HIST100 WEEK 10

Bantu people and migrations

1) Sub Saharan Africa from as early as 3000 BCE but there is only a clear narrative from 1000 CE 2) The Bantu were the primary people of Sub Saharan Africa up until the 20th century colonization. Approximately 5000 years ago, they began a settled civilization in modern Nigeria after a few thousand years of living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The group migrated east to the coastline, where they focused on smelting iron, and south towards the Kalahari Desert and lived off of subsistence farming. The Bantu people developed into a tribal, agricultural based civilization with strong familial and spiritual ties. Evidence of banana cultivation shows interconnected ties to the Nile region. Most historical evidence for the Bantu people are genetic and linguistic instead of written evidence which suggests the people had little focus on education and therefore little focus on technological developments. 3) The Bantu people were expanding their civilization and culture in Sub Saharan Africa during the same time as the Axial Age. Even though there was limited interaction with the people experiencing the Axial Age, the Bantu did not experience the Axial Age in the same way. 4) There are virtually no sources concerning the Bantu people due to their lack of written language and lack of interconnectivity. 5) Pg. 288-291 6) In the context of the Axial Age, what is unique about the spread and development of the Bantu peopel? What is the structure of the Bantu people?

Fall of Rome

1) give a date & geographical context - Italy, Northern Europe - 476 CE 2) a definition - By the third and fourth centuries CE, the political and economic fabric of the old Roman world was unraveling - The so-called barbarian invasions of the late fourth and fifth centuries CE further contributed to that demise - These "invasions" were less an assault, and more a violent and chaotic immigration of young fighting men from the frontiers of the empire - The Goths • It was the Roman's need for soldiers that drew the barbarians in • The process reached a crisis point when tribes of Goths petitioned the emperor Valens (365-378 CE) to let them immigrate into the empire • These Goths were no stranger to Roman influence, many had been evangelized into an anti-Nicene version of Christianity - Valens, desperate for manpower, encouraged the Goth's entrance into Roman territory by mistreated these new immigrants • A lethal combination of famine and anger at the breakdown of supplies, not innate bloodlust, turned the Goths against Valens • When he marched against them at Adrianople in the hot August of 378 CE, Valens was not seeking to halt a barbarian invasion but rather intending to teach a lesson in obedience to his new recruits • The Gothic cavalry proved too much for Valens' imperial army, and the Romans were trampled to death by the men and horses they had hoped to hire • As the pattern of disgruntled "barbarian" immigrants, civil war, and overextension continued, the Roman Empire in Western Europe crumbled - Romans and non-Romans also drew together to face a common enemy: the Huns - Led by their King Attila for twenty years, the Huns threatened both Romans and Germanic peoples (like the Goths) - While the Romans could hide behind their walls, the Hunnish cavalry regularly plundered the scattered villages and open fields in the plains north of the Danube - Attila fashioned the first opposing empire that Rome ever had to face in northern Europe - Drained both militarily and economically by the Hunnish threat, the Roman Empire in the west disintegrated only twenty years after Attila's death - In 476 CE, the last Roman emperor of the west, a young boy named Romulus Augustulus resigned to make way for a so-called barbarian king in Italy 3) the world historical significance • why does the concept matter for WH/ what impact did the term/concept have o The political unity of the Roman Empire in the west now gave way to a sense of unity though the church o The Catholic Church became the one institution to which all Christians in western Europe, Romans and non-Romans alike, felt that they belonged o The bishop of Rome became the symbolic head of the western churches o Rome became a spiritual capital instead of an imperial one o By 700 CE, the great Roman landowning families of the Republic and early empire had vanished, replaced by religious leaders with vast moral authority o how did it fit the theme of the week in which is was addressed • what other concepts/terms does it compare with o Fall of the Han Dynasty o Faith and Cultures in Worlds Apart 4) ancient sources that explore the idea (that came up in section or lecture or Companion Reader) • Chapter 7, Companion Reader o Pliny the Elder, The Seres o Diodorus Siculus, On the Slave Revolt o The Debate on Salt and Iron o Josephus on the Roman Army • Chapter 8, Coma 5) page #s in the book(s), ppt date & slide #s, or section when it was relevant • Book: p. 274-277 • Companion Reader: Chapter 7 • Companion Reader: Chapter 8 6) ideas for how the term could be asked about in a question on the exam • Why did the Roman Empire fall? • When did the Roman Empire fall? • How did the Roman Empire fall? • What affect did the Hans have on the Roman Empire? • Compare/contrast the fall of the Roman Empire and Han Empire. Fall of Han 1) give a date & geographical context China 220 CE 2) a definition • The strain of military expenses and tax pressure on landowners and peasants drained the empire • To make matters worse, natural disaster lead to crop failures • Landowners were no longer able to pay taxes on land • This crisis minister Wang Mang to take over and make an attempt to foster economic activity and make reform for the poor • These attempts failed miserably and were met with violent resistance from peasants and landholders • The Yellow River changing its course and causing mass death contributed to his demise as well • He was overthrown in 23 CE by a group of rebellious peasants 3) the world historical significance • why does the concept matter for WH/ what impact did the term/concept have o China still has the same borders that the Han Dynasty established o 90% of modern day still consider themselves Han Chinese • how did it fit the theme of the week in which is was addressed • what other concepts/terms does it compare with 4) ancient sources that explore the idea (that came up in section or lecture or Companion Reader) • Companion Reader, Chapter 7 o Sima Guang, Han Battle Tactics o Keeping the Records of the Military 5) page #s in the book(s), ppt date & slide #s, or section when it was relevant • Book: p. 235-245 • Companion Reader, Chapter 7 6) ideas for how the term could be asked about in a question on the exam • Why did the Han Empire fall? • When did the Han Empire fall? • How did the Han Empire fall? • Compare/contrast the fall of the Roman Empire and Han Empire.

