HG&D chapter 3 likely test questions
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.
embryonic stage
Second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs
concordant
Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.
implantation
The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.
zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology (description)
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology High-frequency sound waves directed at the mother's abdomen produce a picture of fetus in uterus. Sonoembryology uses high-frequency transvaginal probes and digital image processing to produce a picture of embryo in uterus.
Fertilization
aka conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum—the male and female gametes, or sex cells—combine to create a single cell called a zygote
Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is TRUE? Select one: a. They are no more similar to one another than normal siblings. b. They will always have identical temperaments. c. They will always be born with identical physical characteristics. d. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.
d. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed. Correct
The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called Select one: a. zygotes. b. genes. c. gametes. d. autosomes.
d. autosomes.
multifactorial transmission
experience modifies the expression of the genotype for most traits—a phenomenon called multifactorial transmission.
6 months prenatal (24 weeks)
fetal growth has slowed a little the fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs 1 1/4 pounds. It has fat pads under the skin; the eyes are complete, opening, closing, and looking in all directions. It can hear, and it can make a fist with a strong grip. A fetus born early in the sixth month has only a slight chance of survival because the breathing apparatus has not matured.
8 months prenatal
fetus is 18 to 20 inches long and weighs between 5 and 7 pounds. Its living quarters are becoming cramped, and so its movements are curtailed. During this month and the next, a layer of fat is developing over the fetus's entire body, which will enable it to adjust to varying temperatures outside the womb.
Dizygotic twins
fraternal twins are the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm to form two unique individuals. Genetically, they are like siblings who inhabit the same womb at the same time, and they can be the same or different sex.
Moderate anxiety and pregnancy
may even spur organization of the developing brain.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Fatal disease usually found in males, marked by muscle weakness; minor mental retardation is common; respiratory failure and death usually occur in young adulthood.
XXX (triple X)
Female; normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, mental retardation.
XO (Turner)
Female; short stature, webbed neck, impaired spatial abilities, no menstruation, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs, incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics.
fetal stage
Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.
germinal stage
First 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus.
Intellligence (heretiability of it)
Heredity exerts a strong influence on general intelligence (as measured by intelligence tests) and, to a lesser extent, on specific abilities such as memory, verbal ability, and spatial ability. polygenic trait; it is influenced by the additive effects of large numbers of genes working together. Intelligence also depends in part on brain size and structure, which are under strong genetic influence. Experience counts too;
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins- result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical. They can still differ outwardly, however, because people are the result of the interaction between genes and environmental influences.
toxoplasmosis and pregnancy
In an expectant woman especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, it can cause fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight or blindness, seizures, miscarriage, stillbirth, or death of the baby. If the baby survives, there may be later problems, including eye infections, hearing loss, and learning disabilities.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (risks and notes)
No known risks.
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy (risks and notes)
Riskier than other prenatal diagnostic procedures.
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology
Risks and Notes Done routinely in many places. Can be used for sex- screening of unborn babies.
Rubella and pregnancy
Rubella (German measles), if contracted by a woman before her 11th week of pregnancy, is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in her baby.
Amniocentesis (description)
Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn under guidance of ultrasound and analyzed. Most commonly used procedure to obtain fetal cells for testing.
cocaine and pregnancy
spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor, low birth weight, small head size, birth defects, impaired neurological development, acute withdrawal symptoms, sleep disturbances, and associated with childhood behavior problems, independent of the effects of alcohol and tobacco exposure.
Older Maternal age and pregnancy
the chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises with maternal age. In fact, the risk of miscarriage reaches 90 percent for women age 45 or older Women 30 to 35 are more likely to suffer complications due to diabetes, high blood pressure, or severe bleeding. higher risk of premature delivery, retarded fetal growth, birth defects, and chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome.
Imprinting
the differential expression of certain genetic traits, depending on whether the trait has been inherited from the mother or the father. In imprinted gene pairs, genetic information inherited from the parent of one sex is activated, but genetic information from the other parent is suppressed
3 months prenatal (12 weeks)
the fetus weighs about 1 ounce and measures about 3 inches in length. It has fingernails, toenails, eyelids (still closed), vocal cords, lips, and a prominent nose. Its head is still large—about one-third its total length—and its forehead is high. Sex can easily be detected. The organ systems are functioning, and so the fetus may now breathe, swallow amniotic fluid into the lungs and expel it, and occasionally urinate. Its ribs and vertebrae have turned into cartilage. The fetus can now make a variety of specialized responses
reaction range
Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: PATERNAL FACTORS and pregnancy
A man's exposure to lead, marijuana or tobacco smoke, large amounts of alcohol or radiation, DES, pesticides, or high ozone levels may result in abnormal or poor-quality sperm Men who smoke have an increased likelihood of transmitting genetic abnormalities Older fathers may be a significant source of birth defects due to damaged or deteriorated sperm
Maternal blood test (description)
A sample of the prospective mother's blood is tested for alpha fetoprotein. (cortelated with spina bifida
Male sexual differentiation (weeks+chemical)
About 6 to 8 weeks after conception, male embryos normally start producing the male hormone testosterone. Exposure of a genetically male embryo to steady, high levels of testosterone ordinarily results in the development of a male body with male sexual organs.
