Health promotion final exam

Which of the following persons have an increased risk for experiencing interpersonal violence? A. An 8-year-old male who has witnessed his mother being verbally abused by her boyfriend B. A 14-year-old female whose parents are problem drinkers C.A 10 year old boy whose father was a victim of violence D. A women from a culture characterized by sex equality E. A child in a family whose religion prohibits alcohol use and dancing

A, B, C

The nurse is explaining services provided in assisted living to a couple considering a move to long-term housing for older adults. The nurse explains that assisted living includes:

24-hour protective oversight. The clients must be mobile; they may require some assistance. All meals and snacks are provided. They may request assistance with bathing and hygiene. Housekeeping and laundry services are provided. They may require occasional assistance with dressing. The client should self-administer medication or may receive personal monitoring of medication administration.

According to the US Census Bureau, the fastest-growing group within the older population is:

85 and older.

Why do infants in developing countries have better outcomes in natural disasters? A. Most infants in developing countries are breastfed B. Most infants in developing countries are bottle fed. C. Mothers have an adequate supply of diapers D. Infants in developed countries have lower rates of immunization

A

Which of the following statements are correct concerning suicide? A. Suicide rates are increasing for persons age 15 to 24 years. B. Elderly females have the highest risk for suicide C. Alcohol abuse is a risk factor but mental disorders is not D. Impulsiveness is a risk factor in Asia E. WHO has not addressed issues of suicide prevention

A, D

A 48-year-old woman complains to her nurse that she is experiencing frequent episodes of insomnia. What are some measures the nurse should educate her about? (select all that apply) A. Insomnia is common for this age group. B. Engage in activity 1 to 2 hours before bed to encourage sleep. C. Avoid or reduce the amount of caffeinated beverages that are consumed. D. Napping should be encouraged E. Have a regular schedule for waking and sleep.

A. Insomnia is common for this age group. C. Avoid or reduce the amount of caffeinated beverages that are consumed. E. Have a regular schedule for waking and sleep. Insomnia is a common finding in this age category. This condition may be the result of overstimulation resulting from drinking too much caffeinated beverages, strenuous exercise within two hours of bedtime, not having a regular schedule for waking and sleep in a 24-hour period (National Sleep Foundation, 2012). Frequently-occurring insomnia can lead to distractibility and irritability and fatigue during the daytime hours. Rest is essential to allow restorative functions of the body to occur. The effects of insomnia can be counteracted by regularly scheduled, high-quality sleep and occasional napping when fatigued.

Which of the following statements are correct concerning Alzheimer's dementia? (Select all that apply.) A. It includes disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle. B. It is the second most common form of dementia in the elderly. C. The Mini-Mental Status Examination can be used as a screening tool. D. The majority of patients are age 75 or older. E. Currently, there are no medications to treat this disease.

A. It includes disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle. C. The Mini-Mental Status Examination can be used as a screening tool. Correct D. The majority of patients are age 75 or older. Correct

Common visual conditions which may occur in middle-aged adults include which of the following? (select all that apply) Select all that apply. A. Presbyopia B. Glaucoma C. Cataracts D. Macular degeneration E. Presbycusis

A. Presbyopia B. Glaucoma C. Cataracts D. Macular degeneration Presbyopia (farsightedness) is common in middle-age adults, even in individuals who have had no previous problems with their vision. Glaucoma occurs as a result of increased intraocular pressure, which can damage the optic nerve. Cataracts, an opacity of the lens, can develop and cloud the vision in later years of middle age. Macular degeneration is a progressive deterioration of the maculae of the retina and choroid structures of the eye (Mosby, 2008). Presbycusis is an impairment in auditory acuity.

Independent seniors may experience which of the following barriers to obtaining adequate nutritional intake? (Select all that apply) A. Transportation issues B. Income C. Socialization D. Social support resources E. Cultural food preferences

A. Transportation issues B. Income D. Social support resources E. Cultural food preferences

13. The nurse is working at a crisis hotline center. Which of the following callers would be most at risk for suicide? a. A 16-year-old girl who broke up with her boyfriend b. A 26-year-old male who has been laid off from his job c. A 50-year-old female who has a history of alcohol abuse d. A 40-year-old male whose brother died suddenly

ANS: C Older adults have a greater risk of committing suicide than do younger people. Major factors contributing to suicide in Europe and North America include mental disorders especially depression and alcohol use disorders.

