History 1103 Final Exam Study Guide

"Silent Majority"

-1969 -Richard Nixon -Gave a speech to the working class people -uniting of working class white people and Christians against the Liberal democratic people This is significant because... the president claimed that although the anti-war protests were vocal and widespread, it only reflected a small minority of American people's opinions.

NAACP

-1909 -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -Founded by Ella Baker and W.E.B. Dubois and others. -Speaking out against lynching, workplace discrimination, and voting rights. -this represents the legalistic phase of the civil rights movements -improves lives of Black American people This is significant because... it eventually sparks many Civil Rights movements.

2nd KKK

-1915 -Reborn in Atlanta after the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager accused of killing a teenage girl. -By the mid 1920s, there were more than 3 million members -Concerned about racial segregation, immigrants, and catholics. -spoke out against immigration against parts of Europe -They were Anti-Catholic and Anti-Semitic -Insisted that American civilization was endangered. -Made room for white women and children to join, unlike the first KKK -This organization sank deep roots in pats of the North and West This is significant because... it affected the efforts for immigration among blacks and whites in the U.S and sparked many Civil Rights Movements.

1921 and 1924 Immigration Act

-1921: temporary measure restricted immigration from Europe to 357,000 per year which was 1/3 of the annual average before the war. This was caused by social movements, politics, and economic reasons. -1924: Johnson-Reed Act - permanently limited the number of European immigration to 150,000 per year through a national origins quota. This is significant because... it limited the number of immigrants that were allowed to enter the US.

The Man Nobody Knows

-1925 -A novel by Bruce Barton -new ideas about Christianity -he suggested that people should consume vigorously (buy things) -he argued that Jesus was in fact a corporate leader -modern Christians should strive for wealth This is significant because... this led to an era of big businesses looking up to big corporate leaders and increased consumption.

Scopes Trial

-1925 -Dayton, Tennessee -Clarence Darrow was the defending attorney. -Darrow was the first attorney to argue an insanity case. -William Jennings Bryan, from the farmer alliance, was the prosecuting attorney against the defendant. -John Scopes, a high school teacher, was the defendant who was arrested for violating a state law that prohibited the teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in public high schools -administrators did not want Scopes teaching evolution because it went against the Bible, but Scopes taught it anyways. -Darrow confessed that the Bible is important but its just one book among many. -Scopes was found guilty by the jury, but the decision was later overturned due to a technicality. In the court of opinion, Scopes won. This is significant because... it is an early example of culture wars.

"Thunder on the Left"

-1930s -Father Charles Coughlin ~formed the National Union for Social Justice in 1934 ~criticized FDR for being too soft on banks; spoke against Capitalism and Communism -Dr. Francis Townsend ~proposed the National Old Age Pension ~wanted health insurance for the elderly -Huey Long ~1934 launched the "Share Our Wealth" movement with the slogan "Every man a king" ~wanted the US to do more to share its wealth with the poor people which sounds a lot like socialism -All three men were critics of FDR. They challenged FDR to go farther left during the time of the Great Depression because they believed that FDR was not doing enough to lead his people out of depression. Their challenge worked; FDR changed policies. -This term also has to do with the first and second new deals. -1st new deal was about relief and recovery. -2nd new deal was about reform. This is significance because... these men challenged FDR to go further left, and it worked! These signs of popular discontent also helped spark the second new deal.

Wagner Act

-1935 -National Labor Relations Board -protected rights to form labor unions and engage in collective bargaining -major success for the labor movement -gave laborers federal protection This is significant because... this was an important part of the Second New Deal which was a response from the "Thunder on the Left" ideas.

Brown vs. Board of Education

-1952-1954 -Topeka, Kansas -Challenge schools to desegregate at the Supreme Court level -challenged the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling -The court eventually ruled that separate is unequal and schools needed to be desegregated -However, there was no timetable for this change. -in 1974, they were still desegregating schools in Boston. -The race problem in american history was not just a southern problem. This is significant because... it was a major step in the legalistic and activist phase of Civil Rights with African American people in the U.S.