9 months-newborn
About a week before birth, the fetus stops growing, average weight of about 7½ pounds and a length of about 20 inches, with boys tending to be a little longer and heavier than girls. Fat pads continue to form, the organ systems are operating more efficiently, the heart rate increases, and more wastes are expelled through the umbilical cord. The reddish color of the skin is fading. At birth, the fetus will have been in the womb for about 266 days, though gestational age is usually estimated at 280 days because most doctors date the pregnancy from the mother's last menstrual period.
Anencephaly
Absence of brain tissues; infants are stillborn or die soon after birth.
Younger maternal age and pregnancy (adolescence)
Adolescent mothers tend to have premature or underweight babies— These newborns are at heightened risk of death in the first month, disabilities, or health problems.
gestational age
Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle.
Umbilical cord sampling (cordocentesis, or fetal blood sampling) (uses and advantages)
Allows direct access to fetal DNA for diagnostic measures, including assessment of blood disorders and infections, and therapeutic measures such as blood transfusions.
Active correlations:
As children get older and have more freedom to choose their own activities and environments, they actively select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies. A shy child is more likely than an outgoing child to spend time in solitary pursuits.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (uses and advantages)
Can avoid transmission of genetic defects or predispositions known to run in the family; a defective blastocyst is not implanted in uterus.
Amniocentesis (uses and advantages)
Can detect chromosomal disorders and certain genetic or multifactorial defects; more than 99 percent accuracy rate. Usually performed in women ages 35 and over; recommended if prospective parents are known carriers of Tay-Sachs disease or sickle-cell anemia or have family history of Down syndrome, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy. Can help diagnose sex-linked disorders.
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy (uses and advantages)
Can guide fetal blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.
Reactive, or evocative, correlations:
Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others. For example, parents who are not musically inclined may make a special effort to provide musical experiences for a child who shows interest and ability in music.
Sickle-cell anemia
Deformed, fragile red blood cells that can clog the blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain, stunted growth, frequent infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, susceptibility to pneumonia, and stroke.
Tay-Sachs disease
Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5. Dis-proportionally affects Jews
teratogen
Environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities.
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Enzyme deficiency that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy and emphysema and degenerative lung disease in middle age.
Hemophilia
Excessive bleeding, usually affecting males; in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood.
Spina bifida
Incompletely closed spinal canal, resulting in muscle weakness or paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus, an accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain, which can lead to mental retardation.
Polycystic kidney disease
Infantile form: enlarged kidneys, leading to respi- ratory problems and congestive heart failure. Adult form: kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure.
canalization
Limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics.
XXY (Klinefelter)
Male; sterility, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders.
XYY
Male; tall stature; tendency toward low IQ, especially verbal.
Maternal blood test (uses and advantages)
May indicate defects in formation of brain or spinal cord (anencephaly or spina bifida); also can predict Down syndrome and other abnormalities. Permits monitoring of pregnancies at risk for low birth weight or stillbirth.
Epigenetics (epigenesis)
Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.
Schizophrenia
Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions. More commonly the children pf men of advanced age
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation.
Fragile X
Minor-to-severe mental retardation; symptoms, which are more severe in males, include delayed speech and motor development, speech impairments, and hyperactivity; the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
spontaneous abortion
Miscarriage or the Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb;
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology uses and advantages
Monitor fetal growth, movement, position, and form; assess amniotic fluid volume; judge gestational age; detect multiple pregnancies. Detect major structural abnormalities or death of a fetus. Guide amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Help diagnose sex-linked disorders. Sonoembryology can detect unusual defects during embryonic stage.
Amniocentesis (risks and notes)
Normally not performed before 15 weeks' gestation. Results usually take 1 to 2 weeks. Small (0.5-1%) added risk of fetal loss or injury; early amniocentesis (at 11 to 13 weeks' gestation) is riskier and not recommended. Can be used for sex- screening of unborn babies.
