Health Education: quiz 1
T/F: The model for the concept of copying was developed out of a concern for the response to stress instead of the cause of stress
F
Theories that postulate that a behavior depends on the worth placed by an individual on an outcome and the individuals estimate of the likelihood that a given actions will result in that outcome are known as: - value expectancy theories - consistency theories - attribution theories - learning theories
Value expectancy theories
T/F: The theory of reasoned action, developed by social psychologist Martin Fishbein, suggests that an individuals belief and attitude leads to an intention, which is then followed by a behavior.
true
T/F: the unique feature of both the TRA and TPB is that they argue that behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior.
true
STatement A: the transtheoretical model focuses on explaining behavior change, whereas many other models focus just on the behavior STatement B: the transtheoretical model proposes that people move thru various stages while making a behavior change - STatement A is true and B is false - STatement A is false and B is true - both statements are true - both statements are false
- both statements are true
An individual is considering making a behavioral change, but states it will not be in the foreseeable future. According to the transtheoretical model, what is the time frame for foreseeable future? - 8 months - 12 months - 6 months - 3 months
6 months
The stage in which one has made meaningful change in the past six months is known as: - contemplation - preparation - action - maintenance
Action
The stage in the general adaptation syndrome in which the body is supplied with more energy is: - manageability - alarm reaction - resistance - optimistic
Alarm reaction
An overall feeling of like or dislike regarding any given behavior is known as: - behavioral intention - attitude toward the behavior - behavioral belief - outcome evaluation
Attitude toward the behavior
Theories that purport to explain how people make causal explanations and how they answer questions beginning with "why" are known as: - value expectancy theories - consistency theories - attribution theories - learning theories
Attribution theories
The health educator is aware that a theory: - is simplified concept - provides macro-level guidance - is based in previous literature - has limited empirical evidence
Based in previous literature
T/F: The transtheroetical model, developed by Prochaska in 1979, sought to disprove earlier theoretical models?
False: develop and define the theoretical model
Which of the following statements represents the concept of Fishbeins theory of reasoned action (TRA): - I perform regular breast exams because mom had breast cancer - I will attend an exercise class - there's a water aerobics class every Thursday - I believe basket ball is a good exercise
I perform regular breast exams because mom had breast cancer
The type of social support that entails providing information, guidance, and counsel is known as: - emotion support - informational support - instrumental support - appraisal support
Informational support
relatively constant feelings, predisposition, or set of beliefs directed toward an idea, object, person, or situation
attitudes
a multiplicative score of _____ and outcome evaluations is derived to assess attitudes toward a behavior - behavioral intentions - behavioral beliefs - normative beliefs - none of the above
behavioral beliefs
T/F: perceived behavioral control is the additional construct found in the TRA.
f
T/F: an individual only needs to pass the required certification exam to be identified as a certified health education specialist
false
T/F: according to Tolmans performance behavior theory, behavior is a multiplicative relationship among expectancy, incentive and motive
false: was Atkinson
systematic application of a set of techniques to voluntarily and positively influence health thru changing the antecedents of behavior (awareness, information, knowledge, skills, beliefs, attitudes, and values) in individuals, groups or communities
health education
the capacity of an individual to obtain, interpret, and understand basic health information and services and the competence to use such information and services in ways that are health enhancing
health literacy
all of these are core functions of public health identified in the Future of Public Health Report, except: - assessment - health promotion - policy development - assurance
health promotion
having role models model a behavior helps in influencing - perceived power - control beliefs - behavioral beliefs - subjective norms
perceived power
all of the following are priorities for health promotion in the Jakarta Declaration, except: - promoting education in biostatistics - promoting social responsibility for health - increasing investments for health development - expanding partnerships for health promotion
promoting education in biostatistics
reducing stress associated with implementing a new behavior will modify: - self-efficacy - perceived severity - perceived benefits - perceived barriers
self-efficacy
the level of the cognitive domain that involves putting parts together to form a whole and create new meaning is called: - comprehension - evaluation - synthesis - application
synthesis
which of the following statements represents the construct of the subjective norm for the theory of reasoned action? - "I just don't like to exercise" - " I feel that my parents and my husband want me to have the procedure" - "Well, I have thought about smoking less" - "I know that if I lose more weight, my blood pressure will get lower"
"I feel that my parents and my husband want me to have the procedure"