Zen Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism

1) Japan, 500 C.E. 2) A religion with an emphasis of meditation 3) Adaptation with Buddhism into Confuscianism 6) Where was Zen Buddhism centered Mahayana Buddhism 1) Throughout Asia through the first millenia 2) Greater vehicle Buddhism, school of Buddhist theology that believed that Buddha was a deity unlike previous groups that believed he was a human being. 3) Most widespread religion in Asia, impacted their culture through adapting to culture's beliefs while subtly changing culture's beliefs 4) Bamiyan and Yungang Buddhas that demonstrated Mahayan emphasis on meditation and showed Mahayan scope of influence 5) Chapter 8, Chapter 6 (pg.213) ppt #13, 17, 18 6) What is the distinction between Mahayana and other forms of Buddhism? Theravada Buddhism 1) Southeast Asia, 500 B.C.E. 2) Buddhism that did not deify Buddha, instead believed that Buddha was just a wise man. Did not accept the idea of bodhisattvas becoming deities. 3) The original form of Buddhism, established by Siddhartha Gautama, challenged the caste system in Vedic India 4) "The Walking Buddha", a statue that depicted Buddha as walking without any jewelry showing his humility which reflects the original ideals of Buddhism (ppt.13) 5) Chapter 8, pg. 285, ppt. 13 6) What is the oldest form of Buddhism

