income groups at or near the federal poverty line.

Hedonic

____________________ calculus is a system of measurement that evaluates the amount of pleasure gained and pain avoided in given situations.

Carol Gilligan

____________________ challenged Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, stating that it failed to take into consideration a separate developmental path for females.

Paternalism

____________________ consists of acting in a way that is believed to protect or advance the interests of another even though the actions may be against the desires, or may in fact limit the freedom of action, of the individual.

Posthumanism

____________________ is a philosophical position that holds that it is time to embrace the full range of applications and possibilities of genetic engineering. The key to this position is that the "cyborg" existence is not something to be resisted.

Xenotransplantation

____________________ is a term used for the transplantation of nonhuman organs.

Veracity

____________________ is the principle that deals with the need to tell the truth.

Whistle blowing

____________________ is the term used when you discover an inappropriate action and tell authorities.

material

____________________ justice requires that the criteria used to distribute goods and services are morally relevant.