History 1877- Present EXAM 2
Which statement best describes the U.S. senators who were referred to as "the irreconcilables"?
They opposed the Treaty of Versailles in any form, whether it was amended or not.
The predominant audience of the early movie industry centered in New York City prior to WWI was _____.
immigrants and working-class Americans
Why did the Ku Klux Klan target members of the Roman Catholic Church?
Klan members claimed that Catholics' allegiance to the Pope made them unfit for citizenship
What did Hull House founder Jane Addams mean when she spoke of the "subjective necessity" of settlement houses?
Settlement houses gave educated women an opportunity to connect with the real world
How did the decision reached by the jury in the Scopes "monkey trial" of 1925 affect the teaching of evolution in American public schools?
The struggle over teaching evolution continued as an uneasy stalemate.
Which industry helped transform the city of Houston from a railroad town into a busy metropolis?
oil refining
What characterized the "New Negro" of the 1920s?
an optimistic faith that encouraged African Americans to develop and celebrate their distinctive culture
How did white popular culture in turn-of-the-century America tend to portray African Americans?
as innately inferior to other races
Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon tried to promote general economic growth by _____.
cutting taxes on income and corporate profits
The battle to ban alcohol that took place between opponents of alcohol, known as "pietists" and opponents of prohibition, known as "ritualists" revealed that....
ethnic and cultural divides shaped the debate over alcohol
In the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, what did the federal government do for the first time?
guaranteed the right of American workers to join, or form, independent labor unions.
Theodore Roosevelt liked to preach the virtues of ____.
"the strenuous life"
The effort of the National Municipal League to make city mangement a nonpartisan process was part of the ____ movement.
"good government"
The most prominent leader of the birth control movement was____.
Margaret Sanger
How did major corporations such as Du Pont and General Electric transform themselves economically after the end of WWI?
They began to diversify what they produced to gain more of the consumer market
How did the end of WWI impact American women in the workforce?
Women lost their defense-related jobs to returning soldiers, but more women entered white-collar occupations typically held by females
In his failure to face the facts of the depression, President Herbert Hoover worried more about undermining individual initiative than providing what?
actual relief for victims
During WWI, the purpose of the 75,000 "Four Minute Men" was to ____.
give brief patriotic speeches before stage and movie shows
Between 1890 and WWI, American progressives could be found ____.
in all classes and regions and among all races
Hoover called his concept of a government that would encourage voluntary cooperation among corporations, workers , farmers, and small-business men ______.
the "associative state"
What was one result of the Great Migration that occurred between 1914 and 1920?
African Americans discovered that rigid residential segregation, which became the foundation for urban ghettos, was common in northern cities.
How did consumer-based industries change the everyday lives of Americans?
Canning, chemicals, synthetics, and plastics allowed for new mass-marketed products that were available to millions of Americans.
How was life for workers in western mining communities different from that in other types of company towns?
Conflicts between laborers and mine owners were more violent.
How did General Motors (GM) innovate in the automobile industry so that it could compete strongly with the For Motor Company?
GM organized into separate divisions , each of which appealed to a different market segment.
How did Germany respond to the presence of neutral nations' ships , including those belonging to the United States, when it declared in 1915 that the waters around the British Isles were a war zone?
Germany threatened to sink neutral ships through unrestricted submarine warfare.
How did Dallas dentist Hiram W. Evans transform the Ku Klux Klan when he became the organization's imperial wizard?
He hired professional fund-raisers and paid commissions to those who sponsored new members.
How did Woodrow Wilson respond to British and French pressure to intervene in the revolutionary developments in Russia?
He initially resisted, but then agreed to send about 15,000 American troops into Serbia to control strategically important railway lines there.
How did the women's club movement advance many of the goals set by progressives in the early twentieth century?
It allowed middle-class women to participate in civic activities that addressed issues such as child labor and the problems of working-class women.
How did the response of the Children's Bureau to wartime concerns of working mothers change the role of the federal government in public health?
It led to federal appropriations for clinics for prenatal and obstetrical care.
How did the 1924 National Origins Act limit immigration into the Untied States?
