History chapter 13 study guide

Charted Companies

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Muscovy

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination.

Which of the following was not a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves while African buyers preferred female slaves? a. Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to continuation of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. b. The practice of polygyny was reinforced in Africa. c. Women slaves contributed to the production of grain, cotton, and leather in African societies. d. Slave-catchers in Africa targeted men more than they did women. e. Gender imbalances in Africa allowed women in some societies to assert power through numbers.

Slave-catchers in Africa targeted men more than they did women.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the largest group of immigrants to then Americas came from: a. Africa. b. China. c. England. d. Portugal. e. the Netherlands.

a. Africa

Which country emerged as the world's strongest colonial power after the Seven Years' War? a. Great Britain b. France c. Portugal d. Russia e. the Netherlands

a. Great Britain

Why did the success of the Mughal Empire's administrative strategy result in challenges to its control of the empire? a. The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites allowed the local elites to become more autonomous. b. The policy of religious toleration encouraged fighting among representatives of different religions. c. The need to fund a large military drained the empire's treasury, making it vulnerable. d. The growth of trade networks provided luxuries to the Mughal court but gave Europeans an opening to assert control in India. e. Peasant revolts against the monetary economy undermined the empire's tax base.

a. The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites allowed the local elites to become more autonomous

What role did Tokugawa Japan's semi-independent "vassal" islands play for Japanese society as a whole? a. They served as buffers that helped to define the identity of those who lived in Japan. b. They served as laboratories for administrative innovations. c. They provided a tax base for Tokugawa expansion. d. They were a convenient place to direct foreign traders. e. They were the scene of intense negotiations between Japan and China.

a. They served as buffers that helped to define the identity of those who lived in Japan.

What kind of ruler was Japan's emperor? a. a figurehead with minimal real authority b. a strong and despotic leader c. a cosmopolitan, tolerant emperor d. the mouthpiece of Japan's state church e. a military leader

a. a figurehead with minimal real authority

Which of the following was not a source of wealth found by European colonizers in the Americas? a. silks and porcelains b. silver c. furs d. fertile land for crops e. gold

a. silks and porcelains

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought to establish a monopoly over the trade in: a. spices. b. silk. c. slaves. d. sandalwood. e. silver

a. spices.

Which country's merchants were known as "universal carriers" during the seventeenth century? a. the Netherlands b. Spain c. France d. England e. Portugal

a. the Netherlands

One consequence of the political and economic disorder in the seventeenth-century Ottoman Empire was: a. the emergence of breakaway provinces such as Mamluk Egypt. b. the increased influence of Europeans in Ottoman politics. c. the choice by the Ottoman sultans to isolate themselves from world commerce. d. the development of an Ottoman presence in the Indian Ocean trade network. e. a civil war in the Ottoman heartland.

a. the emergence of breakaway provinces such as Mamluk Egypt.

An important topic among French and English political writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was: a. the relative power of the state and the people. b. the abolition of slavery. c. the importance of religious uniformity. d. the role of women in society. e. the efficiency of chartered companies.

a. the relative power of the state and the people

The short life expectancy of African slaves working on plantations in the Caribbean was due to all of the following except: a. their lack of immunity to New World diseases. b. lack of food. c. poor sanitation and generally bad living conditions. d. owners' belief that slaves were "nonhumans." e. overwork and exhaustion.

a. their lack of immunity to New World diseases

One reason that English monarchs did not establish an absolutist regime was: a. they were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds. b. England was religiously unified, removing an issue that allowed monarchs to discredit their opponents. c. they were content to rule in concert with Parliament. d. they did not control patronage in England. e. they feared the criticism of participants in England's coffeehouse culture

a. they were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds

What was the political goal of Doña Beatriz Kimpa Vita's claim to have received visions from St. Anthony? a. to end the Kongolese civil war and restore unity to the kingdom b. to take control of the Atlantic slave trade from Kongo c. to assume political power as Kongo's queen mother d. to end Kongolese participation in the Atlantic slave trade e. to take control of the Kongolese Catholic Church

a. to end the Kongolese civil war and restore unity to the kingdom

What export crop allowed the English colony of Virginia to become profitable? a. tobacco b. cotton c. rice d. sugar e. flax

a. tobacco

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

The group that took advantage of the collapse of the Ming dynasty in the seventeenth century to establish the Qing dynasty came from: a. Mongolia. b. Manchuria. c. Japan. d. Tibet. e. Russia.

