HD 408 quizzes

Which adolescent does not have a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol problems?

Aaron, who is a slow learner

The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to:

Personal taste

Which of the following girls will experience the greatest menstrual discomfort?

Loryn, who has a negative attitude toward menarche

In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____.

20; 27

Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the end of their sophomore year of high school?

40%

The three types of antisocial behavior discussed in the textbook are

implicit antisocial behavior

The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict.

midlife crisis of adults

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?

physical appearance self-esteem

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:

reference group

As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that:

their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood.

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?

"populars"

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?

1/6

A recent study of more than 2,000 adolescents found that ____ of adolescents had engaged in electronic bullying, as compared with _____ who had physically bullied someone and ____ who had verbally bullied someone.

10%; 40%; 70%

American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, whereas Japanese, Taiwan, and India high school students average closer to _____. A. 10; 20 hours per week B. 20; 20 hours per week C. 5; 5 hours per day D. 5; 5 hours per week

5; 5 hours per day

The average duration of a romantic relationship during the middle high school years is about _____ months. A. 2 B. 6 C. 12 D. 18

6

According to evidence cited in the textbook, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between:

600-900 students

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an adolescent's growing emotional autonomy? A. Adolescents become more likely to believe that their life would have been better if they had their friends' parents. B. Adolescents become less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents. C.Adolescents become more likely to appreciate that their parents may act differently with their own friends than they do with their children. D.When something goes wrong, adolescents become less likely to assume that their parents will "make everything better" and become more likely to rely on themselves to straighten things out.

A. Adolescents become more likely to believe that their life would have been better if they had their friends' parents.

Which of the following statements about adolescents' level and degree of interaction with parents is true? A. Adolescents interact more often with, are closer to, and argue more with their mothers than with their fathers. B. Adolescents interact more often and are closer to their mother; however both sons and daughters report arguing more often with their fathers than their mothers. C. There are no differences in adolescents' level or degree of interaction with mothers and fathers. D. Sons interact more often and are closer to fathers and daughters interact more often and are closer to mothers.

A. Adolescents interact more often with, are closer to, and argue more with their mothers than with their fathers.

Approximately what percent of American adolescents has been the victim of dating violence? Who is more likely to be the victim of dating violence, boys or girls? A. Approximately 40% of American adolescents have been the victim of dating violence and male and female adolescents are equally likely to be the victim. B. Approximately 10% of American adolescents have been the victim of dating violence and male and female adolescents are equally likely to be the victim. C. Approximately 30% of American adolescents have been the victim of dating violence but female adolescents are much more likely to experience this. D. Approximately 20% of American adolescents have been the victim of dating violence and males are much more likely to be the victim than females.

A. Approximately 40% of American adolescents have been the victim of dating violence and male and female adolescents are equally likely to be the victim.

Young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely to experience all of the following, except: A. increased popularity. B. suffer from psychological distress and depression. C. become involved in dangerous or deviant activities such as crime and truancy. D. engage in unprotected sexual activities.

A. increased popularity.

Connie believes that intelligence is fixed. Which of the following is most likely true for Connie? A. Connie is likely to be performance-oriented. B. Connie's school or task performance is not likely to be affected by fluctuations in her confidence. C.Connie is likely to be mastery-oriented. D.Connie is likely to seek opportunities to engage in challenging tasks.

A. Connie is likely to be performance-oriented.

When Lenny gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Lenny relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Lenny is probably from: A. a permissive home. B. an authoritarian home. C. an authoritative home. D. an autocratic home.

A. a permissive home.

According to research from Clardy and King, which adolescent is most likely to say that God is important to him?

A. an adolescent from Mexico

Tory is performance motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on: A. external rewards. B. learning goals. C. self-regulatory goals. D.mastery goals.

A. external rewards.

Research suggests that adolescents _________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure. A. from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents B.whose parents encourage autonomy C.who have positive regard for their parents D. from authoritative homes that encourage independent decision making

A. from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents

Adolescents' close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are _______ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional. A. less; more B.more; less C. slightly more; less D.more; never

A. less; more

Although this theory has not been supported empirically, it was once believed that Black students in the inner city who do well in school:

A. may be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting White."

As a child, Joe doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he begins to understand the concept of ownership. This change is an example of: A. moral development. B. peer pressure. C. self-reliance. D. detachment.