Universalized Religions

1) Spread throughout Afro-Eurasia, 300 - 600 CE 2). Universalizing Religions: appeal to diverse populations (men and women, freeborn and slaves, rich and poor); their adaptability as they moved from one cultural and geographical area to another; their promotion of universal rules and principles to guide behavior that transcended place time and specific cultural practices; their proselytizing of new believers by energetic and charismatic missionaries; the deep sense of community felt by their converts despite and perhaps because of, their many demands on followers - and in the case of Christianity, though to a lesser extent Buddhism - the support given to them by powerful empires. (pg. 268). 3).Christianity: • Sparked a Mediterranean wide debate on the nature of religion • Large churches built in every major city, funded by imperial founding o Signaled their growing strength • Started growing after 312 CE • Broke language barriers as it spread throughout Africa and Southwest Asia o Outside the cities and into the hinterlands • Created written languages that are still used in those regions (lasting effect) • Replaced hieroglyphics with Coptic, a more accessible script based on Greek letters • In 325 CE, they made attempts to bring unity to the diversity of belief within Christian communities Buddhism: was a universalizied religion. - Creation of Mahayana Buddhism, which believed that Buddha is a deity. Made it easier for people to understand this religion and made Buddhism more appealing. -The Bamiyan and Yungang Buddhas. Reminders that religious ideas were creating world empires and brought a universal message contained in their holy scriptures (Pg. 281). - Buddhist monks served as missionary agents, the bearers of universal message that traveled across central Asia. (Pg. 280). Figures such as Kumarajiva and Xuanzang traveled and translated Buddhist texts into Chinese. (pg. 287). Hinduism: Wasn't a universalized religion. Didn't really appeal to foreigners and people outside of South Asia. - Presence of the Varna system. People outside of South Asia would have trouble starting in this relgion due to them being outsiders to this system - Believers became vegetarians and abandoned animal sacrifices. Presence of self sacrifice. Judaism: Wasn't really a universalized religion - Requirement of Circumsicion discouarged many men from converting. - Christianity much more appealing than Judaism. - Very strict religion. 4). Sources: - Diary of Pilgrimage (late fourth century CE) Egeria. - Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Faxian - Bhagavata Purana 5). Chapter 8, pg. 268-271, 281-287. 6). Which of the following were considered universalized religions? What was the relationship among Buddhist temples and the spread of this universal faith?

Xuanzang & Kumarajiva

1. Kumarajiva 344-413CE China , Xuanzang 643CE 2. Kumurajiva translated various unknown texts to Chinese and clarified Buddhist terms and philosophical concepts. Him and his disciples established Madhyamika Buddhism. Xuanzang brought Buddhist scriptures to Chang'an, which was an entire library of Buddhist scriptures collected on his pilgrimage. 3. Kumarajiva translated the Buddhist texts into Chinese. XuanZang brought the texts into China, therefore both Xuanzang and Kumarajiva had an impact on the spread of Buddhism with the translation and spread of its scripture. 4. A painting from 900 CE its cave painting of Xuanzang and it portrays him on the Chinese pilgrimage in south Asia, Animitahava which was a tapestry of the illustration of the sutra of the western pure land. 5. 287-288 WTWA 6. Who brought Buddhist text into Chang'an? A- Xuangzang. Who translated and clarified Buddhist terms? A-Kumarajiva

Bamiyan

1. North of India, Kushan Empire. 300-600 CE 2. Bamiyan--> a valley of the Hindu Kush -- Two gigantic statues of the Buddha, 121 and 180 feet in height, were carved from a cliffside during the fourth and fifth centuries CE. 3. The Buddhas of Yangang sat in postures of meditation. In the cliff face and clustered around the feet of the Bamiyan Buddhas various elaborately carved cave chapels housed intricate paintings of Buddhist imagery. 4. Picture of Xuanzang. Art that survived in a cave in Dunhuang along the silk roads. Painting was 900 CE, but the guy brought an entire library of Buddhis scripture in 6443 CE to Chang'an (world's largest city at the time) had 527 boxes of writing, and 192 birch-bark tablets that he collected throughout south Asia and he translated every line into Chinese. Trangression of Religious Knowledge. Talks about production of authoritative version of text. 5. Page 287. Page 338. 6. In what way is the expression of Buddhism in Bamiyan and Dunhuang different?

Hinduism and the Laws of Manu

1. South Asia around the time of 300-1300 CE 2. Hinduism: refashioned Brahmanic religion emerged as the dominant faith in Indian society Laws of Manu: laws of Manu offered guidance for living within the varna and jati system, including whom to marry, which profession to follow, and even what to eat 3. The religion evolved and became more accessible. Rose as a universalizing religion 4. a) Hindu Statue (from WTWA) statue of three headed god represents the theology of Hinduism b) From powerpoint: Universalizing Religions and the Fall of Empires 5. pages 282-285, slide 13 10/31/16 - 11/2/16 6. a) Q: Which religion did Hinduism morph out of? b) Q: In 300-600 CE which religion was the dominant faith in Indian society?