b. Manchuria

The system of government established by the Romanov dynasty in seventeenth-century Russia was: a. democratic. b. absolutist. c. egalitarian. d. localized. e. theocratic

b. absolutist.

How did the commercial network run by the Ekpe Society in West Africa enforce the delivery of promised slaves by traders? a. suing traders who didn't deliver slaves they had promised b. holding pawns who, if traders didn't deliver, would be sold instead of the missing slaves c. sending their enforcers after traders who didn't deliver slaves d. paying bonuses to traders who brought back more slaves than they had promised to deliver e. calling on European traders for backup

b. holding pawns who, if traders didn't deliver, would be sold instead of the missing slaves

African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement through all of the following except: a. engaging in violent revolts b. killing their children so they wouldn't have to live as slaves c. sabotage d. fleeing from the plantations into remote regions e. foot-dragging

b. killing their children so they wouldn't have to live as slaves

The "Canton system": a. allowed no official trade between Chinese and European merchants. b. only allowed European merchants to trade in the Chinese port of Canton. c. required European merchants to check in at Canton before proceeding into China to trade. d. only allowed Dutch merchants to trade with China. e. forced European traders to offer silver in exchange for Chinese trade goods.

b. only allowed European merchants to trade in the Chinese port of Canton.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean was: a. six months. b. three years. c. ten years. d. fifteen years. e. thirty years.

b. three years

Mercantilist thinkers believed that the purpose of colonies was: a. to encourage international cooperation through free trade. b. to enrich their European motherlands. c. to add to the glory and prestige of monarchs. d. to act as laboratories in which new methods of administration could be tested. e. to allow merchants to profit by diversifying their economic investments.

b. to enrich their European motherlands

The expansion of the Russian Empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries took place primarily in _______. a. China b. Persia c. Siberia d. Korea e. Japan

c. Siberia

Why did the Tokugawa shoguns limit foreign traders' access to Japan? a. They didn't have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies. b. They feared that European technology would destabilize Japan. c. They feared that the growth of trade would orient commercial activity away from the capital. d. They wanted to prevent Christian missionaries from gaining a foothold in Japan. e. They wanted to prevent Europeans from making alliances with regional leaders.

c. They feared that the growth of trade would orient commercial activity away from the capital.

During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal empires but also led to: a. great pandemics. b. widespread famine. c. a decline in central control. d. the loss of political independence. e. reliance on slavery as a source of prosperity.

c. a decline in central control.

How did sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europeans change Southeast Asian social structures? a. by attempting to convert masses of people to Christianity b. by conquering indigenous empires c. by replacing established trade routes with new ones serving European interests d. by immigrating into the region in large numbers e. by infecting the region with new, virulent diseases

c. by replacing established trade routes with new ones serving European interests

Which of the following best describes the relationship that developed between French colonists and Native Americans during the seventeenth century? a. enslavement and forced Indian participation in the fur trade b. wars that displaced native peoples from their homelands c. cooperation and French dependence on Indian knowledge d. devastation of Indian peoples by a fresh round of epidemic diseases e. French-English alliance against Native Americans

c. cooperation and French dependence on Indian knowledge

Access to what natural resource allowed the Asante kingdom to begin its growth and development? a. slaves b. iron c. gold d. hardwoods e. ivory

c. gold

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which institution best symbolized the globalization of commerce and commodities? a. the tavern b. the bazaar c. the coffeehouse d. the warehouse e. the castle

c. the coffeehouse

Which European trade good had the greatest destabilizing effect on Africa? a. liquor b. cloth c. weapons d. books e. silver