The nurse provides anticipatory guidance to people during middle age to meet developmental tasks of: (select all that apply) A. helping children become responsible, happy adults. B. rediscovering new satisfaction in the relationship with one's spouse. C. developing an affectionate but independent relationship with aging parents. D. reaching the peak in one's career. E. passing on traditions and skills to grandchildren. developing leisure-time activities.

A. helping children become responsible, happy adults. B. rediscovering new satisfaction in the relationship with one's spouse. C. developing an affectionate but independent relationship with aging parents. D. reaching the peak in one's career. The developmental tasks of middle age include:• Helping children become responsible, happy adults• Rediscovering new satisfaction in the relationship with one's spouse• Developing an affectionate but independent relationship with aging parents• Reaching the peak in one's career• Developing leisure-time activities• Achieving mature social and civic responsibility• Accepting and adapting to biological changes• Maintaining or developing friendships

8. A nurse is providing care to HIV positive clients living in sub-Saharan communities in Africa. When discussing prevention of the transmission of HIV, which of the following statements should be made by the nurse? a. Alternative practices to traditional sexual cleansing should be considered after the death of a spouse. b. Traditional sexual cleansing should be performed with a cleanser who is known to not have HIV. c. Virgin cleansing is a safer option than traditional sexual cleansing. d. Traditional sexual cleansing can lead to further transmission of HIV.

ANS: A Although traditional sexual cleansing can lead to further transmission of HIV is a true statement, it is not the most culturally sensitive response by the nurse. The nurse should respect the cultural practices of the clients living in the sub-Saharan community and discuss that alternative practices may be a better option to traditional sexual cleansing.

18. Which of the following statements best explains priorities related to preventative health care? a. Global initiatives have been developed to respond to health care needs around the world. b. Health care initiatives are focused mainly on people in developed countries because of the access to medication. c. Health care initiatives are focused mainly on people in developing countries because of their great need. d. Public health agencies are leaders in health care development.

ANS: A Health care initiatives have a global focus and involve developing as well as developed countries. Nurses play a major role in this initiative.

2. A nurse is working at a clinic in a third world country and suspects a child has severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Which of the following assessment findings would be expected? a. Distended abdomen b. Bulging eyes c. Large tears when crying d. Lethargy

ANS: A Severe wasting is characterized by sunken eyes, visible ribs, and protruding shoulder blades. Children with severe wasting usually have a distended abdomen and general overall appearance in some way similar to an older adult. In general, these children are irritable, anxious, and cry easily; yet they will often have absence of tears while crying due to lachrymal gland atrophy.

14. Which of the following age groups is experiencing the greatest increase in suicide rates? a. 15 to 24 b. 25 to 39 c. 40 to 59 d. 60 to 70

ANS: A Suicide rates among people aged 15 to 24 have been increasing to such an extent that they are the second leading cause of death in this age group in some developed and developing countries.

21. A primary care clinic is being established in a rural county that recently experienced a hurricane severely damaging its infrastructure for medical care. Which of the following considerations would be the priority when planning for this clinic? a. The ability to provide mental health services to community members b. The ability to deliver primary care services to community members c. The ability to refer community members to other necessary services d. The ability to supply community members with daily necessities

ANS: A The priority in planning should be the ability to provide mental health services to the community members. In 2007, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee developed its Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Setting. It emphasizes the importance of primary care clinics being able to provide mental health services to victims of the disaster.

1. Which of the following are classifications within the World Health Organizations (WHO) definition of malnutrition? (select all that apply) a. Obesity b. Inadequate intake of vitamins/minerals c. Inadequate protein intake d. Inadequate fluid intake

ANS: A, B, C Inadequate or excessive intake of protein and or vitamins and obesity are components of the WHOs definition of malnutrition.

2. Which of the following individuals would be susceptible to CA-MRSA? (select all that apply) a. 16-year-old student who plays football b. 48-year-old person who has taken antibiotics for sinus infections c. 36-year-old man serving 12 months in jail for robbery d. 22-year-old woman who shares a towel after a swimming meet

ANS: A, B, C, D CA-MRSA is spread by close skin-to-skin contact such as during contact sports, by sharing towels and clothing, and by those living in crowded conditions. People who take or who have been on antibiotic therapy are also susceptible to CA-MRSA.

4. A school nurse is planning an educational presentation for high school students about violence. Which of the following statements would be included in the presentation? (select all that apply) a. Violent behavior happens when someone bullies another person. b. Withholding food from a child as a punishment is violent behavior. c. Collective violence occurs during an argument between two people. d. Painting a racial slur on a building is violent behavior.