which of the following statements represents the concept of Fishbein's theory of reasoned action? - "I will attend an exercise class" - "there is a water aerobics class every Thursday" - "I perform regular breast exams because my mother had breast cancer" - "I believe that basketball is a good exercise"
"I perform regular breast exams because my mother had breast cancer"
Statement A: the 1st stage of the general adaptation syndrome is the stage of resistance Statement B: general adaptation syndrome is an example of an event-based model of stress - statement A is true, b is false - a is false and b is true - both are true - both are false
Both are false
Statement A: one of the limitations of TTM is that it categorizes change even though change is a continuous process and cannot be categorized Statement B: TTM has very high predictive power - statement A is true and B is false - statement A is false and B is true - both statements are true - both statements are false
Both statements are false
an individual who meets the required health education training qualifications, has successfully passed the certification exam of the national commission for health education credentialing (NCHEC), and meets continuing education requirements
CHES
Which of the following is an application of the transtheoretical model in primary prevention? - diabetes self-management - cardiac rehab intervention - cervical cancer screening - changing sun protection behaviors
Changing sun protection behaviors
A stressor that is a result of the responses of one social group to another is known as a: - life event - community-wide strain - chronic strain - nonevent
Chronic strain
The extent to which one perceives that the stressors that confort one make cognitive sense, implying that there is some set structure, consistency, order, clarity, and predictability, is known as: - comprehensibility - meaningfulness - consistency - manageability
Comprehensibility
All of the following are differences between coping and defense mechanisms, except: - coping is purposive and involves choices - defense mechanisms are rigid and set - coping is focused on the future - defense mechanisms are premised on the past
Coping is focused on the future
The construct of the transtheoretical model that involves replacing old behaviors with new ones is called: - counterconditioning - self-reevaluation - dramatic relief - self-liberation
Counterconditioning
All of the following are examples of problem-focused coping, except: - interpersonal conflict resolution - advice seeking - denying the existence of the stressful situation - time management
Denying the existence of the stressful situation
The health belief model may also be considered a value expectancy theory as it addresses: - ability to work following an injury - challenges to setting behavioral goals - determinants of behavioral decisions - methods for prioritizing behavioral goals
Determinants of behavioral decisions
T/F: the mission of the society of Public Health Education is to contribute to the advancement of education theory?
F
T/F: Beliefs are relatively constant feelings, predispositions, or views directed toward an idea, object, person, or situation
F, it is Attitudes
T/F: lobbying is an active support of an idea or cause that entails especially the act of pleading or arguing for something.
F, it is advocacy
T/F: Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory is an example of a descriptive theory.
F, it is an example of mid-range theory
T/F: the capacity of an individual to obtain, interpret, and understand basic health information and services and the competence to use such information and services in ways that are health enhancing is called information processing.
F, it is health literacy
T/F: Consciousness raising is a behavioral process
F, process of change and it is an experiential process
T/F: Hans Selye 1st described the "fight or flight" syndrome
F: Walter Cannon
T/F: Learning theories are those that postulate that a behavior depends on the value placed by an individual on an outcome and the individual's estimate of the likelihood that a given action will result in that outcome.
F; value expectancy theory: Learning theory describes when a given response is associated w/ a given stimulus
T/F: Research studies have found that the health belief model has been very useful in the promotion of long-term changes in behavior.
False
which of the following represents an example of primary prevention and its use of the health belief model? - studying the degree of smoking in college students - adhering to medication for hypertension - refining a research instrument - getting a hepatitis B vaccination
Getting a hepatitis B vaccination
one of the persons who first described the health belief model was: - Albert Bandura - Godfrey Hochbaum - James Prochaska - Edward Tolman
Godfrey Hochbaum
All of the following are experiential processes, except: - social liberation - self-reevaluation - helping relationships - environmental reevaluations
Helping relationships
The unique feature of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is that they argue that behavioral _____ is the most important determinant of behavior. - action - intention - activity - performance
Intention
The health belief model was originally developed by a group of social psychologists to explain the: - length of time from illness to wellness - frequency of illnesses in groups - lack of interest in illness prevention - frequency of screening programs
Lack of interest in illness prevention
Which of the following constructs of the theory of coherence addresses meaningfulness? - clarity and order to the stress - feelings of adequate resources - life makes sense emotionally - stress is predictable
Life makes sense emotionally
this is working with and influencing policy makers to develop an issue or a policy affecting the health of a community.