A. moral development.

Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A. on how to wear his hair B. on the issue of capital punishment C. on the choice of religious preference D. on the value of a college education

A. on how to wear his hair

Bobbie Jo's employer has been sexually harassing her. Bobby Jo has decided to find a new job, which she will start next week, and she also has filed sexual harassment charges against her current employer. Bobbie Jo is using ______ strategies to deal with her stress. A. primary control B. secondary control C. emotion-focused D. scapegoating

A. primary control

The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on: A. the academic orientation of the peer group. B. the number of extracurricular activities in which they participate. C. the size of the peer group. D. All of the above.

A. the academic orientation of the peer group.

In a study on the effect of early intensive education on later school performance among children in poverty, which intervention had the greatest impact on performance in high school? A. the preschool intervention B. the elementary school intervention C. each intervention was equally effective D. neither intervention affected high school performance

A. the preschool intervention

During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on: A. their own system of personal religious beliefs. B. the teachings of their parents. C. the beliefs of their peers. D. this question is difficult to answer because adolescents are private about their religious beliefs.

A. their own system of personal religious beliefs.

Sullivan believed that important interpersonal transitions are more likely to be negotiated successfully if: A. they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships. B. an individual develops appropriate cognitive skills. C. an individual had many playmates in childhood. D. they have a solid basis in social cognition.

A. they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships.

The gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries _____ as they move from elementary to middle to high school. A. widens B. shrinks C. stays the same D. there is no gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries

A. widens

Which of the following explanations for the effect of parents on adolescents' occupational ambitions and subsequent success is not true? A.Working-class families are less likely to raise their children to value attributes such as obedience and conformity, which affects the types of jobs that are appealing to these adolescents. B.Middle-class and upper-class adolescents are likely to have important family connections that are less available in poorer families. C.Parents and siblings serve as models for adolescents' occupational choices. D. Parents indirectly and directly encourage (and discourage) certain occupational values.

A.Working-class families are less likely to raise their children to value attributes such as obedience and conformity, which affects the types of jobs that are appealing to these adolescents.

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity diffusion state?

Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

Achievement is lower when: a. schools are overcrowded b. school transitions c. d. all of the above

All of the above

In some cultures (and in earlier American cohorts), the accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition of adolescence occurs partly because of:

All of the above

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment? A. need for part-time workers B. abundance of low-wage positions C. short shift schedules D. All of the above.

All of the above.

What did the results from longitudinal studies on identity development indicate about the flexibility of identity statuses?

All of these statements are based on the results of longitudinal studies.

Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually change adolescents' behaviors? A. Adolescents are not exposed to the mass media as blank slates. B.When adolescents are exposed to the mass media, they bring preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations to the experience of watching or listening to mass media. C.Preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations influence what adolescents perceive, what they pay attention to, and what they remember. D. All of these statements are true.

All of these statements are true.

Which of the following statements about secondary schools is not true?

Around the world, rates of enrollment in secondary schools are vastly different for males and females.

Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish: A. autonomy. B. independence. C.maturity.

Autonomy

_______________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an example of an externalizing disorder. A. Depression; psychosomatic disturbance B. Anxiety; delinquency C.Drug and alcohol abuse; delinquency D. Truancy; psychosomatic disturbance

B. Anxiety; delinquency

During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing: A. a Q-sort technique. B. an intimate ideology. C. an internal working model. D. a social support theory.

C. an internal working model.

Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop: A. a high achievement motivation. B. a fear of failure. C. a mastery type of motivation. D. learned helplessness

B. a fear of failure.

Peter, who does exceptionally well in school, is likely to attribute his academic successes and failures to causes such as: A. ability and luck. B. ability and effort. C. effort and task difficulty. D. effort and luck.

B. ability and effort.

Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong: A. need for approval. B. achievement motivation. C. need for fulfillment. D. need for success.

B. achievement motivation.

An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment? A. secure B. anxious-avoidant C. anxious-resistant D. anxious-secure

B. anxious-avoidant

Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria? A. secure attachment B. anxious-resistant attachment C. anxious-avoidant attachment D. indifferent attachment

B. anxious-resistant attachment

Which of the following is not one of the adolescent classifications in the Adult Attachment Interviews? A. secure B. avoidant C. dismissing D. preoccupied

B. avoidant

Before Shirley fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Shirley also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Shirley expressing? A. cognitive autonomy B. behavioral autonomy C.emotional autonomy D. psychosocial autonomy

B. behavioral autonomy

For which age group are these statistics accurate: One-third of these individuals have tried alcohol; one in six has tried marijuana, and one in six has been drunk at least once. A. high school seniors B. eighth graders C. college students D. high school sophomores

B. eighth graders

All of the following are characteristics of the development of cognitive autonomy, except: A. increasingly abstract ways to think about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues. B. increasing emotional distance from parents. C. beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis. D. beliefs that are increasingly founded in the individual's own values.