ANS: A, B, D Violent behavior as defined by WHO is the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. Collective violence is defined as the instrumental use of violence by a particular group of people for specific political, economic, or social objectives.

3. A nurse employed by the World Health Organization is working with HIV positive clients in Africa and is teaching them about ways to reduce transmission of this disease. Which of the following barriers should be considered when planning this education? (select all that apply) a. Culture-specific practices b. Unavailability of antibiotic therapy c. Lack of understanding about the transmission process d. Overcrowded living areas

ANS: A, C Culture-specific sexual practices such as sexual cleansing and a lack of understanding about how HIV is spread contribute to its transmission. HIV is a viral infection, not a bacterial infection. Simply living with someone who has HIV will not result in transmission unless the person comes into contact with blood or bodily fluid from the infected person.

6. A nurse is participating in disaster preparedness planning for the local community. Which of the following would be an appropriate responsibility for the nurse? (select all that apply) a. Completing a risk assessment in the community b. Implementing strategies to decrease posttraumatic stress disorder c. Coordinating meetings among multiple agencies and disciplines d. Evaluating the economic impact of the disaster

ANS: A, C The International Council for Nurses spells out its position on the role of the nurse concerning disaster preparedness to include risk assessment as well as management strategies bridging multiple disciplines and system levels. To coordinate health sector preparedness, regulatory meetings and frameworks across cultures will help nurses plan for and streamline health care responses to such mass events internationally.

15. Which of the following information about anthrax is correct? a. Anthrax is a viral infection. b. Anthrax can cause skin lesions or pneumonia. c. Anthrax is spread by person-to-person contact. d. Anthrax is treated by IV penicillin for 30 days.

ANS: B Anthrax is a bacillus that is not spread person-to-person. An anthrax infection is treated by using ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, doxycycline, or penicillin for 60 days.

7. The school nurse has been asked to present a workshop on how to prevent CA-MRSA spread in the school. Which of the following interventions should be emphasized? a. Completing prophylactic antibiotic therapy for those in close contact with an infected person b. Using correct hand-washing technique c. Requiring those infected stay home from school until the infection has resolved d. Disinfecting all classrooms on a daily basis

ANS: B Hand washing is an effective way to prevent spread of the infection. In order to contract the infection, students must come into contact with a draining wound, etc.

5. Which of the following projects would most likely be administered by International Micronutrient Malnutrition Prevention and Control (IMMPaCT) Program? a. Researching best methods to preserve the freshness of foods b. Surveying various populations about consumption patterns c. Comparing the effectiveness of vitamin pills versus fresh fruit and vegetables d. Analyzing the relationship between BMI and cardiovascular disease

ANS: B IMMPaCt provides its skills and resources toward working to eradicate vitamin and mineral deficiencies around the globe. The IMMPaCT programs activities include conducting surveys; providing micronutrients to infants, young children, and women of childbearing age; and monitoring and evaluating intervention systems.

19. A nurse states that many community members are concerned about the increasing number of natural disasters that have been occurring in the United States. Which of the following would the community members be referring to? a. Fires and suicides b. Wildfires and hurricanes c. Traffic accidents and floods d. Tornadoes and food poisonings

ANS: B Natural disasters phenomena that occur through natural forces involving land, air, or water, and they often have large-scale negative impacts on humans who live in the affected areas. Examples of natural disasters include tsunamis, earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudslides, tornadoes, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, wildfires, volcano eruptions, extreme heat, winter weather, and others.

10. A nurse is using the four-step public health approach to address violence in the community. Which of the following actions would the nurse take first? a. Analyze a variety of data sources to determine the cause of the problem. b. Examine risk factors that have contributed to the violence. c. Develop an evidence-based program to address the problem. d. Train community members to discuss the problem within their neighborhoods.

ANS: B The WHO has proposed a four-step public health approach which includes: defining the problem; identifying risks and protective factors; devising and testing means of dealing with violence; and applying successful means on a large scale. Defining the problem is the first step in this process. Examination of different data sources are needed to understand the magnitude of the problem.

5. Which of the following individuals assessed by the nurse is experiencing interpersonal violence? (select all that apply) a. A 16-year-old female who hides in her apartment due to civil unrest in the country b. A 32-year-old male whose co-worker sends him insulting e-mails at work c. A 19-year old male who has attempted suicide d. A 78-year-old female living in a nursing home who is force-fed by aides

ANS: B, D Interpersonal violence is violence committed by an individual or a small group of people in a wide range of acts and behaviors (emotional, physical, sexual, and psychological). The violence can happen to people of any age and at any place. Self-directed violence occurs with self-abuse and suicide. Collective violence is defined as the instrumental use of violence by a particular group of people for specific political, economic, or social objectives.

