History 1311 final exam questions
What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?
A dispute between westerners and the federal government over collection of the excise tax.
Ending participation in the international slave trade by the United States had what effect?
A flourishing domestic slave trade arose.
According to those who envisioned total development of the continent in the nineteenth century, America would eventually become what?
A highway for transporting goods and culture.
As preached by Puritan ministers in New England in the 1660s, a jeremiad was
A lamentation of spiritual decline.
What trend developed in agricultural employment in the 1850s?
A lower percentage of farmers grew more food than before.
Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton recommended the creation of what to manage the government's fiscal functions?
A national bank.
What was the consequence of the Senate's killing the original package of the Compromise of 1850?
A new generation of leaders took over Congress.
Which of the following best describes the settlement of New Amsterdam?
A new world made of bits and pieces from global cultures.
What did John Slidell bring to Mexico on orders of President Polk in 1846?
A purchase offer in the value of $30 million.
Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia was triggered by
A routine episode of violence in the middle ground inhabited by Europeans and Indians.
Chief Justice John Marshall, writing for the Supreme Court in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), ruled that
A state could not tax an institution created by the federal government because the power to tax it could lead to the power to destroy it.
Why were European diseases such as smallpox, typhus, and influenza so devastating to Native populations?
- The Native populations had been isolated from Europeans for so many centuries that they had no immunities to European diseases. - Europeans, Africans, and Asians shared the same environments and over time built up immunities to the diseases. - Epidemic diseases could be spread to Native communities by germs, meaning that infection did not need physical contact between individuals. **Each statement is correct.**
Christopher Columbus's theories of exploration were based on
- The knowledge of other explorers. - The possibility that Europeans' knowledge of the outside world was not always accurate. - The hope that there was a southern continent similar to Africa that could be exploited. - **Each statement is accurate.**
---
---
Chapter 1
...
Chapter 10
...
Chapter 11
...
Chapter 13
...
Chapter 14
...
Chapter 2
...
Chapter 3
...
Chapter 4
...
Chapter 5
...
Chapter 6
...
Chapter 7
...
Chapter 8
...
Chapter 9
...
Compared to the Pennsylvania model of prisoner rehabilitation, Sing Sing prison in New York
...
Following the Civil War, the power of the slaveholder class was
...
For what purposes did Whigs want to enhance the strength of the federal government?
...
How did Congress respond to the need for stable government in Utah and California after significant migrations of Americans there?
...
How did most eastern middle-class Americans regard the western migration of many Americans?
...
How had many Americans come to regard the Order of the Freemasons in the 1820s?
...
Hudson River School painters suggested sadness at the passing of wilderness and
...
In terms of his views on federal authority versus states' rights, Jackson
...
In the new culture of self-improvement that characterized the 1830s, what did reformers believe was the key to individual success?
...
James Madison changed his mind about what when he became president?
...
President James Monroe
...
South Carolinians call the Tariff of 1828 the "tariff of abominations" because
...
The New England Artisan was
...
The constitutional convention in Lecompton, Kansas, can best be described as
...
The result of General Grant's victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, was that
...
The western trail that departed from Independence, Missouri, near Kansas City was the
...
What caused some delegates to walk out of the Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina?
...
What changes occurred in urban development by the 1830s?
...
What created the uproar in the northern reaction to Judge Roger Brooke Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case?
...
What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Worcester v. Georgia?
...
What enabled Congress to pass significant legislation such as creating land-grant colleges in 1862?
...
What helped tie the sections of the United States into a single national market?
...
What most spurred economic growth in the North in the 1850s?
...
What percentage of slaves lived in plantations with 10 or more slaves?
...
What prompted a rush of religious missionaries to Oregon Territory in the 1830s?
...
What strategy did the new leader employ to get the compromise proposals through Congress?
...
What turned out to be an issue in the presidential campaign in 1828?
...
What was the South's greatest military advantage?
...
What was the major cause of tension between the Mexican government and Texas colonists?
...
What was the most significant cause of decline in the population of Indians after the arrival of white Europeans in their area?
...
What would have been the consequence of the Crittenden Compromise, if passed?
...
Where did women gather in 1848 to pass their Declaration of Sentiments, a kind of declaration of independence from male domination?
...
Which advantage did immigrant workers have compared to free blacks in Northern cities?
...
Which of the following best describes the efforts of the New England Emigrant Aid Company?
...
Which of the following best describes the significance of General Joseph Johnston during the first Battle of Bull Run?
...
Which of the following did not play a role in the Panic of 1837?
...
Which of the following was not true about William Henry Harrison?
...
Who did President John Quincy Adams appoint as secretary of state?
...
Why did the Democratic Party nominate Franklin Pierce for president in 1852?
...
Why was the first popular sovereignty vote in Kansas so one sided in favor of slavery?
...
By 1830, the number of Americans in Texas had reached
20,000.
What percentage of Southern white families owned slaves in 1860?
25 percent.
More than 250,000 settlers crossed the plains between 1840 and 1860; how many were killed by hostile Indians?
400.
By 1870, the North was _____ percent wealthier than the south.
50
Ninety-seven percent of the American people lived on family farms in 1790. Most families occupied how much acreage?
50 to 100 acres.
How many men are estimated to have died in the Civil War?
750,000.
What was the reconquista?
A 700-year contest between Spain and Islamic peoples for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
What brought Britain and the United States to the brink of war in 1837?
A Canadian rebellion.
The message of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was
A combination of Christianity and American political and social values.
What did the first English arrivals seek to secure on their arrival in Plymouth?
A community of religious purity.
What kind of economy developed rapidly in Texas in the 1820s?
A cotton economy dependent on slavery.
Most white southerners regarded John Brown as
A demented old man who wanted them dead.
During 40 years under Dutch control, the most profitable product of the New Netherlands was
Fur.
In New England, virtually all vocational instruction took place
In the home.
What was the attitude of Secretary of War Henry Knox toward Indian claims to land west of the Appalachian Mountains?
Indians had rights to the soil not affected by a treaty between England and the United States.
In the Treaty of Easton (1758), Sir William Johnson promised
Indians that the area west of the Allegheny Mountains would be kept free of settlers.
What explains the conquistadors' conviction that glimmering cities of gold existed in the Americas?
Indians told Europeans of glittering empires further west to get rid of the intruders.
Between 1675 and 1763, when war was more common than peace,
Indians took more than 1,600 New England settlers as captives.
Who were the primary targets of the American nativist movement?
Irish Catholics.
Why did England conquer Ireland between 1565 and 1576?
Irish noblemen refused to submit to the English monarchy.
Why was the American Party also known as the Know-Nothing Party?
It began as a secret society.
What agreement was reached in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?
It confirmed the boundary between the United States and Great Britain from Maine to the Rocky Mountains.
Why was the ironclad CSS Virginia not likely to make a difference in the Confederate's campaign?
It could not maneuver in waters where the blockade ships waited.
Which statement about the Emancipation Proclamation is not correct?
It eliminated slavery in the United States.
The Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) had what important political consequence in addition to its military significance?
It enabled President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
How did the departure of 80,000 loyalists as a consequence of the Revolution affect America?
It enhanced democracy and reduced the conservative element in society.
Which of the following is not true about the Union blockade?
It failed to make an impact on blockade runners.
What policy regarding slavery did President Abraham Lincoln state in his inaugural address?
Leaving slavery alone in the South.
The huge European demand for beaver pelts
Led Indians to kill more beaver than could be replaced by natural reproduction.