B. increasing emotional distance from parents.

Ivan, who believes that intelligence is a malleable trait, is enrolled in several advanced placement classes. Mastering the subject material is more important to him than getting good grades. Ivan probably emphasizes: A. performance goals. B. learning goals. C. self-regulatory goals. D. evaluation goals.

B. learning goals.

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest? A. mother-son relationship B. mother-daughter relationship C. father-son relationship D. father-daughter relationship

B. mother-daughter relationship

Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as: A. emotional reasoning. B. principled moral reasoning. C. self-reliant reasoning. D. autonomous reasoning.

B. principled moral reasoning.

Research on problem behaviors suggests that: A. most delinquents are serious drug users. B. risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents. C. the problem behaviors that adults disapprove of are considered by adolescents to be normative, not problematic. D. risky behaviors are more likely to be noticed as clustering together in studies of children than in studies of adolescents.

B. risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents.

Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of: A. academic success. B. self-efficacy. C. self-awareness. D. social desirability.

B. self-efficacy.

It is likely that a limitation in children's ability to ____ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships. A. empathize B. take another person's perspective C. care deeply D. understand friendships

B. take another person's perspective

In Sullivan's view, the shift in the "targets" of intimacy during early adolescence from same-sex to other-sex relationships is primarily motivated by: A. the need to transition from nonromantic to romantic relationships. B. the onset of puberty and the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive. C. resolving the homophobic conflict of childhood. D. the need to appear popular by surrounding one's self with as many peers as possible.

B. the onset of puberty and the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive.

According to the textbook, because _____ girls do not feel as _____ about their appearances as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have _____ overall self-esteem.

Black; negatively; higher

Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society?

Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally

Since 1991, a survey assessing eighth-graders', tenth-graders', and high school seniors' use and abuse of a variety of drugs has been distributed to a nationwide sample every year. The name of this survey is: A. Examining the Future. B. Monitoring Tomorrow. C. Monitoring the Future. D. Focus on the Future.

C. Monitoring the Future.

Which adolescent would be predicted to have the closest relationship with a maternal grandfather? A. a boy living with both of his biological parents B. a girl living with both of her biological parents C. a boy whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with his divorced mother D. a girl whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with her divorced mother

C. a boy whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with his divorced mother

In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found: A. cross-sex intimacy replaces intimacy with same-sex peers. B. as the number of same-sex peers increases, the number of cross-sex peers decreases. C. as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases. D. although cross-sex interactions increase, there is little cross-sex intimacy.

C. as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases.

Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive

C. authoritative

While Alan is waiting in line for tickets to the show, the man behind him bumps into him. Even though the man apologizes, Alan becomes extremely upset and pushes him back. Alan is probably suffering from: A. attention deficit disorder. B. negative affectivity disorder. C. hostile attributional bias. D. status offense syndrome.

C. hostile attributional bias.

Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components. A. independence; self-sufficiency B. autonomy; independence C. independence; autonomy D. autonomy; self-sufficiency

C. independence; autonomy

According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in: A. psychosexual needs. B. sexual drive. C. interpersonal needs. D. self-conceptions.

C. interpersonal needs.

Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on: A. play. B. prosocial behavior. C. intimacy and trust. D. association.

C. intimacy and trust.

Approximately how many high school seniors have taken prescription drugs, like Percocet or Vicodin for recreational use? A. almost 80% B. just less than half C. not very many (about 7%) D. about 65%

C. not very many (about 7%)

Every time that Frank receives an A on his report card, his grandmother gives him $50. However, if Frank receives a C, he is grounded for 2 weeks. Frank will probably develop: A. a high achievement motivation. B.mastery motivation. C. performance motivation. D. Type-A behavior.

C. performance motivation.

Which of the following statement about comorbidity is not true?