Lobbying
The degree to which a person wants to act in accordance with the perceived wishes of those significant in his or her life is known as a(n): - normative belief - behavioral belief - subjective norm - motivation to comply
Motivation to comply
A subjective belief that a person has with regard to acquiring a disease or reaching a harmful state as a result of indulging in a particular behavior is known as: - perceived susceptibility - perceived susceptibility - perceived benefits - perceived threats
Perceived susceptibility
The response-based theories of coping and stress are limited to: - specificity of stimuli - individual differences - thoughtful processing - physiological relationships
Physiological relationships
The educator is assisting the participants during and after an intervention. What is this phase of intervention using the transtheoretical model called? - progress - process - retention - outcome
Progress
the theory that posits that behavior is based on the expectancy that a certain action will lead to a certain outcome and reinforcement based on previous learning is: - Edwards model - atkinsons model - feathers model - rotters model
Rotters model
Demanded from the internal or external environment that one perceives as being harmful or threatening are known as: - demands - stressors - problem-focused coping - emotion-focused coping
Stressors
T/F: According to some researchers, the transtheoretical model has too many inadequately defined constructs, making it difficult to measure?
T
T/F: Hardiness relates to personal control and endurance
T
T/F: In the alarm reaction of the general adaption syndrome, the adrenal glands start secreting their hormones, corticosteroids, which help in supplying more energy to the body
T
T/F: an effective program objective should be developed from a sound theoretical basis.
T
health advocacy involved creating a shift in public opinion and mobilizing essential resources to support any issue or policy that affects the health of a community or constituency
advocacy
becoming conscious of an action, idea, object, person, or situation
awareness
which of the following should occur before an individual considers a behavior change? - determine beliefs and values - knowledge of the facts - analysis of the facts - awareness of a need
awareness of a need
any overt action, conscious or unconscious, performed by an individual that has a measurable frequency, intensity, and duration; a category of actions with a specifications of target, action, context, and time (TACT)
behavior
statements of perceived fact or impressions about the world are: - beliefs - attitudes - values - feelings
beliefs
CHES stands for - certification in health education studies - certified health education specialist - certification in higher education studies - certification in health, education, and sanitation
certified health education specialist
grouping of separate organizations in a community united to pursue a common goal related to health or other matters affecting a large number of people
coalition
written document for professional conduct of health educators that delineates responsibilities to the public, profession, and employers and responsibilities regarding the delivery of health education, research and evaluation, and professional preparation
code of ethics for health educators
a stage in which local initiative and leadership in a community has been organized and stimulated to a level at which change in health or other matters is occurring
community development
process whereby individuals gain mastery over their lives in the context of changing their social and political environments
community empowerment
persuading community members to attend or participate in any activity planned by the health educator. its purpose is to enhance awareness of a given issue at the community level.
community mobilization
process in which community members identify needs, set objectives, prioritize issues, develop plans, and implement projects for community improvement in health and related matters
community organization
all of the following are limitations of the health belief model, except: - it does not lend itself very well to promotion of behaviors, particularly long-term behavior change - the model lacks in consistent predictive power mainly because it focuses on a limited number of factors - different questions are used in different studies to determine the same beliefs, thereby making it difficult to compare across studies - constructs of the model do not provide specific guidance at the micro level for planning the "how to" part of interventions
constructs of the model don't provide specific guidance at the micro level for planning the how to part
a means to achieve desirable goals in life while maintaining a multidimensional (physical, mental, social, political, economic, and spiritual) equilibrium that is operationalized for individuals as well as for communities
health
actions with a potentially measurable frequency, intensity, and duration performed at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, or public policy level for primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention.