Economically, it made more sense to contract for indentured servants than to purchase slaves because
Life expectancy rates for both were low.
Abraham Lincoln lost the election in 1858, and his battle
Made Lincoln a leading spokesman for the Republican Party.
What term suggests the belief of white Americans that by right they should occupy the North American continent?
Manifest destiny.
In Spain's New World culture, the offspring of conquistadors and Indians were known as
Mestizo.
Who was the first missionary to reach Oregon?
Methodist Jason Lee.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado and his entourage traveled from
Mexico City to Zuni Pueblo to Kansas.
Time that Africans spent aboard ship en route to enslavement in America was called
Middle passage.
One way New Englanders differed from Chesapeake colonists is that they
Migrated as families rather than as individuals.
Because of colonial opposition, the Stamp Tax was
Never enforced.
The success of the Plymouth colony demonstrated that
New England could be inhabited by Europeans and that effective diplomatic relations with Indians were crucial.
By the spring of 1861, most Southerners had concluded that
No additional compromise with the North would succeed.
The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
None of the statements is accurate.
Although the United States was still rural in 1820,
Nonfarm labor was becoming more common.
The _________ banned slavery from expanding in territory north of the Ohio River.
Northwest Ordinance.
On the whole, Great Plains Indians
Obtained guns from the French and horses from the Spanish.
What was the policy of the United States regarding a Canadian rebellion against Great Britain in 1836-1837?
Official neutrality.
What nickname reflected the character and reputation of Andrew Jackson?
Old Hickory.
The Articles of Confederation, as envisioned by John Dickinson,
Proposed a weak central government that could not lay taxes or regulate commerce between its constituent states.
What group dominated the government and economy of the Netherlands after 1648?
Prosperous merchants.
The First Amendment to the Constitution
Protected citizens against congressional interference with freedom of religion, speech, the press, or assembly.
What motivated most Confederate soldiers to serve in the army?
Protecting their homes from Yankee invaders.
The Dutch West Indies Company thought the primary value of the New Netherlands was to
Provide food for its more profitable colonies in Brazil and the Caribbean.
What political activity of officers of the Second National Bank offended President Jackson?
Purchase of votes for John Quincy Adams in the election of 1824.
A spirit of tolerance enabled the Dutch to
Put aside religious conflict and concentrate on trade.
What does the case of Mary Dyer in 1660 illustrate?
Quakers were willing to defy authority even at their own personal risk and expense.
By the Petition of Right, passed in 1628, Parliament
Reaffirmed traditional rights about taxation, arrest, and quartering soldiers in private homes.
Hernán Cortés was aided greatly in his conquest of the Aztecs by the
Refusal of the Aztecs to fight.
"Land pressure" refers to
Relative overcrowding in certain areas.
Why were religious dissenters so frequently persecuted in late-sixteenth-century and early-seventeenth-century European nations like England?
Religion was a state matter.
According to republican thought,
Republics failed because citizens lost their virtue.
The completion of the last of the eastern Indian "removals" marked the beginning of a federal policy toward
Reservations.
Who were the "cooperationists" during the secession crisis?
Residents of the Upper South who agreed to remain in the Union if the Lincoln administration cooperated with remaining slave states.
When Douglas divided Nebraska Territory into two territories, he expected popular sovereignty to
Result in one slave state and one free state.
Samuel de Champlain
Retraced Cartier's route up the St. Lawrence River.
The Great Awakening in the 1740s was a
Revival movement with an emotional appeal.
With what did abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass most associate freedom?
Right to earn a living.
What rule of law was upheld in the case of Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819), a case concerning the charter of Dartmouth College?
Rights of contract.
George Rapp's community of Harmony was taken over by
Robert Owen for a socialist experiment.
Catharine Sedgwick's novel The Poor Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man
Romanticized urban poverty and suggested that "true wealth" lay within the reach of everyone.
Which of the following was not something Andrew Jackson had done as a young man?
Run for local office.
To what does the term "contraband" refer?
Runaway slaves in Union custody.
What was the most prevalent trend in internal migration in America in the 1830s and 1840s?
Rural people moving to cities.
Sam Houston led Texas revolutionaries to victory in the decisive battle of
San Jacinto.
Religion in New England after the War of 1812
Saw the rise of splinter groups such as Unitarianism that held positive views of human nature and universal salvation.
The largest number of immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century were
Scots-Irish.
The Monroe Doctrine mostly reflects the thinking and influence of
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.
After 1757, the goal of Britain in North America was to
Seize New France and make it part of the British Empire.
Reformers refocused their attention in the 1830s on what social needs?
Self-control and external restraint.
New Englanders mostly profited from
Selling timber, wood products, and fish.
Which Indian group opposed its removal to Indian Territory longest?
Seminoles.
The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
Sent missionaries to China, Africa, and Asia.
Roger Williams advocated
Separation of church and state.
Ponce de León was the first European who
Set foot on the mainland that would become the United States.
The average family in colonial America had
Seven or eight children.
By the second half of the sixteenth century, Northern Europeans considered Africans
Sexually promiscuous and brutish.
How did Malinche contribute to Hernando Cortés's conquest of the Aztec empire?
She interpreted Spanish and Nathuatl languages so he could speak with native people.
The loss of territory to whites caused Indians to
Shift from agriculture to a more nomadic way of life.
Who did redemptioners owe money?
Ship captains.
Secretary Knox argued that Indian tribes
Should be regarded as foreign entities.
The French population in North America
Showed a significant increase between 1650 and 1714.
At Gettysburg Battlefield, President Lincoln said that the Civil War had become
A test of democracy and the principle of human equality.
At the end of the Revolution in western Pennsylvania,
A third of the men were landless.
Which of the following contributed to an environment that allowed slavery to take root in the English colonies?
A weak colonial government.
Malinche was
A woman who used her linguistic and cultural knowledge to help Cortés.
The first English colony at Roanoke was
Abandoned by the British because it served no useful economic or military purpose.
One of the primary benefits to England of the New England colonies was
Access to timber for ship construction.
Southern colonies
Accounted for 60 percent of colonial exports.
Which of the following statements is not an accurate portrayal of the witchcraft scare?
Accusations of witchcraft were indirectly aimed at men who were advocating political change.
New England towns were usually governed by
Adult male property owners at a town meeting.
Madison favored what kind of amendments to the Constitution?
Affirmation of human rights already within the structure of the Constitution.
What did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 prohibit?
Aid to an escaping slave.
Why did Federalists choose John Adams for their presidential candidate in 1796?
Alexander Hamilton was too controversial.
General Anthony Wayne's victory in 1794 and Jay's and Pinckney's treaties in 1795 resulted in all of the following except
All military and political problems between the United States and England were solved.
What was a notable characteristic of Jamestown during its first decade?
An appallingly high mortality rate.
Because the Constitution did not mention such an entity as a national bank, the Treasury secretary's recommendation is an example of what?
An implied power.
What was the title of the Union's plan to squeeze the Confederacy into submission?
Anaconda Plan.
The Americans' greatest military victory, ironically achieved after the War of 1812 had officially ended, was
Andrew Jackson's defeat of a British invasion of New Orleans.
Under the theory of mercantilism, one nation's gain was
Another nation's loss.
The rise to power of what leader focused the unhappiness with government in Mexico for American colonists in Texas?
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
Once the Lower South had seceded, Republicans concluded that
Any compromise amounted to northern surrender to southern blackmail.
Discussions about women's citizenship and intellectual capacities
Applied only to prosperous white women.