It limited immigration to white Europeans, with quotas for each country of origin
How did the Seventeenth Amendment, which shifted the direct election of U.S. senators from state legislatures to voters, address progressive reform goals?
It made government more responsive to voters
Which statement best synthesizes the historical significance of the rise of modern advertising in the 1920s?
It promoted a therapeutic ethic, suggesting that consumption could contribute to physical and emotional well-being
Although the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 was intended to preserve family farms through irrigation, what was a greater, unexpected impact of this legislation?
It promoted the growth of large-scale agribusiness and western cities.
Which statement accurately describes why the American business community in 1911 was nervous about the future of its investments?
Mexico's new leader, Francisco Madero, had promised economic reform for landless peasants.
Although meant to protect the interests of American farmers, how did the Smoot-Hawley Tariff hurt the global economy?
Other nations raised their own tariffs, which caused world trade to decline sharply.
Why did the United States neither sign the Versailles Treaty nor join the League of Nations?
Republicans under Henry Cabot Lodge made a series of amendments to the treaty, which Wilson and the Democrats rejected.
The Wisconsin Republican who forged a coalition of angry farmers, small businessmen, and workers with his attacks on railroads and large corporations was _____.
Robert M. La Follette
Which statement best describes the reasons for the second New Deal?
Roosevelt feared the loss of electoral support on the left and conservative sabotage in the Supreme Court
Why did the Red Scare hinder the women's movement in the United States at the beginning of the 1920s?
Suffragists and feminists decided to cut ties with radical socialist and labor groups after the government called for "100 percent Americanism" during this crisis.
How did the War Industries Board (WIB) contribute to the expanding regulatory powers held by the federal government during WWI?
The WIB balanced price controls against war profits when dealing with the manufacturing of war materials.
How did the U.S. Supreme Court cases of Ozawa v. United States and United States v. Thind support the anti-immigration movement of the 1920s?
The decisions reached by the Court in these cases created the new racial category of "Asian" and codified the principle of racial exclusion in immigration and naturalization laws.
Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the influenza pandemic of 1918?
The disease highlighted the importance of health policy
Which statement best describes the relationship between American business and the Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s?
The federal government and American business developed a new and closer relationship in which American businessmen had to deal with minimal government regulation.
How did contracting polio prove a turning point in FDR's life?
The privileged Roosevelt learned what it was like to struggle in hardship
How did European nations, including Great Britain, contribute to the global economic crisis after Germany defaulted on its reparation payments to the Allies in the 1920s?
They abandoned the gold standard and devalued their currency relative to the dollar, thus making it more difficult for American businesses to sell their goods abroad.
Which assessment best describes the historical significance of the Espionage and Sedition Acts of June 1917 and May 1918?
They became a convenient vehicle for striking out at socialists, pacifists, and racial labor activists.
How did the war experience change the attitude of young African American men in Harlem in the early 1920s?
They brought home a militant spirit and maturity that gave them the confidence to express their beliefs and sentiments.
How did the National Association of Manufacturers, founded in 1903, try to eradicate unions altogether?
They launched campaigns for an "open shop", in which unions were not allowed.
How did new weapons such as the machine gun affect warfare in WWI?
They led to trench warfare that resulted in unprecedented casualties for all involved.
Which statement best explains why many local businessmen supported the Anti-Saloon League?
They saw a link between alcohol and worker productivity
How did African Americans establish a small middle class of entrepreneurs professionals in southern cities at the turn of the century?
They sold services and products to the black community
How did psychological and social theories of the 1920s interpret the importance of sexuality in the human experience?
They stressed that sex was a positive and healthy impulse that should play a central role in the human experience
What was the primary reason conservative Americans feared the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution that took place in Russia?
This was the first successful revolution against a capitalist state, something that many feared was possible in the United States.
What was one major difference between Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" campaign during the presidential election of 1912?
Wilson did not believe the federal government needed to take on as large a regulatory role as Roosevelt did.