C. there is hardly any comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories (i.e., internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse)

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents? A. Adolescents are eager to get their parents help and advice with problems. B. Adolescents feel their parents are all-knowing and all-powerful. C.Adolescents are able to see their parents as people. D. Adolescents have difficulty sympathizing with their parents' problems.

C.Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.

Madeline is a fairly religious adolescent. Much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that Madeline: A. would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against the constraints placed on her by her religion. B.would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against constraints place on her by her parents. C.would be less depressed and less likely to engage in premarital sex. D.would be more likely to live in an inner-city neighborhood.

C.would be less depressed and less likely to engage in premarital sex.

Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?

Claudia Jean, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom

Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference?

Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents.

The resources provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called:

Cultural Capital

Individuals who reason at higher levels of moral thought are thought to: A. be less likely to commit antisocial acts. B. less likely to cheat. C. to be more tolerant. D. All of the above responses are true.

D. All of the above responses are true.

Which of the following is not one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents? A. They use and abuse drugs more than their counterparts did in previous generations. B. The main reason adolescents use drugs is peer pressure. C. The "epidemic" of substance use by American adolescents underlies many of the other problems associated with adolescents. D. Although not supported by research, all of the above are popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents.

D. Although not supported by research, all of the above are popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents.

Which of the following adolescents is not likely to develop a performance-orientation? A. Sheryl, whose parents give her cash when she gets As on her exams B. Leslie, whose parents ground her when she does not do well in her courses C.Rachel, whose parents excessively check her homework every night D. Autumn, whose parents encourage her autonomy

D. Autumn, whose parents encourage her autonomy

Compared to how her grandmother felt when she was an adolescent 50 years ago, how does Femina most likely feel about work? A. Femina is more likely to see work as a central part of her life than her grandmother did. B. Compared to her adolescent grandmother, Femina is less likely to say that if she had enough money, she would not work. C.Compared to her adolescent grandmother, Femina is more likely to work overtime to make sure her job is done well. D. Femina is more likely to say that it is important to have a job that allows sufficient time for leisure than her grandmother would have said.

D. Femina is more likely to say that it is important to have a job that allows sufficient time for leisure than her grandmother would have said.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about dating is true? A. As adolescents develop, dating shifts from a focus on bonding to a focus on infatuation. B. Adolescents who have been exposed to high levels of conflict or violence in their family are more likely to put more effort into having tender and supportive relationships with friends. C. Across the board, dating is associated with better mental health and well-being than not dating at all. D. Social activities with the other-sex begin in early adolescence.

D. Social activities with the other-sex begin in early adolescence.

Which of the following is described by the textbook as being a "double-edged sword" (at least for girls)? A. emotional mimicry B. self-disclosure C. internal working models D. co-rumination

D. co-rumination

Performance motivation is most similar to: A. intrinsic motivation. B.mastery motivation. C. evaluation anxiety. D. extrinsic motivation.

D. extrinsic motivation.

The textbook states all of the following to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence, except: A. truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence. B. the nature of the adolescent's social world changes, with increasing importance of both same sex and other-sex peers. C. growth of social cognition reflects more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships. D. friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

D. friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

Whitney's present goal is to get good enough at spelling to earn the school's spelling trophy. Whitney's ambition is an example of: A. intrinsic motivation. B.mastery motivation. C. self-regulation. D. performance motivation.

D. performance motivation.

Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive

D. permissive

Studies that have focused on the different developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and drug use have identified all except which of the following groups? A. low escalators B. late starters C. nonusers D. slow escalators

D. slow escalators

Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n): A. ADHD child. B. habitual criminal. C. sociopath. D. status offender.

D. status offender.

In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins: A. the easier it is for that person to be treated. B. the more likely the adolescent is to stop the criminal behavior on his or her own. C. the less likely he or she is to be arrested. D. the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

D. the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

Which of the following statements about dating violence is false? A. Dating violence becomes more common with age. B.Males and females are equally likely to be victims of violence in dating relationships. C.Dating violence is more common in rural than in urban or suburban communities. D.Dating violence is virtually nonexistent among LGBT adolescents.

D.Dating violence is virtually nonexistent among LGBT adolescents.

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure _________ A. remains stable. B. increases. C. changes in form. D. decreases.

Decreases

In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as: A. detachment. B. separation anxiety. C. distinction. D. individuation.

Detachment

Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievement is not true?

During adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices.

According to the textbook, which of the following resulted from standards-based reform?

Educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do.