During the Civil War,
Approximately 2.1 million men served in the Union army.
Infant mortality in the Chesapeake region during the first century of English colonization was
Approximately one half of all children born.
What was the consequence of President Lincoln's call for volunteers?
Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina seceded.
Colonists in South Carolina wanted a colony founded south of its location
As a buffer between themselves and Spanish Florida.
How did Puritans understand religious dissent?
As a replay of original sin.
How had a majority of Americans come to regarding voting by the 1820s?
As an emblem of liberty, but only for whites.
How did the British government view the North American colonies in the first half of the eighteenth century?
As equal brothers.
Which of the following about English immigrants to Virginia in the seventeenth century is true?
As many as 90 percent of the migrants to the Chesapeake during that time period came as servants.
How did President Jefferson describe his administration?
As splendid misery.
The survival of the Plymouth colony was made possible by
Assistance from friendly Indians.
The victory of New England Puritans over Metacom and the Wampanoag people was a result of
Assistance from the governor of New York and his Mohawk allies.
Where did the Union army build the contraband camp known as "Freedman's Village"?
At Arlington, Robert E. Lee's plantation in Virginia.
The Albany Plan of Union, although unsuccessful, was an
Attempt at collective defense against France and its Indian allies.
The French colony of Louisiana
Attracted so few colonists that officials used it as a place to relocate criminals.
To increase the number of workers in Virginia, company officials
Awarded 50 acres of land to those who came or brought another person to Virginia.
King Philip's War is similar to what other colonial confrontation in its Indian-versus-English nature?
Bacon's Rebellion.
If adopted, the Wilmot Proviso would have
Banned slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.
The children of Pedro de Alvarado and Tlecuiluatzin (doña Luisa
Became members of the higher ranks of Spanish society in the New World.
Slaves had many different assignments in America, but what made all of them "slaves"?
Being defined, treated, and defended as property.
The Swiss Protestant Reformer John Calvin
Believed God ordained who would be saved even before they were born.
Enlightenment thinkers
Believed in rational thinking and scoffed at superstition.
Portugal, Spain, France, and England
Believed that they conquered for God and country.
Who led Congress's diplomatic effort to secure recognition and assistance from France during the American Revolution?
Benjamin Franklin.
The New England colonies benefited from
Better relations with Indians than Chesapeake colonists.
Child mortality among slaves was
Between 25 and 50 percent.
Most Scots-Irish settled
Between English settlers on the seaboard and Indian communities.
What stood at the center of the economy for all Plains Indians?
Bison.
What did the French and American Revolutions have in common?
Both began with similar goals of individual freedom.
An indication that England had gained the upper hand in the French and Indian War could be seen in
Britain's capturing Fort Duquesne and renaming it Fort Pitt.
The American Revolution grew out of
Britain's ineffective effort to govern the enlarged empire it gained after victory over France in 1763.
In the decisive battle of Quebec,
British commander James Wolfe and French commander Montcalm were killed.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest Americans arrived on the continent
By 12,000 BCE.
How did President Lincoln want his generals to conduct the war?
By coordinating attacks so southern armies would be engaged and unable to assist each other.
How did advocates of the Benevolent Empire attempt to perfect society?
By personal contact, testimony, and exhortation.
How were children of the wealthy usually educated prior to the Civil War?
By private tutors.
Following the battle at San Jacinto, Texans made Sam Houston their first president and
Called for Texas to be annexed to the United States.
In its colonial system,
Canada was of questionable value to France.
The economy of colonial America was shaped by shortages of land and
Capital.
What was the status of most slaves when Europeans traded for them in Africa?
Captives of war.
A series of sermons by the Reverend Lyman Beecher in 1825
Changed the debate on temperance from a health issue to a spiritual issue.
Why did most Anasazi return to hunting and gathering practices at times?
Changing climates and nomadic enemies forced them to resort to alternative forms of sustenance.
Americans thought of manifest destiny along all of the terms listed below except
Class.
Which of the following appears to have been the most important reason for the extinction of the woolly mammoth?
Climactic shifts.
President Jefferson's policy of embargo did what?
Closed American ports and ordered American vessels to remain in port.
The term ________ suggests the consequences of blending plants, animals, and humans with their diseases from Europe and the New World.
Columbian Exchange.
What were the Federalist Papers?
Commentaries on the Constitution written during the struggle for ratification.
To weaken a Federalist attempt to pack the federal courts through late-term appointments authorized by the Judiciary Act of 1801, President Jefferson ordered
Commissions for new judges not yet delivered to be withheld.
Discussion of women's rights was
Common in both European and American circles.
Which of the following statements about Tenochtitlan is not correct?
Compared to Paris or Venice, Tenochtitlan was a small, rural village.
Moderates in the Continental Congress
Conceded that war preparations were indeed necessary.
By the Proclamation of 1763, the British government hoped to
Confine colonists to an area east of the Allegheny Mountains.
What was Congress's response when President Andrew Jackson refused to show them papers he had shared with cabinet members?
Congress censured Jackson.
What argument regarding Congress's proposed restrictions on the expansion of slavery was advanced by John C. Calhoun?
Congress had no right to impose such limits.
A concept of British government known as __________ was composed of two elements—the rule of law and the principle of consent.
Constitutionalism.
A dramatic change in Indian culture produced by the arrival of Spain was the
Conversion of the Plains Indians to a horse culture.
Regarding the quartering of British troops for the winter in homes of colonists in Philadelphia, Ben Franklin
Convinced them to occupy a new hospital building instead.
What crop was cultivated by nearly every Native American farming culture?
Corn.
What had become the most profitable product of the South by 1850?
Cotton.
French traders and Huron and Algonquian hunters
Created a network that made each group dependent on the other.
The Five Nations or Great League of Peace
Curtailed the mourning wars among Iroquois in upper New York.
The expansion of French claims from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico after 1682
Cut off westward expansion of English colonies.
Despite the economic boom for Virginia and Maryland produced by tobacco exports,
Death rates remained high for infants and adults.
To win the Civil War, the North had to
Defeat the armies of the Confederacy.
The Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
Defined the United States as a nation that spanned the continent.
Historians generally credit the consumer revolution in colonial America as being a
Democratic force.
To reduce the power of the Second National Bank before its charter expired, President Jackson
Deposited all federal revenue in state or "pet banks."
According to the political theorist Edmund Burke, England's colonies in North America
Developed accidentally.
To perpetuate Cherokee culture, Sequoyah
Developed the Cherokee syllabary, or symbols of written language.
While the Spanish were occupied expelling Muslims, Portugal was
Developing ship technology that enabled her sailors to explore the coast of Africa.
A sharp decline in the Indian population followed the arrival of Europeans because
Diseases were introduced inadvertently by the Spanish.
Regarding the government's request for assistance from the colonies for imperial wars, officials were
Dismayed at what they perceived as the colonists' selfishness.
What was a notable trend among master craftsmen in America by the 1830s?
Distribution of production to outworkers.
How did planters keep their slaves busy all year?
Diversifying crops.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the discovered world between Spain and Portugal.
Usually colonial parents
Divided their land with sons and gave daughters moveable property.
The concept of virtual representation held that
Each member of Parliament acted on behalf of the whole empire.
Why did the European monarchs refuse to finance Columbus's venture?
Each monarch assumed Columbus had miscalculated the earth's circumference.
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
Each statement is accurate.
The New York City Draft Riots in the summer of 1863
Each statement is accurate.
Which of the following were the result(s) of the Panic of 1819?
Each statement is accurate.