7 weeks prenatal (end of 2nd month)
Now called a fetus It is less than 1 inch long and weighs only 1/3 ounce. Its head is half its total body length. Facial parts are clearly developed, the limbs are formed but not completed Bone cells appear at about 8 weeks. Brain impulses coordinate the function of the organ system. Sex organs are developing; the heartbeat is steady. the stomach produces digestive juices; the liver, blood cells. The kidneys remove uric acid from the blood. The skin is now sensitive enough to react to tactile stimulation.
diabetes and pregnancy
Offspring of mothers with diabetes are 3 to 4 times more likely than offspring of other women to develop a wide range of birth defects .
Sex-Linked Inheritance
One outcome of this is that males receive only one copy of any gene that happens to be carried on the sex chromosomes, whereas females receive two copies. So, if a woman has a "bad" copy of a particular gene, she has a backup copy. However, if a male has a "bad" copy of a particular gene, that gene will be expressed.
Cystic fibrosis
Overproduction of mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally and usually do not live beyond age 30; the most common inherited lethal defect among white people.
Passive correlations:
Parents, who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait, also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait.
gestation
Period of development between conception and birth.
Nutrition and Maternal Weight (key facts)
Pregnant women typically need 300 to 500 additional calories a day, including extra protein. Women of normal weight and body build who gain 16 to 40 pounds are less likely to have birth complications or to bear babies whose weight at birth is dangerously low or overly high. Folic acid, or folate (a B vitamin), is critical in a pregnant woman's diet. also Omega-3's
ultrasound
Prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.
Alpha thalassemia
Severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen; nearly all affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth.
Marijuana and pregnancy
Studies of marijuana use by pregnant women are sparse. However, some evidence suggests that heavy marijuana use can lead to birth defects, low birth weight, withdrawal-like symptoms (excessive crying and tremors) at birth, and increased risk of attention disorders and learning problems later in life. In two longitudinal studies, prenatal use of marijuana was associated with impaired attention, impulsivity, and difficulty in use of visual and perceptual skills after age 3, suggesting that the drug may affect functioning of the brain's frontal lobes
niche-picking
Tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.
genotype-environment correlation
Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance.
4 months prenatal
The body to head length ratio is now to that of a normal baby at birth (1/4th) The fetus now measures 8 to 10 inches and weighs about 6 ounces. The mother may be able to feel the fetus kicking, a movement known as quickening, which some societies and religious groups consider the beginning of human life. The reflex activities that appeared in the third month are now brisker because of increased muscular development.
genotype-environment interaction
The portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions.
sex chromosomes
The twenty-third pair are sex chromosomes—one from the father and one from the mother—that govern the baby's sex.
nonshared environmental effects
The unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.
Methamphetamine and pregnancy
This finding suggests that exposure is associated with fetal growth restriction exposure implicated in fetal brain damage to areas of the brain involved in learning, memory, and control exposed children also have less white matter in their brains, a finding that has implications for the developmental delays commonly found in such children
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy (description)
Tiny viewing scope is inserted in woman's abdomen to view embryo or fetus. Can assist in diagnosis of nonchromosomal genetic disorders.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) (description)
Tissues from hairlike chorionic villi (projections of membrane surrounding fetus) are removed from placenta and analyzed.
incomplete dominance
a trait is not fully expressed. Normally the presence of a dominant/recessive gene pair results in the full expression of the dominant gene and the masking of the recessive gene. In incomplete dominance, the resulting phenotype is a combination of both genes.
Which of the following statements about environmental influences is NOT true? Select one: a. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment. b. Some individual experiences, like illness and injury, become environmental influences. c. Siblings are usually more different than alike. d. The home is the primary environment in the early years of life.
a. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment.
Which of the following statements about prenatal developmental differences between the sexes is TRUE? Select one: a. More males are conceived than females. b. Males develop more rapidly. c. Females are more likely to have birth defects. d. Female fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted.
a. More males are conceived than females.
Marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley Temple" because of her curly hair. Although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is Select one: a. curly hair. b. the gene for straight hair. c. genes for both curly and straight hair. d. her total genetic makeup.
a. curly hair. Correct
A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is Select one: a. increased age of mother or father. b. parents' use of tobacco. c. parents' use of alcohol. d. a defective XY chromosome pattern.
a. increased age of mother or father.
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is Select one: a. recessive. b. partially dominant. c. homozygous. d. regressive.
a. recessive.
Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occurs during the ___________ after conception. Select one: a. sixth to eighth weeks b. second trimester c. first few moments d. twelfth week
a. sixth to eighth weeks Correct
Maternal stress and anxiety (excessive)
associated with more active and irritable temperament in newborns, inattentiveness during a developmental assessment in 8-month-olds, negative emotionality or behavioral disorders in early childhood preterm delivery Also, major stress during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy has been implicated in autism
Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct according to your textbook? Select one: a. A person's height is determined by his or her genes. b. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. c. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be raised by improved nutrition. d. Nutrition is more important than genetic limits or range.
b. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. Correct
Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Jean-Paul's height? Select one: a. It is influenced primarily by the positive environment of the adoptive family. b. It is influenced primarily by heredity. c. Nutrition did not influence his height. d. It is primarily a result of independent segregation.
b. It is influenced primarily by heredity. Correct
Which of the following is TRUE of the process of meiosis? Select one: a. Meiosis results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes. b. It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half. c. The process adds an extra twenty-first chromosome. d. Meiosis is the process by which the egg and sperm combine.
b. It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half. Correct
Which of the following is an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia? Select one: a. fetal overnourishment b. a father who is over 50 c. lack of brain maturation d. being born in a rural area
b. a father who is over 50 Correct
Which of the following describes the path sperm travel after they enter the women's body through the vagina? Select one: a. uterus, cervix, Fallopian tube b. cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube c. Fallopian tube, cervix, uterus d. cervix, Fallopian tube, uterus
b. cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube Correct
Joan has the most common lethal genetic defect among white people and will probably not live to be 30 years of age. Joan suffers from Select one: a. PKU. b. cystic fibrosis. c. spina bifida. d. Tay-Sachs. Feedback correct
b. cystic fibrosis.
Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are Select one: a. monozygotic. b. dizygotic. c. unizygotic. d. either monozygotic or dizygotic.
b. dizygotic. Correct
Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by __________ inheritance. Select one: a. recessive b. dominant c. sex-linked d. multifactorial
b. dominant Correct
During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop? a. fetal b. embryonic c. germinal d. terminal
b. embryonic
Who would show more concordance for a chiefly hereditary trait? Select one: a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. both identical and fraternal twins d. siblings who are not twins
b. identical twins Correct
Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc., Roger will need to describe his sister's Select one: a. incomplete dominance. b. phenotype. c. genotypic manifestation. d. allele differentiation.
b. phenotype. Correct
Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two _____ alleles; one from each parent. Select one: a. dominant b. recessive c. homozygous d. heterozygous
b. recessive Correct
Latrice was born with an extra fold of skin at the corners of her eyes, a small head, protruding tongue, and mental retardation. She probably has Select one: a. Turner's syndrome. b. Klinefelter's syndrome. c. Down syndrome. d. hemophilia.
c. Down syndrome. Correct
Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is TRUE? Select one: a. It is due to a defect in the sex chromosomes. b. If one identical twin has the disorder, the other twin will not have the disorder. c. The brains of these individuals shrink by adulthood. d. Individuals with the disorder must be hospitalized throughout much of their lives.
c. The brains of these individuals shrink by adulthood. Correct
Karen is adopted at the age of 1. When she is given an IQ test at age 21, her score is likely to be most similar to the IQ of her Select one: a. adoptive mother. b. adoptive father. c. biological mother. d. All of these.
c. biological mother.
Within each cell nucleus are coils of DNA called Select one: a. genes. b. human genomes. c. chromosomes. d. zygotes.
c. chromosomes.
Caffeine and pregnancy
caffeine is not considered a teratogen
Maternal Depression and pregnancy
children of mothers who had been depressed during pregnancy showed elevated levels of violent and antisocial behaviors in adolescence passive genotype-environment correlations need to be taken into account.
Permanent alterations in genetic material that occur due to environmental conditions such as radiation or environmental hazards is/are called Select one: a. incomplete dominations. b. recessive defects. c. alleles. d. mutations
d. mutations
1 month prenatal
growth is more rapid than at any other time during prenatal or postnatal life; the embryo reaches a size 10,000 times greater than the zygote. by the end it measures about ½ inch in length. Blood flows through its veins and arteries, which are very small. It has a minuscule heart, beating 65 times a minute. It already has the beginning of a brain, kidneys, liver, and digestive tract. The umbilical cord, its lifeline to the mother, is working. Its sex cannot yet be detected.
Down syndrome
the most common chromosomal abnormality, accounts for about 40 percent of all cases of moderate-to-severe mental retardation aka trisomy-21 characterized in more than 90 percent of cases by an extra 21st chromosome. The most obvious physical characteristic associated with the disorder is a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes.
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pregnancy
the virus may cross over to the fetus's bloodstream through the placenta during pregnancy, labor, or delivery or, after birth, through breast milk.
5 months prenatal (20 ish weeks)
weighing about 12 ounces to 1 pound and measuring about 1 foot, begins to show signs of an individual personality. It has definite sleep-wake patterns, has a favorite position in the uterus (called its lie), becomes more active—kicking, stretching, squirming, and even hiccuping. By putting an ear to the mother's abdomen, it is possible to hear the fetal heartbeat. The respiratory system is not yet adequate to sustain life outside the womb; a baby born at this time does not usually survive. a woolly hair called lanugo covers the body.