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

High achievement in school boosts self-esteem

Which of the following statements about adolescents who have been adopted or spent time in foster care is true?

It is hard to generalize about the impact of adoption on adolescent development; however, research with youth in the foster care system consistently indicates that these individuals have more problems than other youth.

What do researchers believe explains why some individuals who engage in precocious, promiscuous, or unprotected sex are also highly likely to engage in other types of delinquent behavior?

It is likely that risky sexual behavior and other types of risky behavior are both symptoms of a certain personality profile which makes individuals more likely to behave risky in general.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrated the Court's belief that adolescents may be less blameworthy than adults?

Roper v. Simmons

What generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence?

It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.

Which of the following is the most likely scenario for adolescent sexual activity?

It takes place in the boy's home on a weekday after school.

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to experience their parents' divorce?

Jeff, a Black adolescent

Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends? A. Jenny, who lives in the United States B. Genevieve, who lives in France C. Juana, who lives in Span D. Jae, who lives in Korea

Jenny, who lives in the United States

Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?

Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.

Which adolescent is most likely to engage in sexual intercourse at the youngest age?

Laurence, a Black adolescent

Which of the following adolescent's global self-esteem is most likely affected by his or her academic success?

Mary, an Asian-American adolescent

Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is not true?

Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage."

President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency is called the:

NCLB

Some researchers have tried to teach adolescents to use nonviolent forms of conflict resolution. Are these programs effective?

No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak.

Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior during adolescence?

Problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?

Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents.

When the author of the textbook, Laurence Steinberg, says that "Some researchers have argued that the question of whether self-esteem is stable during adolescence is a poor one," what does he mean?

Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because group averages often hide substantial differences between people.

Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to the text, Gwen is focusing on her:

Self-conception

Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called:

Sibling deidentification

Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is false?

Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

Which of the following statements about tracking is false?

Teaching quality is more or less the same in different tracks.

Which one of the following is not a reason that the cognitive changes of adolescence affect achievement?

The personal fable inherent in adolescence will make it difficult for older high school students to realize that, if they do not hard try in school, they may not be accepted into their first- or second-choice universities.

How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work? A. They become jealous of their working peers' affluence. B. The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations and assign less homework. C. They develop similar problem behaviors, such as cheating and losing interest in school. D. They are not generally affected.

The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations and assign less homework.

Which of the following is a likely reason that Black youngsters have a lower rate of drinking than their White counterparts?

Their parents are less likely to drink and tolerate drinking.

How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?

They remain about the same.

According to recent surveys, which drug is used most on a daily basis by high school students?

Tobacco

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions:

adult orientation; peer orientation

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does competence mean? A. a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy C. positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges D. respect for societal and cultural rules

a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas

Fourteen-year-old Sarah began "acting out" behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah's teacher suspects that Sarah is:

a victim of sexual abuse

According to the textbook, young adolescents with __________ also report high levels of anxiety, tension, and adjustment problems.

a volatile self-image

Which of the following is probably true for Ashley, an early-maturing girl who was short and stocky as a child? a. After puberty, she will be shorter and heavier than her late-maturing peers. b. after puberty, she will be shorter and thinner than her late-maturing peers c. after puberty, she will be taller and heavier than her late-maturing peers

a. After puberty, she will be shorter and heavier than her late-maturing peers.

Who is at the greatest risk of developing body dissatisfaction?

a. Callie, an early-maturing, affluent White girl who compares herself to her friends

All of the following are reasons that males have greater gains in strength than females during early adolescence, except: a. increased production of androgens among females. b. strong societal pressures on girls to decrease their physical activity in adolescence.

a. increased production of androgens among females.

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:

academics

Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is ________; among Inuit adolescents in the Canadian Arctic, the most important is ________:

accepting responsibility for oneself; the establishment of a marriage-like relationship.

Which of the following scenarios would Amy, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules?

all of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.

Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"?

anxiety

According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in neighborhoods that: A. are low in collective efficacy. B. are low in diversity. C. are high in diversity. D. are low income.

are low in collective efficacy.

In contrast to younger adolescents, older adolescents: A. are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats. B. are more likely to believe in autocratic rule and take an acquiescent stance toward government. C. are equally as likely to be influenced by their living environment. D. are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

In contrast to crowds, cliques:

are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions

Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except:

asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues.