12. The school nurse is planning a workshop for high school students about interpersonal violence (IPV). Which of the following information would the nurse discuss as risk factors for IPV? a. Cultural norms b. Family support c. Drug and alcohol abuse d. Depression

ANS: C Risk factors for IPV may include a victims low self-esteem, low self-control, and personality/conduct disorders. Other risk factors are reported to be lack of social support, dysfunctional family structure, family history of violence, and drug and alcohol abuse.

17. A nurse is working in the emergency department (ED). Which of the following situations would cause the nurse to suspect bioterrorism? a. When two people out of twenty who ate at a restaurant come to the ED with nausea and vomiting b. When a worker in a lab comes to the ED complaining of a severe headache c. When thirteen people, aged 24 to 33, come to the ED with ascending flaccid muscle paralysis d. When five people come to the ED with an upper respiratory infection

ANS: C The other examples are common problems for which people seek health care. Flaccid paralysis is a symptom of botulism.

4. A nurse working on a post-partum unit of a large urban hospital has received a grant to begin a Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative developed by WHO. Which of the following statements would the nurse most likely make when explaining the major premises of the initiative to the unit manager? a. This program is meant to encourage sibling visits in the early postpartum period, so the adjustment to a new baby is a smooth process. b. A major goal of this program is to ensure that all infant/pediatric units have implemented basic safety initiatives. c. Improving nutrition by promoting breast-feeding of newborns through four months of age is what this program is all about. d. The purpose of this program is to make sure that all health care providers who care for newborns and children up to the age of 18 really understand basic principles of growth and development.

ANS: C The purpose of the initiative is to improve newborn nutrition by promoting breast-feeding of newborns through age 4 months.

9. A nurse is working with UNAIDS to fight against HIV/AIDS at the global level. Which of the following activities would the nurse most likely be involved in? a. Determining prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS in African countries b. Administering antiretroviral medications to pregnant women who are HIV positive c. Providing treatment access for all HIV-positive individuals who need medication d. Reporting confirmed cases of HIV to the World Health Organization

ANS: C UNAIDS has outlined three strategic directions: revolutionizing HIV prevention; catalyzing the next generation for treatment, care, and support; and advancing human rights and gender equality in responses to HIV. Providing treatment access for all HIV-positive individuals who need medication meets the strategic direction of catalyzing the next generation for treatment, care, and support.

16. Which Of the following statements about smallpox is accurate? a. Smallpox results in a rash that looks similar to the chickenpox rash. b. Side effects from a smallpox vaccine include acute renal failure. c. The last case of smallpox occurred in 1997. d. The rash associated with smallpox is most prominent on the face and extremities.

ANS: D A rash from smallpox is most prominent on the face and extremities with the same stage of legion development. Additionally, smallpox symptoms usually resemble influenza symptoms. The smallpox rash is distinctive from the varicella rash. Side effects from the vaccination mostly involve a low fever, soreness in the injection area, and enlarged glands under the armpit. The last case of smallpox was in 1977.

11. A nurse using the four-step public health approach to respond to violence. Which of the following actions would occur as the nurse identifies risk and protective factors? a. Planning a community-based educational program to respond to violence b. Reviewing police reports and population-based surveys c. Interviewing local community members about their experiences with violence d. Examining characteristics in the community where violence has not occurred

ANS: D A risk factor is defined as a characteristic that increases the likelihood of a person becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence, and a protective factor as a characteristic that decreases the likelihood of a person becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence. Knowing risk and protective factors can help responsible organizations and personnel to estimate violence magnitudes and devise appropriate prevention measures.

6. The school nurse has been asked to present a workshop on CA-MRSA for high school teachers. Which of the following information would the nurse most likely include? a. CA-MRSA is a common viral infection that responds well to antiviral meds. b. CA-MRSA is a serious bacterial infection that does not spread easily. c. CA-MRSA is a fungal infection common in school settings. d. CA-MRSA is a potentially fatal skin infection that is difficult to treat.

ANS: D CA-MRSA is a highly contagious bacterial infection that is difficult to treat and can result in pneumonia and death.