Many free Americans believed that slaves could not possess republican character
Each statement is correct.
The experience of Don Luis de Velasco, or Paquiquineo, illustrates the
Ease with which European and Indian cultures could interact.
The House of Burgesses was the first
Elected representative government in the New World.
What invention enabled an economic boom in the South and created a demand for new land in the West?
Eli Whitney's cotton gin.
Puritans wanted to
Eliminate aspects of Roman Catholicism from the Church of England.
Under the Mexican plan for the development of Texas, the Mexican government agreed to place immigration in the hands of what group?
Empresarios.
When nonviolent means did not work, American abolitionists
Encountered violent opposition to their activities.
According to the Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814,
England agreed to remove its troops from the Northwest.
How did England respond to the South's expectation of assistance?
England refused to break the Union blockade or grant diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy.
On June 1, 1812, after continuing interference with American shipping, President Madison asked Congress to declare war on
England, because the British navy continued to stop American vessels and impress American sailors into the British service.
Chesapeake planters modeled themselves after
English country gentlemen.
The Covenant Chain
Enhanced the alliance between the British and the Iroquois in New York.
In colonial homes, matched sets of tableware and chairs primarily underscored
Equality of all guests.
What was Mexico's policy toward slavery in Texas?
Erratic, sometimes permitting slavery and then banning it.
One result of the Emancipation Proclamation was
European nations no longer supported the Confederate States of America.
The rate of population growth of Africans in colonial society was
Even more dramatic than that of Europeans.
What impact did revolutionary ideals have on African slavery in the former English colonies?
Every state north of Delaware banned slavery.
The enslavement of Africans
Evolved over time.
The War of Jenkins's Ear primarily represented a British effort to
Expand into Spanish territory and markets in America.
Hernando de Soto led the expedition that
Explored the southeastern part of the United States, including the Mississippi River.
Most immigrants who followed missionaries to Oregon Territory were
Farm families of modest means.
Who would have jurisdiction in fugitive slave classes following passage of the Compromise of 1850?
Federal commissioners.
Allies of Hamilton and supporters of the administration's policies adopted what name to demonstrate their commitment to union and the new government?
Federalist Party.
The Dutch West India Company decided that the main purpose of its New Netherland colony was
Feeding colonies in Brazil and the Caribbean.
French crews traded for beaver pelts used in France to make
Felt hats.
The Third Anglo-Powhatan War resulted in the
First Indian reservation in America.
The Virginia Company was the
First successful English colony in North America.
What first attracted French interest in North America?
Fishing in waters near Newfoundland.
After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, most Latter-Day Saints
Followed Brigham Young to Utah.
Ferdinand and Isabella
Forced defeated people in Spain to convert to Christianity or leave the country.
For the natives, the encomienda resulted in
Forced labor.
Joseph Smith, son of farmers in western New York,
Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
How did French policy toward Algonquian Indians change after King George's War?
France cut back on gifts to Indians to save money.
As a consequence of the Peace of Paris, 1763,
France lost its American empire except for its sugar islands.
The Liberty Party was replaced by the ___ in 1848.
Free Soil Party.
Written in 1829, "An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World," by David Walker called for
Free and slave blacks using violence if necessary to abolish slavery.
The Hakluyt cousins argued that developing North American colonies would enable England to
Free itself of economic dependency on other nations.
Under the original compromise proposal
Slave trading was banned in Washington, D.C.
In 1819, Missouri petitioned Congress to be admitted as a _____ state.
Slave.
What was the primary platform of the Free Soil Party in the election of 1848?
Slavery should be barred from all territories.
Northerners generally agreed that
Slavery would collapse if expansion was denied.
What was the greatest impediment to the annexation of Texas to the United States?
Slavery.
Until about 1660, what was Carolina's most valuable commodity?
Slaves.
Between 1619, possibly when the first African slaves reached Virginia, and the elimination of the international slave trade in the United States in 1808, approximately how many Africans arrived?
Slightly more than 500,000.
Which of the following statements about John Smith is accurate?
Smith began his worldwide adventures as a mercenary fighting the Spanish in the Netherlands.
When Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftsbury, founded the Carolina colony, he wanted a
Society with nobles at the top and serfs at the bottom.
Why did the incident known as the Boston Massacre occur on March 5, 1770?
Soldiers panicked when a mob formed and a scuffle broke out.
Who were Joseph E. Brown and Zebulon Vance?
Southern governors more interested in states' rights than Confederate victory.
After threats by the Orista Indians in Florida and by England's Sir Francis Drake, the Spanish abandoned all of eastern Louisiana except for St. Augustín because
Spain regarded the area as peripheral to its primary interests.
Despite their motivation to get rid of the Spanish, Native Americans lost the battles to the Spanish because
The Aztecs and others could not compete against advanced European technology.
Which of the following was not a Confederate advantage?
The Confederate navy.
Why did Congress delay outlawing the international slave trade within the jurisdiction of the United States until 1808?
The Constitution forbade such a law until 20 years after its ratification.
Why did the Democratic-Republicans hesitate to challenge the Alien and Sedition Acts before the Supreme Court?
The Court was dominated by Federalist justices.
By the end of Andrew Jackson's administration
The Democratic Party had grown too diverse to remain stable.
What enabled the New World slave system to grow so rapidly?
The European demand for plantation crops.
What motivated Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom's Cabin?
The Fugitive Slave Act.
The Beaver Wars erupted when
The Hurons cut off trade between the Iroquois and the French.
The Pequot War was the result of all of the following except
The Narragansetts who first promised aid to the Pequots but were paid by the Puritans to remain neutral in the war.
The proposer of the Compromise of 1850 gathered all its elements into a single piece of legislation known as
The Omnibus Bill.
Totem poles were central to Native American communities in what region?
The Pacific Northwest.
By the end of the fifteenth century, Europeans had little accurate information about Africa because
The Sahara Desert was an obstacle to Europeans traveling south.
What provides evidence that sugar plantations required the greatest restocking of slaves?
The South's largest slave market was in New Orleans.
Shippers in northeastern colonial seaports can be said to have been beneficiaries of
The Stamp Act.
What was proclaimed in the Monroe Doctrine?
The Western Hemisphere was in the sphere of influence of the United States.
What was the result when President John Adams sent Elbridge Gerry, John Marshall, and Charles Pinckney to France in an attempt to resolve differences between the United States and France?
The XYZ Affair.
What accounted for the relative autonomy of slaves in the South Carolina low country?
The absence of owners on large plantations.
William Lloyd Garrison was
The advocate of "immediatism."
Why did the combination of corn and beans prove so crucial to the diet of early Americans?
The beans added amino acid to the corn, making the combination as nutritious as meat.
Most free Americans believed that the success of the republic depended on
The character of its citizens.
What events helped bring about the Compromise of 1850 in Congress?
The deaths of President Zachary Taylor and John C. Calhoun.
Beyond even racism, what motivated Southerners in their determination to expand slavery into western territories?
The defense of property rights and ability to move that property.
What had forced North and South into a final debate over the future of slavery by 1850?
The disposition of land acquired in the war with Mexico.
What about Joseph Smith's teachings most offended others?
The doctrine of plural marriage.
The first clear evidence of enslavement of Africans in mainland English colonies is
The fact that Maryland's Assembly guaranteed rights to all Christians except slaves.
President Martin Van Buren agreed with President Andrew Jackson that
The federal government should not manage currency.
What problem did the Half-Way Covenant try to address?
The growing number of Anglo-Indian marriages.
What was the Waltham system?