The most popular type of extracurricular activities is:

athletics

Which of the following statements suggests that rising levels of the protein leptin is an important signal that tells the body it is ready for puberty?

b. Excessive thinness can delay onset of puberty.

Which of the following statements about the impact of hormones on behavior is false? a. adolescents moods fluctuate more during than day than the moods of adults b. The direct relation between adolescent moodiness and hormonal changes of puberty is extremely strong. c. relation between hormonal changes and adolescent mood is strongest during early puberty

b. The direct relation between adolescent moodiness and hormonal changes of puberty is extremely strong.

The average girl in the United States reaches _________, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 13. a. spermarche b. menarche c. puberty d. adrenarche

b. menarche

Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics. a. activational; organizational b. organizational; activational c. testosterone; endocrine

b. organizational; activational

Which of the following female sex characteristics is usually the last to develop? a. menarche b. regular ovulation c. development of the nipples of the breasts d. growth of pubic hair

b. regular ovulation

During childhood, Cathy had relatively high self-esteem. As she enters adolescence, Cathy's self-esteem is most likely to: A. be relatively the same. B. Remain the same or decrease

be relatively the same.

Experts who accept that sex is part of life for the average American teenager believe that all of the following create difficulties for our society, except:

beginning sex education too early.

Which of the following is not associated with risky sex behavior?

being exposed to pornography

Which of the following is not an example of the contemporary version of scarification?

brushing teeth

Which of the following statements about obesity is not true? a. adolescent obesity epidemic will cost the US more than $250 billion b. Adolescent obesity has been especially dramatic among Black females. c. Adolescent obesity is limited to the United States. d. obesity is the most serious health problem of American adolescents

c. Adolescent obesity is limited to the United States.

Which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys? a. production of sperm b. appearance of facial hair c. growth of testes and scrotum d. growth of penis

c. growth of testes and scrotum

The first ejaculation of seminal fluid that occurs is: a. biologically predetermined b. genetically inherited c. often determined culturally d. major embarrassment for most boys

c. often determined culturally

At the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as: a. newborns b. infants c. toddlers d. elementary schoolchildren

c. toddlers

Based on the Five Cs of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others? A. character B. connection C. caring D. competence

caring

Sarah was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Sarah not likely to experience?

classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:

clique avoiders

Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence?

conceptual

In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to?

contemporary

Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. This view is most closely associated with the:

continuous transition.

One recent international study found that which type of countries are likely to have adolescents whose alcohol use is not predictive of violence?

countries where adolescents are more likely to drink in settings were adults are present

A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what? A. a curvy line pattern B. a linear pattern C. a quadratic pattern D. a curvilinear pattern

curvilinear pattern

Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in: a. hormone levels b. family relationships c. nutrition d. activities

d. activities

Which of the following is not associated with disordered eating in the United States? a. Poor interpersonal relationships b. depression c. alcohol and tobacco use d. all of the following are associated with disordered eating

d. all of the following are associated with disordered eating

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except:

differential abilities in athletics.

Which of the following is not a factor that moved children out of the workplace?

discrimination against young workers

Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge.

disequilibrium

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to: A. become more socially responsible. B. know how to manage his money better. C. drop out of school. D. not engage in drug and alcohol use.

drop out of school

Problems in identity development can result when:

earlier crises have not been resolved.

The highest levels of media use are reported by:

early adolescents

Which is not considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence?

educational factors

The _____ may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and plays an important role in the socialization of Black youth.

extended family

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporary increases during middle adolescence, especially for girls, is called the _______ hypothesis.

gender intensification

The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the:

generation gap.

Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do? A. join the high school baseball team B. run for student council C. get a job at the local music store D. joining the drama team and audition for the school play

get a job at the local music store

Both _____________ are cause by a bacterium, whereas ____________ are caused by a virus.

gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus

Positive mental health is associated with:

having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture.

What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?

household composition

Among multiethnic adolescents asked to describe their own ethnic identity, those with one Black parent and one non-Black parent are more likely to:

identify themselves as Black.

Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools is associated with all except which of the following?

improving students' mental and physical health outcomes

A sense of identity is typically crystallized

in late adolescence to the early 20s.

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Industrial Revolution? a. b. c. an increase in crime d. increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes? A. enhancing their feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem B. higher school achievement C. increasing their contact with adult role models D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

Research has established that circumcision:

is associated with negative outcomes for females but not for males.

Research on risk factors for adolescent sexual activity has found all of the following, except:

lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls.