22. A nurse is advocating for improved disease prevention and health promotion within the local community. Which of the following interventions would the nurse most likely implement? a. Educate community members about the violence rates that exist within the community. b. Administer flu shots for elderly at a local senior citizens center. c. Participate in a disaster planning committee within the community. d. Talk with a state legislator about improved access to health care for the uninsured and underinsured.

ANS: D In order to be advocates for newly emerging priorities for disease prevention and health promotion, nurses in the twenty-first century need to participate in policy development for health promotion as the health care of individuals in acute settings shifts from hospitals to home and community settings, influence public expectations about health promotion, and promote equitable access to preventive health care. Talking with a state legislator about improving access to health care for the uninsured and underinsured is the only example that demonstrates the nurse in the role of an advocate working in one of these priority areas.

1. A nurse is encouraging members of the community to advocate for the prevention of premature deaths in children under the age of 5 at the international level. Which of the following interventions would most likely be discussed by the nurse? a. Using mosquito netting in sleeping areas b. Participating in international vaccination programs c. Implementing accident prevention programs d. Providing nutritional supplements

ANS: D Protein-energy malnutrition can be severely harmful to the mental and physical development of individuals, especially young children under the age of 5. Worldwide, one out of two deaths among children younger than 5 years old stems from protein-energy malnutrition.

20. A hurricane has just caused extensive damage within a local community. Which of the following are community members at risk to experience? a. Unequal access to health care b. Exposure to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus c. Increased incidence of suicide d. Outbreaks of acute respiratory infection

ANS: D Victims of natural disasters tend to have limited access to essential infrastructures for survival related to food, water, shelter, and sanitation. Infection outbreaks commonly diagnosed after natural disasters include diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, viral hepatitis, and snail and trematode infections.

3. A nurse is determining if children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) should receive facility-based or community-based care. Which of the following children should receive care in the community? a. 3-year-old male who has a history of dehydration b. 9-month-old male whose family has adequate support and resources to obtain the recommended treatment c. 4-year-old female who has sensitivity to milk products d. 6-month-old female who has a good appetite and no underlying medical conditions

ANS: D When a child has a good appetite with no medical conditions (hypoglycemia, hypothermia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and/or infections), Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) under community-based care are appropriate. RUTF are special milk-based foods which are soft, crushable, and tasty nutrient- and energy-rich foods that can be consumed by children six months or older.

A 50-year-old man is initiating an exercise program to help improve his cardiovascular health. What are some of the recommended guidelines that the nurse should instruct him on? (select all that apply) Select all that apply. A. Every adult over the age of 50 should start with a daily running program. B. Overexertion should be avoided. C. Increase fluid intake during periods of strenuous exercise in hot weather. D. Adults over the age of 50 benefit from intense strength training. E. Suggested activities include walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling.

B. Overexertion should be avoided. C. Increase fluid intake during periods of strenuous exercise in hot weather. E. Suggested activities include walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling. Some suggested activities for the middle-aged adult include brisk walking, jogging, swimming, bicycling, and skipping rope as well as walking or biking to work. Activities that focus on skill and coordination should be attempted by the adult over age 40 rather than activities necessitating speed and strength. Moderation is important for all groups of individuals. Caution is recommended for adults nearing age 65 to prevent muscle strains and/or falls, etc. Overexertion, as evidenced by dizziness, chest pressure or chest pain, and unresolved shortness of breath should be avoided. Also, in hot weather, strenuous exercise should be balanced with rest periods and increased intake of fluids to prevent heat stroke.

What are the current recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force concerning breast cancer? A. Screening mammograms beginning at age 30 B. Recommends against teaching breast self-examination C. Breast ultrasound screening beginning at age 35 D. Mammogram every 2 years if on birth control pills from age 35

B. Recommends against teaching breast self-examination

What are the three stages ego integrity v. despair was split into?

Based on the increasing life span, this stage of development was expanded into three additional stages: ego differentiation vs work role preoccupation, which involves achieving identity apart from work; body transcendence vs body preoccupation, which focuses on adjusting to normal aging changes; and ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation, which involves accepting death

Concerning bioterrorism, which of the following organisms would be classified as Category B? A. Small pox B. Anthrax C. Shigella D. Hanna virus

C

According to the National Resource Center on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Aging, it is estimated that between __________ of older residents living in long-term care facilities are malnourished. A. 10% and 15% B. 20% and 25% C. 35% and 50% D. 55% and 70%

C. 35% and 50%

Which of the following interventions will be most helpful in preventing premature death in children under the age of 5? A. Use of mosquito netting in sleeping areas B. Vaccination programs C. Accident prevention programs D. Nutritional supplements

D

Which of the following statements is correct concerning intimate partner violence? A. It occurs primarily in lower socioeconomic settings B. Physical assaults by intimate partners has increased in last decade. C. The risk increases as age of first marriage increases. D. It is the most underreported form of abuse.