martyrdom

Context Around 200 CE, The Roman Empire was fragmented and not the powerful empire is was 300 years earlier. Barbarians overran the western part of the empire. Both Barbarians and Romans took upon Christianity and eventually founded a Roman Church. Definition Martyrs were woman and men whom the Roman authorities executed for persisting in their Christian beliefs instead of submitting to other forms of worship. Christianity clamed to be directly based on "the blood of the martyrs" Christians also believed if you died in persecution of your faith you would enter the Kingdom of Heaven. Significance This was the most prominent way Christians were guaranteed a pathway to heaven. When Roman adopted Christianity the religion heads had to gather around a complete their belief system and another more understandable pathway to heaven. Ancient Sources and Pg numbers Gregory of Tours, On the Conversion of Clovis to Christianity (6th Century CE); pg 216 Companion Reader Kind of talks more about conversion to Christianity but there are elements of people being persecuted for their faith. Possible Questions That Martyr's were people who were killed for there faith They died believing they would inherit Heaven Significant because Christianity has to be redeveloped after Roman adoption Constantinople Constantinople founded in 324 CE by Constantine on the Bosporus straits separating Europe from Asia. It was strategically located city to receive taxes in gold to control the sea-lanes of the eastern Mediterranean. Constantinople was one of the most successful cities in Afro-Eurasia. Constantine made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire. It had a population of over .5 million and 4,000 new palaces. Strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean sea and the black sea. It helped spread Christianity. Constantine was trying to bring unity to the diversity of belief within Christian communities. Conversion of Constantine to Christianity; pg. 205, Chapter 8 in Companion Reader Chapter 8 in Textbook 272-277, Chapter 8 Companion Reader How does Constantine's wealth create influence on religion? Why were the Marty's persecuted? What did Marty's believe about dying for there faith?How has the decline of Martydom influence Christianity?

Barbarian Invasion: Rome and Goths, China and Xiongnu, N. Wei

Date & Geographic Context: 300 - 600 CE, Europe & East Asia Definition: Barbarian Invasion = when outsiders come in and take over the empire World Historical Significance: Roman and Han empire fell due to the Barbarian Invasion. Interactions with Xiongnu and later the N. Wei "Barbarians" led by Xiaowen. Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Visigoths. As the empires are falling the universalizing religions are spreading. It allowed for the dark ages, Mongol empire and Islamic empire. Ancient Sources: The Rise of Chinggis Khan in WTWA Pg. 256 Page Numbers/ Powerpoint: Powerpoint date November 2nd, Slide #18; Textbook #275-276, #286 How the Terms Asked on the Exam: What effects do barbarians have on uninversalizing religion? Were barbarians successfully in creating long lasting empires? How did barbarians have a lasting impact on world history?

universalizing religions? jewish diaspora?

1) 1st Century, Roman period 2) Definition: Judaism and Jewish people spread through Mediterranean because of the diaspora. The diaspora is when Jewish people were discriminated, persecuted, and pushed out of the Roman Empire and in certain areas with a large population. The reason why is because in populated areas such as the roman empire, there was other religions and beliefs, such as Christianity, becoming universalized. Interesting enough, Christianity was a product from the root religion Judaism. The reason why Judaism was not being universalized throughout the 1st century, even as a root religion for a universalized religion like Christianity, was for many reasons. Reasons such as it was not able to adapt because there were no ministers or scholars spreading and teaching the religion, there was no translation of texts, such as the Torah, that described and evaluated the religion, and there was "barriers" that would stop people to convert to the religion such as circumcision. Going back to the topics of texts in this religion, there were Levitical texts that were similar to the 10th commandments. When comparing them, we see that the 10th commandment were simpler to understand and more appealing than the more descriptive Levitical texts. 3) This matters to world history because we see how ideas and beliefs move throughout history and how they adapt and change to who and what we are today. This fit to the theme of universalizing religions because we compared how and why this religion was not a main universalized religion. Other terms and ideas that came up with this topic was Christianity, universalizing religions, trans-regional and comparative approach. 4) Page in Companion reader: 205 Conversion to Constantine (you can argue how Christianity was able to universalize while Judaism wasn't able to) 5) Page numbers in textbooks: 274 and 138, Chapter 8 The power point: (Around November 2, Week 10) "Universalizing" Religions and the "Fall" of Empires as World Historical Developments 300-600 CE 6) Why are "universalizing" religions/traditions are so important to history? What is necessary for "universalizing" religions able to adapt and spread?

Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva

1) Early 4th to mid 6th century CE South Asia 2) Three major deities of Brahmanism, now called Hinduism, represent the three expressions of the eternal self. These three deities come from one atma, or single soul of the universe. Brahma- birth, the creator Vishnu-existence, the keeper, the preserver/protector, most popular of the three, and was thought to reveal himself through various avatars or incarnations (for example, Buddha) Shiva-destruction, the destroyer 3) These terms fit the "Universalizing Religions" theme of the week because Hinduism was a prominent religion at the same time as Buddhism, and while it never reached the same popularity of Buddhism, it is still a major religion, particularly in India and South Asia, today. Brahmanism became Hinduism and is the root tradition of Buddhism. 4) Hindu Statue in WTWA- statue of a three-headed god, represents the Hindu theology, and shows the three deities Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. 5) Found on pages 282-284 of Worlds Together Worlds Apart, powerpoint 17 and 18 Universalizing Religions and Fall of Empires slide 13. 6) What are the three deities of Hinduism? What do the three deities of Hinduism- Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva- represent?

Universalizing Religions Map

1. The geographical context is Afro-Eurasia 300-600 CE. 2. Map 8.2 shows the spread of universalizing religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Christianity emerges in the Mediterranean and spreads both east and west, Buddhism in India and spreads East towards China. The map also shows the Jewish diaspora. 3. The universalizing religions promoted the spread of new ideas along pre-existing trade routes, and also united huge amounts of people. The maps fit the theme because it shows how these universalizing religions spread to much more people than the pre-existing religons they replaced. 4. The Xuanzang painting on pg. 287 shows how Buddhism spread along the Silk Road. The Bamiyan and Yungang Buddhas on pg. 281 show how Buddhism was manipulated to fit specific cultures. The picture of a Christian Martyr on pg. 269 shows an important element of how Christianity challenged the order and promoted the spread of the religion. 5. Chapter begins on pg. 267, Map 8.2 is on pg. 273. The powerpoint dates are 10/31, 11/2. 6. Where did universalizing religions spread? - Pre-existing trade routes. What were the factors of universalizing religions? -Spread by stable empire, ease of conversion, government support or hostility, missionaries & evangelism, level of appeal, distinctiveness, personal reasons. Where did Christianity emerge and where did it spread? - It emerged in the eastern Mediterranean and spread west, but also East towards India. Where did Buddhism emerge and where did it Spread? - Buddhism emerged in India and mostly spread towards China.

Sasanians and Sogdians

1.310-380 CE in Persia and also along the silk road 2.The Sasanians and the Sogdians were people of the Sasanid and Sodian Kingdoms in persia. 3.The Sasanians and sogdians were a universalized empire who are best known as the "Lords of the silk roads". They controlled much of mediteraninan trade and they also developed silk weaving industries. And although most of their silk products haven't survived their style greatly influenced later Chinese and Muslim cloths. They also controlled trade over the indian ocean where products were rapidly being distributed around the region. 4. Sasanian King Shapur II gold plate found at this link http://gallery.sjsu.edu/silkroad/civilization.htm 5. Page 279 and 280 from the textbook 6. Where did the Sasanians and sogdians make their largest impact? — Along trade routes over the Indian Ocean . What religion did the Sasanians follow? a)Christianity b)Judaism c)Buddhism d) Zoroastrianism *** Correct*** **However, they were believers of religious tolerance and one could practice any of the choices above The Sasanians replaced who as rulers of the Iranian plateau? a)Greeks b) Sogdians c)Parthinians **Correct** d) Yemens