"Have you no sense of decency, sir?"

-1954 -Robert Welch said to Joseph McCarthy -McCarthy went too far when he accused U.S. generals of being secret communists. These accusations began McCarthy's downfall. -Robert Welch, the defense attorney for the U.S. military, scolded McCarthy at a hearing. This is when he said, "Have you no sense of decency, sir?" This is significant because... it expressed the beliefs of people being falsely accused as communists in the U.S.

Invasion of the Body Snatchers

-1956 -Movie that metaphorically expressed communism as an alien force. It was an idea that communism was not from here, it was from Russia and it is going to take you over in your sleep. -It was an allegory for McCarthyism, the red scare, and for the witch hunt. -It captures the anti-communist hysteria of the 1950s. -It wasn't safe to talk about this stuff in public because people were being discredited and blacklisted all the time. This is significant because... it was an allegory for the red scare.

Ed Roberts/Independent Living Movement

-1960s -Ed Roberts was the first student with disability to enroll at UC-Berkeley -Led the Cripple Power movement -Started a group called the rolling quads -Ed Roberts and his followers were not bound to anything. Just because they have disabilities, does not mean that they can't be good citizens and they should not be discriminated against when it comes to employment and education. -Disabled students at UC-Berkeley were living in segregated housing in the early 1960s. Ed Roberts spoke out against that and developed the independent living movement to help disabled people not have to be dependent on care takers. He wanted people to set up apartments and housing to accommodate them. -"Father" of the Independent Living Movement -Ally was Don Galloway, a blind man who was brought onto jury duty and was almost kicked off because he was blind. -the cripple power movement leads to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). -Co-founder of World Institute on Disability -Ed Roberts and Don Galloway were inspired by the black civil rights movement. He is significant because... this helped the understanding of people with disabilities and how they should not be discriminated against.

Young Americans for Freedom/Sharon Statement

-1960s -conservative students emerged as a force in politics -Argued that America is already great -preserve capitalism -Against different ways the U.S. is being divided. -Supported Ronald Reagan. Sharon Statement -issued by 90 young people who gathered at the estate of conservative intellectual William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut, to establish YAF. This is significant because... these views were not considered "traditional conservative principles" at the time, they later played a significant role in influencing Republican leaders in the 1980s.

Cesar Chavez

-1962 -Leader of Hispanic movement: United Farm Workers -Led Mexican American and Latino workers for better treatment in California -practiced the boycott -similar to the black rights movement, but it is different because its main focus was labor rights and labor unions. This is significant because... he dedicated his life to improving the treatment, pay, and working conditions for farm workers.

Fannie Lou Hamer

-1964 -She wanted to run for congress in Mississippi -She goes to Washington for a press conference and Lindon Johnson scheduled another conference to draw attention away from Hamer. -At the Democratic National Convention, she expressed that Black Americans need representation. -The Democratic National Convention granted her two seats in the party, but they were not voting seats. Fannie did not come all this way for two seats. -Hamer runs for representative, but does not win. -She tried to make change within the system. -"I'm sick and tired of being sick and tired" is a famous quote of Hamer. She is significant because... she was one of the first African American women that tried to regulate civil rights through the corrupt government.

Black Panther Party

-1966 -Founded in California -Established by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale -This organization was created to combat white oppression. -They also practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against U.S. government -initially concerned with policing their neighborhoods, standing up against police brutality within their communities, protecting their people from racism and discrimination and unemployment. -They patrolled their own communities. -They were quite violent and had shootouts with police. This is significant because... they believed that in order for a change to be made, people need to fight for what they want. They also upheld the right of armed self-defense.

Stonewall Riots

-1969 -Greenwich Village, New York City -LGBT riot -Started at Greenwich, which was a popular gay bar in NYC. -Police officers harassed and arrested people for homosexual actions. -A group of men had been provoked too many times & a riot broke out -5 days of rioting -Gay pride marches started to develop This is significant because... it led to the rise of the LGBT movement in the U.S.