All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except:

larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.

According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be:

less mature and more conforming to their peers.

Which of the following was not a result of industrialization?

less time in school

According to a recent analysis of national data discussed in the textbook, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in:

lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications.

Secondary education refers to:

middle school, junior high school, and high school.

Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity:

males tend to overstate their level of activity.

In contrast to delinquent individuals who engage in sex in a romantic relationship, at least one research study found that delinquent adolescents who engage in casual sex:

may have genes that influence both the propensity to engage in delinquency and the tendency to seek opportunities to have sex "just for fun," which is consistent with other research on the genetic basis of traits like sensation seeking and impulsivity.

Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except:

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

Today, _____ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.

more than two-thirds

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense.

more; less

Affluent, suburban, and White children are _____ likely to be home unsupervised, and poor, minority, and urban and rural children are _____ likely. A. least; most B. slightly less; slightly more C.most; least D. none of the above; they odds of being left home unsupervised are the same.

most; least

Edith, the adolescent daughter of the local district attorney, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Edith has most likely adopted a:

negative identity.

What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?

nonshared environment

Authoritative parents value all of the following, except:

obedience.

Kelly's parents are disappointed with the education she is receiving in her public high school, so they have been investigating alternative options. Assuming Kelly's parents are financially strapped but want to send her to a private school, which of the following should they do?

obtain government-subsidized school vouchers to use for private school tuition

Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony?

obtaining a driver's license

Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation.

older

According to FBI statistics, individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately _____ of violent crime in the United States.

one-sixth

According to a study of more than 10,000 American adolescents, approximately _____ of all teenagers report having an anxiety disorder by age 18 and ______ of these individuals developed an anxiety disorder before turning 12.

one-third; almost all

Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found all of the following, except:

parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active.

Karen, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl.

relational aggression

According to the textbook, one limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that: A. self-care youths are a difficult sample to recruit. B. researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school. C. parents of self-care youths rarely agree to allow their teenagers to participate in research studies. D. self-care youths are more likely than non-self-care youth to drop out of research studies.

researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does character mean? A. a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy C. positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges D. respect for societal and cultural rules

respect for societal and cultural rules

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to:

responsibility

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.

same sex; opposite sex

For Sally's 13th birthday, her mother has agreed to let her get her ears pierced. In traditional societies, this type of body ritual may be equated to:

scarification

According to the textbook, some adolescents might forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity by:

selecting a negative identity

Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:

self-fulfilling prophecy

The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?

social promotion

Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as:

social redefinition.

Which of the following is a sign of Americanization? a. speaking English exclusively b. c. having American-born children d.

speaking English exclusively

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called:

student engagement

Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that:

students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

Which of the following is not a category of externalizing problems during adolescence?

substance use

Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained?

the age of majority

When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescent-limited offenders, researchers agree that:

the causes and consequences of the two are very different.

Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?

the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity

Most research with respect to oral sex between adolescents has indicated that:

the vast majority of teenagers who engage in oral sex also engage in sexual (vaginal) intercourse and promiscuity is not the norm for either activity.

Mr. Edwards is the principal at a public school and has just read a research study that discussed ways to maximize student's success. The main message of the research study was that what takes place within a school is probably more important than the nature of its funding and oversight. Based on what you learned from the textbook, what do you think the researchers argued that schools should focus on?

the ways in which schools train, certify, place, and compensate teachers

The recent, get-tough approach to dealing with violence in schools that has been hotly debated among researchers is known as:

the zero-tolerance approach.

What is the most effective way to respond to a bully?

to do nothing/to walk away

Considering the changing labor market, which of the following strategies would be most likely to prevent high rates of youth unemployment?

to reform schools so that all students graduate with enough academic skills to enroll in college

The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are:

unclear and inconsistent.

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed? A. uses and gratifications approach B. cultivation theory C.media practice model D. routine activity theory

uses and gratifications approach

Approximately how many high school seniors have used steroids?

very few (about 2%)

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:

viewed as having potential benefit.

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:

warm but not excessively constraining.

Compared to parents who emphasize having pride in one's ethnic group, parents who emphasize the need to be wary about potential racism tend to have children:

who fare worse in the face of discrimination

Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because:

with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.

During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that:

young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good.

Who of the following is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities? A. youth from more affluent families and youth who earn average or below-average grades B. students from larger schools C. youth who earn better grades

youth who earn better grades