The integration of textile production from fiber to finished clothes.
What explains the dramatic growth in world population beginning in the sixteenth century?
The introduction of corn and potatoes in the Old World.
Why did Thomas Jefferson want to see Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase impeached?
The justice had shown himself partisan in the Sedition Act prosecutions.
What led Governor Francis Bernard to dissolve the Massachusetts legislature?
The legislature refused to rescind a request urging other colonial legislatures to resist Townshend's taxation program.
What liberty did Southerners try to protect with their secession?
The liberty to own, buy, sell, and transport slaves.
The philosophy of self-culture brought what social movement to prominence?
The lyceum movement, which featured lectures on various subjects.
Primary factors dictating how quickly English colonists adopted African slavery included
The need for plantation laborers and availability of slaves at a good price.
When President George Washington appointed his first group of advisors, his selections reflected his circle of friends and what other influence?
The political clout of large states.
What was the effect of the sale of so many slaves from the Upper South to the Lower South?
The political influence of the Upper South was reduced.
Why did Henry VIII make Protestantism the official religion of England?
The pope would not dissolve his sonless marriage with Catherine of Aragon.
How did the Glorious Revolution shape England's foreign affairs?
The successful completion of the revolution prompted England's leaders to ban any further westward expansion in the colonies.
How did the French learn to survive in New France?
They adapted to Indian customs and assisted Indian friends against their enemies.
The French dominated the first phase of the French and Indian war because
They had four times as many troops in America
What was Parliament's attitude following the repeal of the Stamp Tax?
They passed the Declaratory Act, which asserted Parliament's power and authority over the colonies.
How did activist leaders in the colonies react to the Tea Act of 1773?
They regarded the law as an attempt to convince colonists to accept taxation without representation.
How did farmers under the leadership of Daniel Shays hope to end the collection of debts?
They shut down the courts.
The American Anti-Slavery Society increased membership because
They traveled across the northern states speaking out about abolishing slavery.
What would Andrew Jackson admire about Harriet Noble, her husband, and Americans like them?
They were Americans who were willing to risk everything for new opportunities and freedom.
What happened to the surviving members of the Pequot tribe at the end of the Pequot War in 1638?
They were sold into slavery in the colony of Providence Island.
Why did France become involved in the American Revolution?
To break up the British Empire and reestablish France as the most powerful nation in the world.
Why did King Charles charter the Royal Africa Company in 1663?
To carry slaves out of Africa to the British West Indies.
Why did separatist communities withdraw from daily contact with the outside world?
To create a more perfect society here on earth.
Why did General Thomas Gage order British troops to march to Concord in April 1775?
To seize military supplies stored there by colonial militia.
What was the primary purpose of Spain's colony of New Mexico?
To serve as an outpost of Spain's empire and protection for its northern border from France.
When Indians sold land to New England settlers, they
Usually thought they were only giving permission to share the land.
Which Confederate state experienced the greatest opposition to secession?
Virginia.
What impact did the economic opportunities in Pennsylvania and New York have on Virginia?
Virginians found themselves resorting increasingly to slavery.
Unlike Virginia, the colony of Maryland
Was the property of an individual and his heirs.
Why was the selection of George Washington as presiding officer of the convention crucial to its success?
Washington was the mostly widely respected person in the nation, and his leadership gave the convention credibility.
Chapter 12
...
African American soldiers constituted what percentage of the Union Army?
10 percent.
According to John C. Calhoun, how could South Carolinians be exempted from paying the tariff?
A state legislature could nullify a federal law it considered unconstitutional.
What was the most striking aspect of internal politics in the Confederacy?
Absence of a two-party system.
Between 1775 and 1780, each of the 13 states had adopted a new written constitution. The constitutions tended to
All of the above.
Ratification of the new constitution was
All of the above.
The Huron and Algonquian were
Allies with one another and the French.
What reason did Booth give for his killing of Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865?
America had to be saved from "n*gger equality."
James Fenimore Cooper's theme in Leatherstocking Tales is that
American wilderness merely awaited transformation by pioneers.
Mercantilism defined a nation's wealth by the
Amount of gold and silver it possessed.
General Sherman's troops liberated
Atlanta.
The Massachusetts Bay Company, founded in 1629, was
Based on the model of the Virginia Company.
In what battle did General George McClellan's army stop General Robert E. Lee's first invasion of Maryland in 1862?
Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg).
The first real test of Union and Confederate arms came in July 1861 at the
Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas.
The Indians who lived in the New Netherlands used ____________ as a medium of exchange.
Beads made from clamshells.
Among other things, the Mississippian people were known for
Building mounds, some for ceremonial purposes and some as burial sites.
Anne Hutchinson was forced out of Massachusetts for
Criticism of its clergy and the Puritan doctrine of "preparation."
The Dutch Reformed Church
Did not oppose slavery.
What flaw in the Fugitive Slave Law of 1973 kept it from being effective?
Enforcement was left to states, which rarely did so.
The Liberty Party
Fielded its first candidate in 1840.
How did Charles G. Finney's teachings differ from traditional Calvinist beliefs?
Finney believed humans could accept or reject Divine grace.
John Cabot was born in
Genoa.
In the eighteenth century, people on both sides of the Atlantic developed an interest in a lifestyle known as
Gentility.
Why did the arrival in America of Edmond Charles Genêt turn out to be stressful for relations between France and the United States?
Genêt's efforts to raise support for France in its war with England embarrassed Washington, who was trying to remain neutral.
Why did the Democratic Party choose James Buchanan as their presidential nominee in 1856?
He was comparable to Whig predecessor Franklin Pierce.
"His Accidency" was a reference to what about President John Tyler?
His succession to the presidency
Although President John Quincy Adams was a wise man, his presidency is characterized by all of the following except
His wife's poor health, which kept him from focusing on the nation's problems.
What influenced European countries other than Portugal and Spain to become active in the New World?
Hope for wealth, glory, and power.
What was the boldest and most radical assertion of Two Treatises of Government?
Identification of a right of revolution against a government that violated the civil rights of its citizens.
Disagreements between the United States and Spain over ownership of land located west of the Appalachian Mountains
Ignored Indians' claims to the territory.
What did Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton suggest the government do to secure needed revenue?
Impose tariffs on imported goods and an excise tax.
German immigrants tended to settle
In the backcountry from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas.
Native populations declined because of all of the following reasons except
Increased life spans
English men and women from the lowest ranks of society who agreed to work in exchange for passage money to the colonies were known as
Indentured servants.
What was the result of Lord Dunmore's War?
Indian claims to Kentucky were extinguished.
A major result of the Beaver Wars was that
Indians were never able to replace population loss resulting from warfare.
Columbus was born into a world
Influenced by European investors seeking low-risk investments.
Iroquoian political decisions were
Influenced by women because their work in agriculture was highly valued.
Carolina was the first colony that
Introduced slavery at the outset.
To address the colony's labor problem, Virginia governor John Rolfe
Introduced the first public works projects in American history.
After the United States declared war with England for a second time in a generation, American forces
Invaded Canada but were repulsed.
To exert authority over land occupied by the Cherokee nation, Georgia's legislature
Invalidated the Cherokee constitution and proclaimed the Indians subject to the authority of the state.
The British model for controlling its North American colonies grew out of its experiences in
Ireland.
How did the Land Act of 1820 change regulations regarding western settlement?
It lowered the price per acre but ended credit purchases.
What was the immediate result of the Emancipation Proclamation?
It made emancipation an official goal of the war.
What was a major consequence of each new stage of American expansion?