Watergate

-1972-1974 -Washington, D.C. -Scandal of the Nixon Administration -Richard Nixon's reelection committee got busted for breaking into Democratic headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex. -The intruders were arrested. -Nixon was running for his second term -Nixon resigns and Gerald Ford stepped up as his replacement -This exposes the corruption of Nixon and his party This is significant because... it shows how Nixon's presidency remains a classic example of the abuse of political power.

1974 Boston Busing Riots

-1974 -Still had problems with race relations in the 1970s -Students needed to be bussed to different schools -White parents were upset because the they thought black students were getting special treatment -people were fighting in the streets -"It was like a war zone" This is significant because... it was continuing the long civil rights movement.

Jimmy Carter

-1977-1981 -From Georgia -A new leader & voice -Not a Washington insider -Didn't have the experience -Peanut farmer & was proud -American people thought they could trust him to put the country back on track -Anglican Christian -Southerner Democrat -Ended up being a horrible president This is significant because... he only served one term and was looked upon as a weak president.

"Morning in America"

-1984 -Ronald Reagan's campaign for reelection -It's a new day -"Are you better off than you were four years ago?" -It said that America was already great and didn't need to be changed -Everyone praised the healing power of Reagan's America. This is significance because... that ad campaign is now known as one of the most effective campaign spots ever broadcasted.

Glasnost and Perestroika

-1985 policies known as political openness and economic reform -"openess to the outside world" -Openess to nations who were not communists -negotiate with the outside world This is significant because... it eventually led to the end of the cold war with Gorvichev being the leader of the Soviet Union.

Ho Chi Minh

-Communist leader of the North Vietnamese Army -in the immediate aftermath of WWII he was trying to get support from western nations in the U.S. by appealing to democracy -During WWII Japan occupied Vietnam, so first he was trying to get Japan out of the country. -After the war concludes, the French are back. Ho Chi Minh was trying to get the French out of Vietnam. -He was a nationalist looking for an ally. He was rejected by the U.S. and eventually fell into the ams of China and Russia. Ho Chi Minh Trail was how the northern Vietnamese communist army connected supplies to south Vietnam during the Vietnam War inside the American occupied portion of the country. This trail ran through countries that the U.S. was not at war with. When Richard Nixon bombed the Ho Chi Minh Trail and expanded the war to Cambodia in 1970 it was an illegal action. This is significant because... he led his Vietnam people through a communist revolution war against the U.S. and they won and they became a united communist country.

Students for a Democratic Society/Port Huron Statement

-Early 1960s -Port Huron, Michigan -Port Huron Statement was written by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). They were college students at the University of Michigan. -Largely supported by Tom Hayden from the university of Michigan. -SDS was popular in many colleges and consisted of college students that supported the new left. -Port Huron Statement was their statement of purpose. -They spoke out against nuclear warfare. They were concerned about segregation. They supported the Brown v Board of Education rule. They were concerned about free market capitalism. -Some leaned towards communism. This is significant because... the SDS offered a new vision of social change with the Port Huron Statement.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

-FDR -1933 -established a system of fair practices and set prices on certain goods -people who participated would get a blue eagle poster to put in their stores to show their support for the NRA -some saw the NRA as a failure in that is fortified private monopolistic arrangements -in 1935, the Court declared the NRA unlawful because it delegated legislative powers to the president and attempted to regulate local businesses that did not engage in interstate commerce. This is significant because... it was an important part of the First New Deal during FDR's presidency with a goal of eliminating cut-throat competition.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

-FDR -1933 -reduced agricultural production by paying farmers to kill livestock and not to plant -hurt small farmers and black American farmers -Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus and therefore effectively raise the value of crops. This is significant because... it was an important part of the First New Deal during FDR's presidency with a goal of raising the value of crops.