D

Which statement about smallpox is correct? A. Smallpox results in a rash that looks like the chickenpox rash B. Side effects from a smallpox vaccine include acute renal failure C. The last case of smallpox occurred in 1997 D. The United States has stockpiled sufficient vaccine to immunize everyone.

D

Characteristic behaviors of older adults who have successfully met Erikson's ego integrity vs despair developmental task include: A. fear of death B. feelings that life has been lived in vain. C. identity is related to career and work only D. honest acceptance of the life that has passed

D. honest acceptance of the life that has passed.

Pregnant women are counseled about rubella screening and vaccination. Which of the following conditions are associated with congenital rubella syndrome? Blindness Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Developmental delay Autism

Developmental delay Rubella in young adults is generally a minor disease; however, when the disease is contracted during the first trimester of pregnancy, miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can result. CRS is associated with loss of hearing, ocular defects, developmental delay and growth retardation, and cardiac malformations. All women of childbearing age should be screened (titer monitored) for rubella antibodies and those who are not immune should be immunized. Nurses inform women of childbearing age that antibody testing is recommended before pregnancy and that vaccination is available.

The nurse is preparing a class on young adult risk factors for violence. The nurse includes content on which of the following? (select all that apply) Select all that apply. Homicide is the second leading cause of death in young adults. Violence is becoming less prevalent globally. Homicide is the leading cause of death for black young men. Firearms are involved in less that ½ of homicides. More women than men are at risk for death from a firearm. The presence of firearms in the home is associated with the increased risk of firearm injury to children.

Homicide is the second leading cause of death in young adults. Homicide is the leading cause of death for black young men. The presence of firearms in the home is associated with the increased risk of firearm injury to children. Homicide is the second leading cause of death in the 15- to 24-year-old age group and the leading cause of death for black men in the same age category. Firearms are involved in approximately two thirds of these deaths, and men have twice the risk of dying than women. The presence of firearms in the home is associated with the increased risk of unintentional and intentional firearm injury to children. Violence is becoming more prevalent globally related to organized terrorism.

Which of the following statements are correct concerning biological agents and cancer in the context of the older adult? (Select all that apply.) The immune system becomes more efficient with aging. Many older adults have not received primary tetanus and diphtheria immunizations. Influenza has high mortality and morbidity in older adults. Cancer disproportionately affects older adults. Twenty-five (25) percent of all diagnosed cancers are found in older adults.

Many older adults have not received primary tetanus and diphtheria immunizations. Correct Influenza has high mortality and morbidity in older adults. Correct Cancer disproportionately affects older adults. Correct

Which of the following concepts are accurate regarding the biological changes in the young adult period? (select all that apply) Select all that apply. Young adulthood sees the highest illness rate of any other age group. Physical growth continues into the 30s. Most concerns are related to ensuring optimal body functioning. Physical abilities of the young adult are at their peak. Illness compensatory mechanisms generally operate optimally.

Most concerns are related to ensuring optimal body functioning. Physical abilities of the young adult are at their peak. Illness compensatory mechanisms generally operate optimally. Young adulthood is generally the healthiest time of life. Physical growth is mostly complete by the age of 20; most concerns related to physiological development are focused on ensuring the optimal functioning of body systems. The young adult's physical abilities are in peak condition, and compensatory mechanisms operate optimally during illness to provide minimal disruption in health patterns. Nursing goals for individuals of this age group are oriented toward prolonging this period of optimal physical energy; developing the mental, emotional, spiritual, and social potential; encouraging proper health habits; anticipating and screening for and, therefore, being able to treat the onset of chronic disease at an early stage; and treating disease when appropriate.

According to Healthy People 2020, the leading causes of death among children and young adults are due to injuries from which of the following? Homicide Suicide Burns Motor vehicle crashes

Motor vehicle crashes Healthy People 2020 reports that 72% of all deaths among children and young adults are due to injuries from four causes: motor vehicle crashes (30%), all other unintentional injuries (15%), homicide (15%), and suicide (12%) (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2010). Preventive health concerns for young adults can be separated into two categories: developing behaviors that promote a healthy lifestyle and decreasing the incidence of accidents, injuries, and acts of violence. Health behaviors, safety practices, diet, exercise, weight control, sexuality, and addictions are widely discussed topics for the young adult age group.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning sleep in the older adult? 10% report difficulty sleeping. Older adults are more likely to report daytime sleepiness. Correct Both alcohol and milk should be avoided before bedtime. Meditation after 6 PM increases bedtime alertness.