health behavior
the collection of facts related to an action, idea, object, person, or situation is called: - awareness - knowledge - comprehension - information
information
ethics is the study of: - knowledge - righteousness - morality - religion
mortality
a participant in an educational class acknowledges a belief in the benefits of taking high blood pressure meds, but states it's too expensive. this behavior alerts the health educator to which construct of the health belief model? - self-efficacy - perceived susceptibility - perceived severity - perceived barrier
perceived barrier
distributing free condoms to promote safer sex is an example of modifying which construct of HBM? - perceived susceptibility - perceived severity - perceived barriers - self-efficacy
perceived barriers
which of the following teaching strategies would be appropriate for an educator to use to modify the theory of reasoned action's construct of motivation to comply? - simulation - survey - role play - brainstorm
role play
T/F: perceived severity refers to the subjective belief in the extent of harm that can result from an acquired disease or harmful state as a result of a particular behavior
t
which of the following demonstrates the use of the theory of reasoned action in health promotion? - maintaining a new behavior for 6m - taking anti-depression meds as prescribed - teaching a class on consciousness raising - moving thru the stages of change
taking anti-depression meds as prescribed
actions taken after the onset of disease or an injury with a view to assisting diseased or disabled people are known as: - primary prevention - secondary prevention - tertiary prevention - quaternary prevention
tertiary prevention
which of the following should a health educator use to ensure an effective educational program outcome? - interview experienced educators - limit the interventions - theoretical foundation - focus on individuals
theoretical foundation
Which of the following terms would be found among the 5 phases of planning interventions in the transtheoretical model? - barriers - program awareness - retention - timing
Retention
Statement A: daily hassles include everyday problems like getting stuck in traffic Statement B: not having anything to do is an example of a chronic strain - A is true, B is false - A is false, B is true - both are true - both are false
A is true and B is false: B is a nonevent
Statement A: the TRA and TPB emphasize the role of thoughts in decision making for engaging in behavior Statement B: the TRA and TPB state that unconscious motives or desires shape behavior - Statemnet A is true and B is false - Statement A is false and B is true - both statements are true - both statements are false
Statement A is true and B is false
T/F: A breast cancer survivor speaking to a local church group supports the concepts of health promotion and education
T
T/F: A model may be developed from one or more theories
T
a collection of people identified by a set of shared values
community
theories that deal with the effects of inconsistencies among beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors are known as: - value expectancy theories - consistency theories - attribution theories - learning theories
consistency theories
creating social acceptance for a practice, behavior, condition, policy, law, or environment that may affect health in a community.
development of social norms
T/F: TRA and TPB are similar to Freudian theory and other theories that view behavior as being controlled by "unconscious motives or desires of silence" that are widely prevalent among the masses, especially in non industrialized countries
T
T/F: The TRA and TPB provide strong guidance with regard to measurement of their constructs
T
T/F: following a consultation, the patient decides it is in her best interest to have the surgery. this is an example of how the theory of reasoned action may be applied.
T
T/F: learning theories are those theories that describe how a given response is associated with a given stimulus
T
T/F: The experimental process that involves both affective and cognitive components of how a behavior affects one's environment and how changing the behaviors would influence the environment is known as environmental reevaluations
T
T/F: theory helps in identifying the method used in health education or health promotion.
T
T/F: Adherence to activity recommendations in chronic lower back pain is an example of the use of the transtheoretical model for secondary prevention?
True
T/F: Prochaska, in his review of numerous psychotherapy theories of change, based his trans theoretical model on the similarities he found in the theories?
True
T/F: Some researchers support the elimination of the transtheoretical model as they see change as an ongoing process making it difficult to place individuals in stages.
True
T/F: completing questions about an individual's cognition in the operationalization of HBM may change and create that individuals thinking rather than tapping into how exactly he/she things to begin with.