It reignited the controversy over slavery.
How did the Glorious Revolution affect England and its colonies?
It secured constitutional government for British people on both sides of the Atlantic.
How did the constitution of the Confederacy differ from that of the United States?
It stated specifically that whites were superior to blacks.
To what did the term "Whig" refer when applied to Jackson's opponents?
It suggested that Jackson ruled like a king instead of an elected official.
The Glorious Revolution, in addition to making Parliament the most powerful branch of British government, had what result?
It ushered in a period of political stability that enabled Britain to become the world's most powerful nation.
What policy did the new Republic of Texas follow with regard to its status among nations?
It wanted annexation to the United States as soon as possible.
Even as suffrage was extended to all white males,
It was withdrawn from free African Americans, even where permitted previously.
What accounted for the relative prosperity of Pennsylvania in the middle of the eighteenth century?
Its easy access to landownership.
Although settled two decades later, New England was able to keep pace with the Chesapeake colonies because
Its people lived in a healthier region.
What was President Jackson's response to the bill that extended the charter of the Second National Bank?
Jackson vetoed the bill.
The Missouri Compromise was a devastating defeat for
James Monroe.
Who was selected to serve as president of the Confederate States of America?
Jefferson F. Davis of Mississippi, a moderate.
The election of 1796 was won by
John Adams.
Who was the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party?
John C. Fremont.
Who wrote Two Treatises of Government?
John Locke.
The Quaker _________ launched the first antislavery movement in 1754 when he condemned the institution on humanitarian and religious terms.
John Woolman.
The _________ was a business form in England that encouraged the English to invest in founding colonies
Joint-stock company.
The _________ was a business form in England that encouraged the English to invest in founding colonies.
Joint-stock company.
Stephen A. Douglas first introduced a provision for popular sovereignty in the
Kansas-Nebraska Act.
What was the attitude of the leaders of Dutch colonialism with regard to Indian territory?
Land must be purchased from Indians before it could be settled.
After 1815 about half of the members of the U.S. Congress were engaged in what profession?
Law.
Where did violence erupt in Kansas over the competing constitutions that permitted and banned slavery?
Lawrence.
Why did corn cultivation move so far northward from Mesoamerica?
Like other goods and practices, corn cultivation traveled north on the Mississippi River.
In England and in the colonies, liberty was looked on as
Limitation of the power of the monarch.
In the seventeenth century, Americans would have spent their extra income on which of the following?
Linens.
What did women usually receive in the rare case of divorce?
Little more than their clothes.
An export shipment from New England in the middle of the eighteenth century would have most likely consisted of
Livestock for the West Indies.
The French observer Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans
Loved to organize.
A principal reason for the general increase in colonial population was the
Lower age of marriage for women and more women marrying.
An increase in the shipbuilding industry in colonial America also stimulated what other industry?
Lumber production.
_________ was a Roanoke Indian who appeared to convert to Christianity but eventually returned to the Indian culture and opposed British colonists.
Manteo.
The first generation of women immigrants to the Chesapeake region
Married relatively late, usually not until their mid-twenties.
Powhatan, leader of the Powhatan Algonquians in Virginia, expanded his power over other groups of Indians by
Marrying women in different tribes.
Which of its colonies were of the greatest value to France?
Martinique and Guadeloupe.
From Maya and Aztec writings and other cultural indications, we can conclude that
Maya and Aztec people lived in a complex political world complete with alliances with different groups.
Yale College was founded in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1701 as a
Means to guarantee a proper Calvinist education for ministers.
Why had the Spanish been comparatively lucky in their colonizing mission to the Americas?
Mesoamerica's sedentary populations were already familiar with social hierarchies and the paying of tribute.
Both the Indians and the French believed that
Mixed marriages provided a foundation for trading and military alliances.
Which of the following statements about Moctezuma is correct?
Moctezuma II was also known as Montezuma.
Generally speaking, after the American Revolution
Moderates advocated nationalism and radicals favored local control.
The American Revolution succeeded because
Moderates and radicals reversed previous attitudes toward class and political conflict and maintained an effective alliance.
Most internal migrants
Moved only short distances.
A group of leaders who accepted the concept that a strong national government was a protection against localism and fragmentation were known as
National Republicans.
What was the most successful association of workers in the 1830s?
National Trades' Union.
In view of economic woes under the Articles of Confederation, what group of commerce-minded political leaders advocated a strong central government?
Nationalists.
Landscape paintings by Hudson River School artists rarely contained human figures except
Native Americans.
Most of the increase in the slave population in America came from
Natural increase.
Parliament asserted its authority to regulate trade with and within its empire by several acts known collectively as
Navigation Acts.
Why were New England girls between the ages of 7 and 15 far more likely to remain voluntarily with their native captors?
New England girls may well have preferred the freedom of Indian life to their strict Puritan upbringing.
What prediction did Governor DeWitt Clinton make regarding the Erie Canal?
New York City would become the emporium of the world.
Why did colonists object to the Sugar Act although the new law lowered an existing tax?
New procedures made sure it was collected.
Wampanoag chieftain Metacom, or King Philip,
Occupied land claimed by Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Rhode Island.
To what does the practice of "squatting" refer?
Occupying public land without purchasing it.
Women were particularly drawn to Shakerism because
Of a belief in the spiritual equality of women and men.
By the end of the colonial period, what portion of the English merchant fleet had been built in America?
One-third.
A chief example of English civil liberty was the right to be taxed
Only by duly elected representatives.
Why did Democrats argue that their party should prevail in the election of 1856?
Only the Democratic Party could prevent the breakup of the Union.
New England shippers
Opposed a war against England.
Stephen C. Douglas
Opposed the Lecompton Constitution.
Abolitionist followers of William Lloyd Garrison generally
Opposed violence to achieve an end to slavery.
What issue held the unwieldy Republican coalition together?
Opposition to slavery's expansion in western territories.
The death of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh marked the end of what?
Organized Indian resistance to white advances east of the Mississippi River.
Because Spain became a wealthy nation as a result of her New World colonies,
Other nations wanted colonies so they could become wealthy.
Most colonies established by European nations in the first half of the seventeenth century were
Outposts in the global economy.
King George's War (1744-1748) began
Over succession to the Austrian throne.
What significant change in British military policy occurred in 1763?
Parliament decided to maintain a large army even in peacetime.
How did Parliament respond to the Boston Tea Party in December 1773?
Parliament passed the Coercive Acts, which included closing the port of Boston and taking over the colony's governance.
What was the major factor in formulating Andrew Jackson's attitude toward Indians?
Participation in fights with Indians in the 1790s.
What motivated most northern men to serve in the Union army?
Patriotism and preservation of the Union.
How did Pennsylvania settlers undermine William Penn's vision for his proprietary colony?
People lived where and how they wanted without cohesion or regard for hierarchy.
The term "industrious revolution" refers to
People producing more so they would have more income to spend.
What is meant by the term "Benevolent Empire"?
People, as God's agents, should care for other people.
The result of the Puritans' attack on the Pequot village of Mystic on May 26, 1637, was
Pequot men, women, and children were murdered by Puritans.
What did Seth Luther mean by the term "middle class"?
Persons whose jobs required mental rather than physical labor.
How did British strategy change under the new prime minister, William Pitt, in 1757?
Pitt took victory in North America as seriously as that in Europe.
In 1513 the Spanish Crown issued the Requerimiento, which
Promised Indians who accepted Christianity and the authority of Spain that they would be left in peace.