Older adults are more likely to report daytime sleepiness.

Which of the following disorders, affecting older adults, is characterized by loss of visual accommodation causing the inability to maintain focus on objects close to the eye? Glaucoma Sclerosis Cataracts Presbyopia

Presbyopia

Nurses caring for the young adult population maintain awareness about screening for hypertension. Which of the following statements are true about hypertension in young adults? (select all that apply) Select all that apply. The Mexican American population has the lowest percentage of individuals with high blood pressure. African Americans have the highest rates of high blood pressure. Health insurance has a direct correlation with hypertension control. Adopting healthy behaviors after being diagnosed with hypertension will not reduce the incidence. The prevalence of treatment and control of hypertension is lowest in young adults.

The Mexican American population has the lowest percentage of individuals with high blood pressure. African Americans have the highest rates of high blood pressure. The prevalence of treatment and control of hypertension is lowest in young adults. The Mexican American population has the lowest percentage of high blood pressure individuals (25.5%); the White only, non Hispanic is intermediate at 28.8%; whereas the non-Hispanic, Black/African American population has the highest (42%) (USDHHS, 2010). The prevalence of treatment and control of hypertension was also lowest in young adults (31%) and Mexican Americans (37%). This may be related to lack of a usual source of care, but most surveyed had health insurance, so health insurance alone is not sufficient to correlate with better hypertension control (Gillespie, Kuklina, Briss, Blair, & Hong, 2011). Gillespie et al. (2011) goes on to report that adoption of healthy behaviors, particularly of reducing dietary salt from an average of 3400 mg. to 2300 mg. daily could dramatically reduce the incidence of hypertension.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning exercise and the older adult? As people age, weight-bearing exercises can be hazardous. Swimming should be avoided running for persons with arthritis. After age 65, exercise should be limited to 3 times per week. Walking is a popular and beneficial activity.

Walking is a popular and beneficial activity

The nurse, teaching a class on smoking cessation to a group of middle-age adults, presents the adverse effects of smoking, which include that nicotine: acts to stimulate the heart. calms the central nervous system. assists in decreasing blood pressure. causes a decrease in carbon monoxide.

acts to stimulate the heart. Nicotine acts in the two divisions of the nervous system to affect the central part of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral portion that controls the arms and legs. Nicotine stimulates the heart, leading to an increased pulse and elevated blood pressure. Although smokers frequently believe that cigarettes have a calming effect, this notion is misleading. Nicotine stimulates the body, whereas increasing levels of carbon monoxide causes lethargy. Smokers may feel calm, although they are actually having their sensations dulled by the elevated level of carbon monoxide.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the young adult is in the stage of formal operational thought and demonstrates abilities to: analyze concepts. manipulate concrete objects. participate in cooperative interactions. perceive specific examples.

analyze concepts. Piaget's stage of formal operational thought evolves from concrete operational thought in adolescence and extends through the reasoning process of young adults. Achievement of formal operational thinking allows a person to analyze all combinations of possibilities and construct hypotheses that are capable of being tested. Young adult thought becomes more perceptive and insightful; issues can therefore be evaluated realistically and objectively. The person in the concrete operational thought stage is able to manipulate concrete objects, participate in cooperative interactions, and perceive specific examples.

Bloom (1984) has developed a hierarchy of cognitive levels in the adult learner. The analysis cognitive level for the adult learner would be: recalling specific facts. grasping the meaning of the communicated message. becoming aware of the relationship and interaction of all the parts. applying knowledge in the form of abstractions and ideas to concrete situations.

becoming aware of the relationship and interaction of all the parts. Bloom (1984) developed a hierarchy of cognitive levels in the adult learner. The first level is knowledge, which is the recall of specifics. The second level is comprehension. The learner grasps the meaning of communicated messages and relates it to other material. The third level is application. The learner applies knowledge in the form of abstractions and ideas to concrete situations. Analysis is the fourth level, wherein the adult breaks down the material into its constituent parts while noting their relationship. The final and fifth level is synthesis, wherein the person is able to combine various elements to form a plan and then judge the extent to which the ideas and materials satisfy the established criteria.