Who paid the production of radio programs in 1920s America?
advertisers
Which statement accurately describes how single-sex clubs brought middle-class women into the public sphere?
by celebrating cooperation, uplift, and service
Controversy over who had control of water rights in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in California resulted in a conflict between _____ during Theodore Roosevelt's administration.
conservationists and preservationists
Which of the following groups was among the New Deal coalition that voted FDR into office in 1936?
white Southern Democrats, unionized workers, and African American voters in the North and West.
By 1933, the share of the American workforce that was unemployed was just over ______.
25%
Why did the United States initially advocate neutrality toward Germany when the Great War broke out in August 1914?
A significant number of German and Irish Americans demonstrated strong support for the Central Powers
How did access to the water of the Colorado River change the social relations of Californians in the Central Valley?
Access to this water system made some large farmers very wealthy but left many Mexican farmworkers unprotected and unorganized.
Why did Mexicans migrate into the United States in the early twentieth century and the 1920s?
Agricultural expansion in the American Southwest brought new employment opportunities
Which of these emerged out of the depression of the 1890s as the strongest and most stable worker's organization?
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
What best describes the role of party machines in urban politics at the turn of the century?
Although these political systems thrived on corruption, they also secured access to services for many immigrant and working-class populations.
What was the group of conservative businessmen established in 1934 that vehemently attacked the administration for what they considered its attack on property rights, the growing welfare state, and decline of personal liberty?
American Liberty League
Progressive reformers looked to the public school primarily as an agent of _____.
Americanization
Which of the following was true of professional baseball in the 1920s?
Banned from Major League Baseball, African Americans created their own leagues such as the National Negro League
Which statement best assesses the historical significance of the Versailles Treaty?
Bitter resentment in Germany over the punitive treaty sowed the seeds for the Nazi rise to power in the 1930s.
To organize public opinion in support of the war, President Woodrow Wilson created the _____.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
How did John Dewey's approach to education reflect the ideals associated with the progressive era?
Dewey advocated developing "creative intelligence" in students, which could then be used to improve society.
Which statement best describes the historical significance of Roosevelt's first one hundred days?
During this period, FDR pushed through Congress an extraordinary number of reform and relief measures
How did the end of WWI affect labor relations in the United States?
Employers withdrew recognition of labor unions as government controls on industry came to an end.
Which statement best describes the historical significance of the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)?
For the first time ever, the labor movement had gained a permanent place in the nation's mass-production industries.
Why did Father Charles Coughlin attack President FDR in his passionate broadcasts from suburban Detroit?
He charged that Roosevelt wanted dictatorial powers that New Deal policies were part of a communist conspiracy.
How did President Roosevelt respond to the challenge of Republican Alfred M. Landon in the 1936 election?
He decried the "economic royalists" who denied that government could protect its citizens in their right to work and live.
How did General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during WWI, create a distinct military community among the soldiers under his leadership?
He insisted that the AEF maintain its own identity, distinct form other Allied army units.
Which statement best explains how President Woodrow Wilson aided the cause of labor during his first term in office?
He supported the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, which exempted unions from antitrust prosecution.
Why did President FDR suggest the appointment of additional justices to the bench of the U.S. Supreme Court for every sitting justice over age 70?
He wanted to ensure that his programs would be upheld by the Supreme Court
Why was President FDR reluctant to challenge racial segregation?
He was worried about offending powerful Southern Democratic congressmen.
What made Herbert Hoover one of the best-known government administrators during WWI?
Hoover headed the Food Administration and successfully persuaded Americans to voluntarily ration food supplies
How did the federal government respond to the soil erosion in the Dust Bowl region?
It altered land-use patterns and restored grasslands
What was the purpose of the 1933 Production Code?
It defined the parameters of what was acceptable to show on-screen in movies.
How did the New Deal enrich the cultural lives of millions of Americans during the Great Depression?
It employed thousands of artists, writers, dancers, and actors and put them to work on a variety of projects
Which statement best summarizes the historical significance of the 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act?
It established the first federally funded health care program
How did the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) affect poor sharecroppers?
It often led to their eviction since prosperous landowners used subsidies to buy more efficient machinery.