True
T/F: research has found several necessary factors missing from the health belief model, making it less predictable
True
T/F: health education influences behavior changes through knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs
True
are those behaviors that a person consciously pursues for health improvement or health protection, such as seeking an immunization, a physical exam, a low-fat food, or a condom
health-directed behaviors
actions that are performed for reasons other than health but have health effects are known as: - health-directed behaviors - health-related behaviors - risk behaviors - protective behaviors
health-related
are those actions that are performed for reasons other than health but have health effects; for example, a person trying to lose weight so he can improve his appearance
health-related behavors
actions that block the progression of an injury or disease at its incipient stage are known as: - primary prevention - secondary prevention - tertiary prevention - quaternary prevention
secondary prevention
The experiential process that involves both affective and cognitive components and include ones assessment of self-image with the new behavior is known as: - self-reevaluation - self-liberation - counterconditioning - reinforcement management
Self-reevaluation
the organization that advances the practice of health education and health promotion thru health behavior research is the: - American Academy of Health Behavior - American Association for Health Education - American College Health Association - American School Health Association
American Academy of Health Behavior
T/F: Long-term disability is an example of a life event
F: it is persistent life difficulties which is under chronic stressors
T/F: Event-based models of stress and coping fail to clarify and explain stress
F: not covering physiological mechanisms and not distinguishing between cause and effect
the concept of perceived behavioral control has been derived from all of the following, except: - Rotter's locus of control theory - Atkinson's theory of achievement motivation - Bandura's social cognitive theory - Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity principle
Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity principle
A perception about how easy or difficult it is to perform a behavior in each condition identified in a persons control beliefs is known as: - perceived severity - perceived behavioral control - perceived power - perceived susceptibility
Perceived power
The behavioral process that entails belief that on can change, and a commitment and recommitment to act on that change, is known as: - self-revaluations - self-liberation - counterconditioning - reinforcement management
Self-liberation
The experimental process that referes to an increase in social opportunities of alternatives is known as: - social liberation - reinforcement management - helping relationships - stimulus control
Social liberation
which of the following organizations was formed in 1885 and has undergone a name change most recently in 2014? - American Academy of Health Behaviors - Society for Public Health Education - Society of Health and Physical Educators - Directors of Health Promotion and Education
Society of Health and Physical Educators
Statement A: unlike health education, health promotion does not endorse voluntary change in behavior and utilizes that compel an individual to change behavior. Statement B: Health promotion is done at the individual level - Statement A is true and statement B is false - Statement A is false and statement B is true - Both are true - both are false
Statement A is true and B is false because Health promotion is done at the community level not individual level
TRA stands for: - theory of reasonable action - theory of rational action - theory of reasoned action - theory of realistic action
Theory of reasoned action
statements of perceived facts or impressions about the world
beliefs
when community members actively participate to plan or implement projects, it is called; - community mobilization - community participation - community organization - community development
community participation
all of the following are limitations of the WHO definition of health, except: - health has been described as a "state," whereas it is dynamic and changes from time to time - the dimensions mentioned in the definition are inadequate to capture variations in health - it is too easy to measure health the way it has been defined and there should be more rigor - the word "well-being" is subjective
it is too easy to measure health the way it has been defined and there should be more vigor
how much a person feels he or she is in command of enacting a given behavior is known as: - self-efficacy - perceived behavioral control - locus of control - control beliefs
perceived behavioral control
a belief in the advantages of the methods suggested for reducing the risk or seriousness of the disease or harmful state resulting from a particular behavior is known as: - perceived susceptibility - perceived severity - perceived benefits - perceived threat
perceived benefits
the health educator is teaching a class on the consequences of neglecting to take high blood pressure meds. which contract of the health belief model is the educator using in relating the story of a person who did not take his/her meds and now has permanent kidney damage? - perceived susceptibility - cue to action - self-efficacy - perceived severity
perceived severity
which of the following is a responsibility of a health educator? - diagnose public illnesses - publish annual education pamphlets - run for public office - perform needs assessment
perform needs assessment
the World Health Organization defined health in its constitution as "a state of complete _____, _____, and _____ well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." - physical, mental, social - political, emotional, environmental - economic, political, social - physical, emotional, environmental
physical, mental, social
attitudes can be defined as learned _____ to respond to an object or class of objects in a favorable or unfavorable way. - behaviors - actions - predispositions - manners
predispositions
all of the following are areas of responsibilities for health education specialists, except: - planning health education/promotion - conducting evaluation and research related to health education/promotion - raising funds for health education/promotion - serving as a health education/promotion resource person
raising funds for health education/promotion
T/F: a code of ethics provides a professional standard of performance.
true
T/F: respecting the rights, dignity, and privacy of others while conducting research is a responsibility of the health educator.
true
an example of secondary prevention and use of the health belief model is: - bicycle helmet use promotion - influenza vaccination - tuberculosis screening - infant mortality factor identification
tuberculosis screening
HBM was influenced by the theory of Kurt Lewin, which is an example of: - learning theory - attribution theory - causal theory - value expectancy theory
value expectancy theory