At the founding of the nation, suffrage was restricted by gender, race, and
Property ownership.
In the mercantile system, colonies were useful to European countries because they
Provided raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.
Most colonial men whose wives died
Remarried quickly to have someone to care for the household and children.
The Trail of Tears refers to
Removal of the Cherokees from Georgia to Indian Territory.
Sugar production demanded a large labor force. Encomenderos decided to
Replace Indian workers with African workers.
When Cherokee leaders appealed to President Jackson for help, he
Said it was his duty to support the state in the exercise of its rights.
The slave code in Carolina was influenced most by
Similar regulations in Barbados.
Working people in colonial cities
Sometimes resorted to mob action to assert their political views.
England's first activity in the New World was to
Steal wealth from Spain.
Any newcomer to a colonial town was most likely learn the most about the place and its people by
Talking to people at the taverns.
Squanto, a Patuxet Indian,
Taught Pilgrims how to grow corn.
Roger Williams, one of the founders of Rhode Island, believed
That the king had no right to grant land owned by Indians.
What did free black leaders think were the true motives of the American Colonization Society's effort to repatriate blacks in Africa?
That they were mostly interested in getting rid of free blacks.
Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney pioneered what?
The Industrial Revolution.
Despite the festive air of slave markets, what evidence was there that participants were aware of the sordidness of the activities?
The absence of white females.
All of the following challenged the future of the United States except
The passage of the Judiciary Act of 1800.
Labor organizer Seth Luther characterized society as a struggle between
The producers and the rich.
What prompted Jefferson to consider federal spending on education and infrastructure?
The prospect of a federal surplus.
Why have scholars called Mesoamerica the "Cradle of the Americas"?
The region hosted the first technologically advanced civilizations.
What did Abraham Lincoln demand in 1854?
The restoration of the Missouri Compromise.
By 1830, American workers had seen
The results of wage dependency.
What type of individual typified the "New Middle Class"?
The self-made man.
What was the largest and longest tenured reform proposal aimed at improving individuals in society?
The temperance movement.
What impact did the proliferations of the market economy have on Americans' religious beliefs?
The temptations of consumption and wealth offered in the market economy triggered spiritual anxieties.
What most distinguished Irish immigrants from general American society?
Their Catholic religion.
How were loyalists treated after the American Revolution ended?
There was little retribution after the war.
How did colonial elites respond to the Stono Rebellion of 1739?
They agreed to minimal conditions for slaves.
What did Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun have in common in 1812?
They argued fiercely for war and the capture of Canada.
How did France and England attempt to strengthen their grip on the Ohio territory?
They built as many forts as possible.
What did the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment have in common?
They criticized established authority.
How did northern farmers fare in the decade of the 1850s?
They experienced an economic boom.
Spaniards in the American Southwest finally abandoned the region because
They found nothing of value to keep them there.
How did the introduction of European goods contribute to the destruction of Indian cultures?
They made them dependent and caused them to abandon their own crafts.
What did New England teacher Laura M. Towne observe about freed African Americans in her South Carolina classroom?
They were eager to learn.
What was similar about King William's War and Queen Anne's War?
They were essentially struggles for power in Europe, both of which resulted in a stalemate.
Opposition to Secretary Hamilton's fiscal proposals was led by
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
By an Act of Toleration, settlement in Maryland was open to
Those who believed in Jesus Christ.
What was the primary purpose of the American Bible Society?
To distribute Bibles in cities and frontier settlements.
What was Washington's basic tactic during the Revolutionary War?
To lead the British on chases because he lacked sufficient soldiers to confront them.
Why did some Americans withdraw into covenanted communities?
To prepare for the end of days.
Why did Congress submit the Olive Branch Petition to King George?
To preserve unity with the moderates.
According to the author of Two Treatises of Government, what was the purpose of government?
To protect the lives, liberties, and fortunes of people who created it.
According to the philosophy Thomas Jefferson expressed in the Declaration of Independence, what was the primary responsibility of government?
To protect the natural rights of people.
Why did King James I grant charters to investors in Plymouth and London in 1606 to establish colonies in North America?
To provide income for merchants since peace with Spain had curtailed raids against that nation's ships.
What was England's strategy in the first part of the American Revolution?
To punish and isolate Boston because England believed resistance to English policy was centered in New England.
What was Parliament's specific purpose in passing the Stamp Act?
To raise revenue.
What was Parliament's purpose in legislation permitting the British East India Company to send tea directly to America?
To save the company from bankruptcy.
For what purpose did the Rev. Ezra Stiles Ely establish the Society for Supporting the Gospel?
To work with indigents in urban shelters.
The chief cash crop among southern colonies was
Tobacco.
According to beliefs of the Church of Latter-Day Saints, what is The Book of Mormon?
Translations of golden tablets describing God's intentions for the latter days of creation.
Under President Monroe and the National Republicans the only item on their legislative agenda that did not fare well was
Transportation subsidies.
What agreement ended the war between the United States and Mexico in 1848?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The Female Moral Reform Society
Tried to reclaim women from prostitution.
The Enlightenment was a belief that
Understanding and improving the universe could be achieved through the human mind.
Prior to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse,
Union troops captured the Confederate capitol of Richmond.
What set Elias Boudinot apart from Cherokee tribal chief John Ross?
Unlike Ross, he understood the American legal system.
Queen Elizabeth I was
Unwilling to risk her treasure on North American adventures.
In the colonial period, Indian wars
Usually pitted one group of Europeans and their Indian allies against another group of Europeans and their allies.
Most colonists in Virginia who did not survive were
Victims of malnutrition and disease.
The French and Indian War began when
Virginians led by George Washington attacked a French scouting party near the Forks of the Ohio.
New immigrants usually found work as
Wage laborers in cities.
How did most people reach their destinations in the West?
Walking beside wagons carrying precious cargo.
Nathaniel Bacon advocated
War against all Indians.
Advanced education at the college level in the antebellum period
Was available only for males.
William Penn's colony of Pennsylvania, founded in 1681,
Welcomed members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers.
Draft resistance in the Confederacy
Went beyond anything the Union had experienced.
The Spanish soldiers who fought in the reconquista
Were influenced in part by their Christian faith and promises of wealth and glory.
Colonies that welcomed the widest variety of immigrants
Were the most prosperous.
To Andrew Jackson's way of thinking, who was the quintessential "common man" in American politics?
Western settlers struggling to bring new land under cultivation.
The term "middle ground" refers to
an area where European and Indian cultures and people coexisted in relative peace.
In 1673 French explorers traveled as far down the Mississippi River as
The Arkansas River.
Lincoln's claim that the Union could not survive "half slave and half free" earned him Stephen C. Douglas's taunt
"Black republican."
Although Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes in the general election, in the end John Quincy Adams was named president with the support of Henry Clay. How did Jackson's supporters characterize this outcome?
"Corrupt bargain."
What slogan characterized the presidential campaign of 1840?
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too."
Columbus's attitude toward the Taino or Arawak people and other native people in general was
- Based on his ignorance of native cultural traditions. - Based on the Europeans' assumptions that the natives were inferior to the Europeans. - Disrespectful. **Each statement is accurate.**
Following the arrival of Cortes, the Spanish and Aztecs
- Formed a strong alliance against traditional Aztec enemies. - Were pleased that Moctezuma II had voluntarily submitted to Cortés's authority. - Viewed each other with a mixture of curiosity and caution, which eventually grew to fear and violence. - **Each statement is accurate.**
Scholars know a good deal about the Maya and Aztec because
- Maya and Aztec writers recorded their own events. - Maya and Aztec writers used their native pictoglyphic writing and also later used the Spaniards' Roman alphabet to record their histories. - Remains, other than writing, have supplemented scholarly research. - **Each statement is correct.**
Queen Isabel was motivated to support Columbus's first voyage west because
- She hoped Columbus could get a foothold to trade with the East. - She had money to invest in a venture that would strengthen Spain's position in the world. - She was desperate to prevent her newly unified country from falling into economic dependence. - **Each statement is correct.**
What was President Jackson's response to nullification?