A target goal of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce the incidence of hepatitis C. The nurse focuses on individuals most at risk, which includes persons with: hepatitis A. Epstein-Barr virus. human papilloma virus. chronic renal disease on hemodialysis.

chronic renal disease on hemodialysis. Individuals most at risk for hepatitis C are those who have injected illicit drugs, received clotting factors before 1987, are on hemodialysis, are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, or have elevated liver function values. The other diseases listed do not have a positive correlation to hepatitis C.

The nurse initiates an exercise program with middle-aged adults by: planning physical activity for a minimum of 45 minutes. considering activities that have the least potential for injury. counseling the adult that exercise should be rigorous to produce results. advising that the heart rate should double during exercise for cardiovascular benefits to be achieved.

considering activities that have the least potential for injury. Moderation is the key, along with increased caution as the adult approaches age 65. The exercise program should be realistic, and the activities selected should be activities that the individual enjoyed in the past. Activities should be selected with consideration of the potential for injury. Physical exercise should involve as many muscles as is possible, performed on a regular basis, preferably 3 to 4 times a week, for a minimum of 30 minutes each time. The appropriate level of performance for aerobic exercise is determined by achieving a pulse rate that is established for each individual: taking the number 220, subtracting the person's age, and then computing 75% of that number.

Emphasis on disease prevention for the young adult, after age 25, is on modifying risk factors related to: coronary artery disease. cirrhosis of the liver. cervical cancer. colon cancer.

coronary artery disease. After age 25, the emphasis is on modifying coronary risk factors. Recommendations for screening young adults are undergoing revision, as more information becomes available about the interactive risks of high cholesterol, familial high lipid levels, diabetes mellitus, and smoking.

The nurse incorporates epidemiological findings in assessing for risks associated with intimate partner violence, which include: adequate economic resources. equal job position of the partners. both partners achieved college graduation. differences in prestige associated with the partners' careers.

differences in prestige associated with the partners' careers. Epidemiological studies have attempted to determine the risks for intimate partner violence. Poverty and associated stress stemming from lack of economic resources appear to induce abuse against women. The unequal position of women in a relationship and the manner in which conflict is managed, as well as differences in education and prestige associated with the partner's occupations, are related to risk of violence.

The leading causes of death in middle adulthood, in both White and Black populations, are the same and include: heart disease. kidney disease. respiratory disease. gastrointestinal disease.

heart disease. The three leading causes on both White and Black populations are the same: heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular accident. Reducing disabilities and deaths from these chronic conditions are national health-promotion and disease-prevention objectives. Most of the diseases and conditions targeted in the Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives are preventable, or at least, modifiable. Health education, often conducted by professional nurses, is effective with adults who want or must change their life style behaviors.

A condition of the bone that is the result of bone lysis exceeding the rate of bone matrix synthesis is called: osteoarthritis. kyphosis. osteopenia. osteoporosis.

osteopenia. Osteopenia is a condition of subnormally mineralized bone, usually as a result of a rate of bone lysis that exceeds the rate of bone matrix synthesis. Thoracic kyphosis is an angulation of the posterior spine that is sometimes referred to as "hunchback." Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that influences activity and endurance and is most frequently seen in the knees and hands. Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal loss of bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, with an increased fracture risk. It occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women who have fair complexions and are small, sedentary individuals, and people on long-term steroid use.

Young adults are screened for cervical cancer through assessment of known risk factors that include: obesity. smoking. hypertension. alcohol use.

smoking. Known risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, early age of first intercourse, increasing number of sexual partners, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). The typical young adult health examination also looks for signs of chronic disease. Young adults would need to be educated about modifiable risk factors such as obesity and alcohol use.

During middle adulthood, physiological changes affect most bodily systems. These changes include: increased cardiac output. increased glomerular filtration rates. thinning of the intervertebral disks. decreased bone density and mass.

thinning of the intervertebral disks. Physiological changes that occur during middle adulthood include:• Hair of the adult begins to thin and turn gray.• The skin's moisture and turgor decreases and with the loss of subcutaneous tissue, wrinkles appear.• Fat deposits increase during these years with increases in weight gain.• Cardiac output decreases.• Bone density and mass progressively decrease.• Thinning of the intervertebral disks accounts for approximately a loss of 1 inch in height.• Acid indigestion and belching increases due to decreased gastrointestinal motility.• Stools become harder and dry due to decreased gastrointestinal motility.• As blood supply to the kidneys decrease, the glomerular filtration rate is decreased.• Blood vessels lose elasticity and become thicker.