Executive Order 9066

-February 19, 1942 -Issued by FDR -ordered the relocation of all Japanese people from the west coast. Authorities removed more than 110,000 Japanese people, most of which were American citizens. They were sent to work camps. Videos of these camps were shown to the American people in a positive light so that no one knew what was going on. -Occurred right after the attack of pearl harbor, which can be considered a motive for this order. -At the time, the people defended this order. -Japanese Americans knew it was wrong because it was a violation of civil liberties. -FDR argued that there was know way to know where their loyalty rests. This is significant because... FDR's actions violated the civil liberties of the Japanese Americans, but he still got away with it.

Shirley Chisholm

-From New York City -1968 -First Black women elected to United States House of Representatives -1972 -First Black Woman to run for president as a major party candidate, and first Woman to run for the Democratic Party nomination -Wrote a book called "Unbossed and Unbooked" She is significant because... she is an important figure in the legalistic phase of the Civil Rights Movement.

Four Freedoms

-January 6, 1941 -FDR gave a speech to Congress talking about a future world order found on essential human freedoms -freedom of speech -freedom of worship -freedom from want -freedom from fear This is significant because... these were the freedoms that Americans fought for during WWII.

"Indians of All Tribes" Alcatraz Occupation

-November 1969 to June 1971 -San Francisco Bay -Wanted a new Indian center where they could meet other Indian people -It was a publicity stunt. They Wanted to draw attention to Indian rights. -Indians from around the world came to see it. -it lasted for about 2 years and was eventually stopped by the U.S government This is significant because...it kicked off the activist stage of the red power movement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

-October 1962 -U.S. learned that the Soviet Union was installing missiles in Cuba that were pointed at the U.S. In response, the U.S. set up missiles in Turkey and pointed them at the Soviet Union, but these missiles could not reach the Soviet Union. -the Cuban missile crisis ended without the use of nuclear weapons This is significant because... the U.S.-Soviet confrontation was the Cold War's closest brush with nuclear war and it was a very frightening moment for the American people.

1929 Stock Market Crash

-October 24, 1929 -1920s was a "consumers society" -First American Credit Card was American Express -"Buy Now! Pay Later!" -Era of people spending money they didnt have -Because of this, Wall Street's Stock Market crashed -This was the crash of American Society. -Led to The Great Depression which was a world depression -This led to an increase in consumer debt -Stock market and Wall Street hit rock bottom and lost billions -people panicked and went to withdrawal all their money from the banks This is significant because... it was the cause of the Great Depression and it skyrocketed unemployment in 1930 where 25% of people were put out of work.

"... a new generation dedicated more than the last to the fear of poverty and the worship of success; grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken..." -This Side of Paradise(1920)

-Popular quote from This Side of Paradise (1920) -1920 -The debut novel of F.Scott Fitzgerald -This novel made Fitzgerald a voice of the postwar youth culture -This defined the Jazz age This is significant because... it reflected on the effect of World War I.

"A date which will live in infamy..."

-Said by President Franklin D. Roosevelt -Referring to December 7, 1941, the date of the Pearl Harbor attack -Japan bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor. 2,000 American servicemen were killed, and 187 aircraft and 18 navel vessels were either damaged or destroyed. -FDR asked for declaration of war against Japan. -Germany declared war on the US the next day. This is significant... because this was the first attack by foreign power on American soil since the War of 1812 and it led America to join the largest war in human history.

"The world must be made safe for democracy"

-Said by President Woodrow Wilson -on April 2, 1917 -In Woodrow Wilson's Speech to Congress -Wilson asked for declaration of war against Germany. -He claimed "The world must be made safe for democracy" as a reason to go to war. -The war resolution passed. This is significant because... it is Wilson's most celebrated sentence and an important reason as to why the U.S got involved in World War I.

"This Machine Kills Fascists"

-This was written on Woody Guthrie's guitar -Guthrie went to labor camps in L.A. and performed songs -He wrote "this land is your land" -He was the voice of the working, poor class during and after the Great Depression. -Guthries significance to US history was during the 1930s and early 1940s This is significant... it expressed Woody Guthries ideas, beliefs, and how he was a voice of the people during the Great Depression.