Which of these was a weakness of the European alliance system?
It threatened to entangle many nations if war erupted on the European continent.
How did the Woman's Christian Temperance Union try to protect women and children from the abuse of fathers and husbands?
It worked toward ending the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol.
How did the Great Depression and the New Deal impact the Bureau of Reclamation's role and responsibilities within the federal governement?
Its focus shifter from promoting the growth of small farms to building huge multipurpose dams to control entire river systems, such as the Colorado and Columbia rivers.
How were American working women impacted by the Great Depression?
Jobs long associated with women's labor were less affected by unemployment than jobs traditionally held by men.
How were patterns of immigration to the United States in the early twentieth century different from those in the nineteenth century?
Larger numbers of immigrants came to the United States in the early twentieth century, especially from southern and eastern Europe as well as from other areas of the Western Hemisphere
The most important of the Fourteen Points, in Wilson's opinion, was the _____.
League of Nations
How did Depression-era radio impact the world of politics?
Listeners received direct and immediate coverage of national and worldwide political events.
How did Eleanor Roosevelt revolutionize the role of First Lady during her husband's presidential administration?
She transformed a traditional, passive role into one in which she could independently act as a guardian of human lives
In what way was President Taft's foreign policy strategy of business investment in the Western Hemisphere unsuccessful?
Taft still had to send in the navy and Marines to intervene in the political affairs of several Latin American nations.
Why were many African Americans writers drawn to the Communist Party?
The Communist Party militantly opposed lynching, job discrimination, and segregation.
How did the U.S. Supreme Court respond to several cases in which plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?
The Court upheld the government's authority to restrict free speech in times of crisis.
Why did the National Women's Party under the leadership of Alice Paul oppose protective legislation for women during the 1920s?
The NWP claimed that such laws reinforced sex stereotypes
How did the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) most significantly affect the lives of rural Southerners during the Great Depression?
The TVA made electricity available to many rural residents in the South for the first time
How did WWI transform economic relations between the United STates and foreign economic markets?
The United States emerged from WWI as the strongest economic power in the world when it had previously been the world's leading debtor nation.
Why was the heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia on June 28, 1914?
The assassin was a Serbian nationalist who fought for the Serbian annexation of Bosnia.
Which statement best describes the "documentary impulse" among artists and writers during the 1930s?
The works of photographers such as Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans produced powerful images of despair and resignation and of hope and resilience.
What effect did the progressive reformers' approach to the social ills of prostitution have on the sex trade?
Their anti-vice crusades closed red-light districts and brothels but pushed prostitution into the street.
How did New Deal programs, such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Public Works Administration (PWA), support African Americans during the Depression?
These agencies constructed integrated housing complexes and hired a higher-than-average percentage of African American workers.
The right to hold a popular vote on proposed legislation is called _____.
a referendum
How did President Wilson win over many Americans who had been reluctant to support U.S. entry into WWI?
by defining the war as a moral crusade
Most Jewish immigrants were different from other groups of people who immigrated to the United States during the early twentieth century because they _____.
came to the United States with the intention of living here permanently
Which sectors of American industry suffered during the 1920s?
coal mines and textiles
Which of the following did President Woodrow Wilson see as crcial to long-term American economic growth?
free trade
What common goals united the very diverse programs that made up the New Deal?
relief, reform, and recovery
Photos taken and published by Jacob Riis in his book 'How the Other Half Lives' advanced progressive goals most closely associated with _____.
promoting urban reform
Progressives tended to see society's problems as _____.
structural in nature
Even before the 1929 stock market crash, what was the most important factor that predicted an imminent economic collapse of the American economy?
the unequal distribution of income that resulted in a concentrated amount of wealth in the control of a small percentage of Americans
What was the major reason the United States constructed the Panama Canal?
to give the United States strategic and commercial advantages in the Western Hemisphere by connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
What was the purpose of the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
to prevent European armed intervention in the Western Hemisphere
During the 1920s in the United States, large corporations began to employ a new strategy toward labor, known as _____.
welfare capitalism