He requested Congress to pass the Force Bill supporting his effort to enforce federal law.
Why did the presidency of John Tyler throw the Whig Party into chaos?
He reverted back to his Democratic roots.
What about don Luis's behavior shocked and scandalized the Spanish Jesuits in 1570?
He took several wives.
How did Miami chieftain Memeskia react when English traders from Pennsylvania reached the Ohio River valley?
He welcomed them because their trade goods were better and cheaper than French goods.
Who proposed the basic framework of the Compromise of 1850?
Henry Clay of Kentucky.
Why did Andrew Jackson appeal to the growing majority of democratic Americans in the election in 1828?
His stance as an outsider and victim of eastern elites.
When a member of an Iroquois clan was lost in battle,
His tribesmen killed or seized a warrior of the offending clan.
What was the most surprising outcome of the presidential election in 1856?
How close the Republican Party came to victory.
For the Dutch, toleration, cultural diversity, amicable relations with Indians, and slavery all served what end?
Profiting through trade.
When the poet William Cullen Bryant described the vacant Illinois prairie in the 1830s, he envisioned
Gardens and cultivated fields.
Those known as Separatists
Gave up on reforming the Church of England.
In colonial America, work was organized by
Gender.
Who did Confederate president Jefferson Davis send to Charleston to seize Fort Sumter and defend the harbor?
General P. G. T. Beauregard.
Who commanded all Union forces when the Civil War began?
General Winfield Scott.
________ was founded as a philanthropic venture and a military-commercial outpost.
Georgia.
Southerners generally agreed that slavery was less efficient than free labor but believed slavery was the only way to
Get work done in an unproductive climate.
Which case decided by the Marshall Court established the federal government's authority over interstate commerce?
Gibbons v. Ogden.
The most successful method of keeping Indian groups pacified was
Gifts of trade goods.
The Columbian Exchange refers to the process by which
Goods, germs, and ideas travel from the Old World to the New World and the New World to the Old World.
Social activity in colonial cities was
Greatly stratified, yet brought people of all classes together.
Justice Roger Brooke Taney ruled that Congress had erred in the Missouri Compromise because that body
Had infringed on the property rights of southerners by banning slavery from the territory.
Puritan families valued
Harmony and order in the home.
What was the theme of Thomas Jefferson's inaugural address?
He attempted to put partisan bitterness of the previous decade to rest.
How did the Spanish King Phillip II react to explorations by France and England?
He established a string of forts.
How did Judge John Marshall use the case of Marbury v. Madison to expand the authority of the Supreme Court?
He established the Court's judicial review to rule on the constitutionality of executive and legislative actions.
What was Andrew Jackson's attitude on the protective tariff in the 1820s?
He favored some level of protectionism.
What crucial difference did General Grant introduce to the Union strategy in 1864?
He kept constant pressure on Lee's and Johnston's armies.
How did Virginia's Governor Lord Dunmore intensify the crisis in the colonies in 1775?
He promised slave runaways from rebels freedom for military service.
What was President Andrew Jackson's reaction to the ruling?
He refused to enforce it.
How did Indians react to the American Revolution?
Overall, more Indians sided with England than with the rebels.
Anthony Johnson, an African who arrived in Virginia in 1621,
Owned slaves.
Under slave codes prevailing in colonial America
Ownership was hereditary and passed from mother to child.
When Henry Hudson's voyage gave the Dutch a claim to the Hudson River area in 1609, what was he actually seeking?
Passage to the Pacific Ocean.
African slavery, because it was based on race, was
Perpetual.
What was Andrew Jackson's primary reason for appointments to federal offices?
Personal loyalty to him.
Why did slave codes assign slaves status as personal property rather than real property?
Personal property management was more flexible.
The bloodless, or Glorious, revolution in 1688
Placed Mary and William, both Protestants, on the throne.
What was the effect of colonial resistance to the Townshend taxes?
Politicization of ordinary men and women grew more intense with each incident.
When England discontinued providing gifts to Indians after the French and Indian War, the result was
Pontiac's Rebellion.
All major cities in colonial America were
Ports or centers for the fur trade.
Choose the correct order in which European nations embraced global colonization:
Portugal—Spain—France—England.
Republicanism represented a growing body of thought on the role of government that believed that
Power is always dangerous and those who wield it must be watched carefully.
Planters in South Carolina
Preferred to live in elegant houses in Charleston than on their plantations.
Why did Confederates open fire on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861?
President Jefferson Davis had to prove his authority.
Who said that the United States was a "singularly happy" nation?
President Martin Van Buren in his inaugural address in 1837.
Medical practices during the Civil War were
Primitive.
British colonies were all
Private ventures financed by individuals or small groups.
Sir Francis Drake is best known as a
Privateer who helped defeat the Spanish Armada.
Why did Carolina's governor complain that slaves were "running dayly" to Florida?
Spaniards paid them wages and introduced them to Catholicism.
Which of the following was not one of the reasons for the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
Spanish colonists were trying to sell Pueblo Indians into slavery.
The Quakers, Baptists, and Methodists
Spoke out against slavery.
Where did migrants gather to begin their journey westward on the Oregon Trail?
St. Joseph, Missouri.
What was the most consistent source of tension in Confederate government?
States' rights.
Who developed the first Anglo colony in Mexican Texas?
Stephen F. Austin.
Because the French and English found no gold or silver in areas they claimed in the New World, they
Stole from the Spanish, who did find gold and silver.
What connected Europeans of the seventeenth century to the island of Barbados?
Sugar grown on the island.
The most profitable commodity produced on North American Spanish plantations in the 1500s was
Sugar.
When the French Revolution began in 1789, most Americans
Supported the revolution, partly because France had helped the United States in its revolution against England.
The Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower were
Supposed to go to the Chesapeake area to help develop Virginia.
British troops sent to Boston in 1768 were
Supposed to maintain order and enforce customs regulations.
Slave rice cultivators commonly worked by the __________, which involved a specific assignment for a day's work.
Task system.
The Great Awakening
Tended to split church membership.
Most English settlers believed
That Indians were incapable of conversion to the English way of life.
As president, Andrew Jackson believed
That he spoke for the nation on all matters.
George Rapp, who also thought the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, believed
That members should amass material wealth to place at Christ's disposal.
What was at stake in the Aroostook War?
Whether timber in the Aroostook Valley belonged to Canada or the United States.
James Oglethorpe hoped his new colony would produce
Wine, olives, and silk.
How was the Fugitive Slave Law received in African American communities in the North?
With terror, because they believed every African American was subject to slavery.
What group provided the "backbone" of the Benevolent Empire?
Women volunteers.
How did the New Middle Class regard gender assignments in society?
Women were gentler and therefore best suited to remain at home.
The vast majority of those accused of witchcraft in New England in the seventeenth century were
Women.
The organization of new political groups such as the Working Men's Party provides evidence that
Workers lacked confidence in existing parties.
Which of the following were England's North American colonies chronically short on?
Workers.