The Great Migration

-between the years 1916 and 1917 -roughly 6 million African Americans -a movement out of the rural Southern US to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West -The push factor was to escape Jim Crowe -The pull factor was the industrial jobs in the North that became available for black laborers -Greatest example is the Harlem Renaissance in NewYork City which had a huge impact on the culture of the era. This is significant because...The Great Migration began a new era of increasing political activism among African Americans.

Double-V Campaign

-during WWII -Led by The Pittsburgh Courier -pressed for victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home -argued that since African Americans were risking their lives abroad, they should receive full civil rights at home This is significant because... it made an effort to have a victory over fascism abroad and racism in the United States.

Gloria Steinem

-late 1960s and early 1970s -worked as a journalist in NYC -Leader of Second-wave Feminism -deals with problems of domestic violence, rape, and workplace discrimination. -Founder of Ms. Magazine -Went undercover as a playboy bunny She is significant because... she was the leader of second wave feminism, which drew attention to domestic violence, rape, reproductive rights, workplace treatment, and sexuality.

Bob Dylan

-real name was Robert Zimmerman -Jewish kid from Minnesota -Idolized Woody Guthrie from Oklahoma -wanted to be a folk singer and hitchhike around the country -1965, he goes electric. -People attempted to make him a leader of counterculture as the voice of their generation -Dylan did not want to be the voice of on anyone's generation -He moved away from the electric -The late 1960s, he turns inward and doesn't play woodstock even though he lives in woodstock -He was a family man who lived in the countryside and wanted to be by himself. This is significant because... his life shows the complete rise and fall of the counterculture if you follow his timeline from the 1960s.

Civil Rights Act of 1964/Voting Rights Act of 1965

1964 Civil Rights Act: -outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin 1965 Voting Rights Act: -prohibits racial discrimination in voting This is significant because... these acts banned discrimination and gave blacks more equality. These two acts also enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments) from roughly 100 years prior.

Altamont Speedway Concert/Manson Family Murders/Woodstock

Altamont: -December 6, 1969 -California -Rolling Stones were on tour in the U.S for their new album -They called it "woodstock west" -turned into a terrible tragedy -they were fighting kids in the audience loaded up with alcohol and drugs Manson Family Murders: -1960s -California -commune established by Charles Manson -committed 9 murders Woodstock -1969 -California -free concert -300,000 people attended the festival -was a very chaotic scene -tons of garbage -took several days to clean up -people died there and many people also snuck into the festival -consumer shame -unprepared and mismanaged -These events hurt the opinions of the counterculture because these events involved people dying and this led counterculture followers to stop supporting. -in the 1970s these events were no longer counter, but they were mainstream. This is significant because... they all contributed to the downfall of the counterculture.

Tet Offensive/My Lai Massacre

Tet Offensive -January 1968 -Vietnam New Years -A day of massive military campaign from the vietnamese. -Lyndon Johnson was telling the people that the war was nearly over. My Lai Village Massacre -1968 -village burned to the ground by american soldiers -350-500 vietnamese people who were suspected of supporting communism died -this hurt the americans support for the war because they wanted to believe that America wouldn't kill people like that. -returning soldiers told their friends and families how terrible the war was. This is significant because... both events hurt the Americans support for the war because the people were not informed of what exactly was happening. It also eventually led to the release of the Pentagon Papers which exposed the America leaders for misleading and lying to the American people about Vietnam.

Truman Doctrine/Dulles Doctrine

Truman Doctrine: -1947 -President Harry S. Truman -A new foreign policy doctrine on the U.S. to contain communism. -Thought that if we don't let it spread then it should and would eventually die out. This sounded a lot like slavery. Dulles Doctrine: -1954 -John Foster Dulles, Eisenhower's Secretary of State -Announced an updated version of the doctrine of containment and its Main idea was "Massive Retaliation" towards communism This is significant because... it expressed the different ideas of how to deal with communism in the U.S.