c. weapons

Who was the Mughal emperor who abandoned the empire's policy of religious toleration? a. Akbar b. Asoka c. Babur d. Aurangzeb e. Ranjit Singh

d. Aurangzeb

English Protestant refugees founded which North American colony? a. Florida b. Virginia c. Barbados d. Massachusetts Bay e. Quebec

d. Massachusetts Bay

Which of the following was not a consequence of the Thirty Years' War? a. Protestant and Catholic states recognized that they would have to coexist in Europe. b. The human and material costs of warfare soared. c. The populations of Germany and Poland were decimated. d. Russia emerged as a great European power. e. Large, centralized states increased their power

d. Russia emerged as a great European power

All of the following were destinations for slaves captured in sub-Saharan Africa except: a. North Africa. b. the Ottoman Empire. c. the Americas. d. Siberia. e. the Middle East

d. Siberia.

English colonial expansion was distinctive because of its high reliance on which of the following strategies? a. control of native labor b. development of strong relationships with indigenous people c. defiance of mercantile principles by carrying other countries' cargo d. emphasis on land ownership, pushing indigenous people off of desirable land e. importing of slave labor into colonies

d. emphasis on land ownership, pushing indigenous people off of desirable land

The Atlantic crossing experienced by African slaves can best be characterized as: a. speedy and efficient. b. scary and intriguing. c. healthful and informative. d. horrifying and deadly. e. peaceful and calm

d. horrifying and deadly.

What was the Mughal emperors' major source of revenue? a. foreign trade b. the textile industry c. the spice trade d. land rents e. tribute from conquered peoples

d. land rents

The economic philosophy that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another was known as _______. a. capitalism b. absolutism c. monetarism d. mercantilism e. laissez-faire

d. mercantilism

The enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century resulted in: a. the growth of chartered companies. b. the imposition of serfdom on English peasants. c. a decline in agricultural productivity. d. the commercialization of agriculture. e. a renaissance in peasant agricultural practices.

d. the commercialization of agriculture

All of the following contributed to economic growth in seventeenth-century Europe except: a. improved systems of crop rotation. b. aggressive state policies that promoted national industries and drove out competitors. c. perfecting the use of monopoly trading companies to organize commerce. d. the growth of efficient systems of mechanized production. e. the shift from peasant-based agriculture to market-based agriculture.

d. the growth of efficient systems of mechanized production

Which of the following did not contribute to the decline of the Safavid Empire? a. weak rulers b. the shift of trade routes away from Persia c. invasion by Afghan forces d. the presence of Europeans at court e. tribal uprisings

d. the presence of Europeans at court

Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable? a. the nobility b. the clergy c. the queen d. the people e. God

e. God

_______ destabilized the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century. a. European invaders b. Epidemics c. Mughal invaders d. Missionaries e. Inflation

e. Inflation

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa? a. They traveled through the continent, capturing and enslaving people. b. They introduced the idea of slavery to Africa for the first time. c. They encouraged African states to fight civil wars that would destabilize them. d. They hired African mercenaries to capture and enslave people. e. They depended on indigenous political and trading networks that brought slaves to the coasts

e. They depended on indigenous political and trading networks that brought slaves to the coasts

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce? a. They invented mercantilism. b. They hired mercenaries to attack other countries' shipping. c. They encouraged the monetization of European economies by importing large quantities of silver and gold. d. They researched how shipping technologies could be improved, reducing the cost of transporting goods. e. They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes

e. They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

Regional ruling households in sixteenth-century Japan were known as _______. a. samurai b. shoguns c. wokou d. shinto e. daimyo

e. daimyo

The French empire in seventeenth-century North America profited from which commodity? a. silver b. tobacco c. gold d. indigo e. furs

e. furs

All of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty except: a. their adaptation to local customs and traditions to govern the Chinese people. b. their presentation of themselves as upholders of familial values and Chinese civilization. c. their administrative efficiency. d. their expansion of China's territory. e. their welcoming of Europeans into Chinese territory.

e. their welcoming of Europeans into Chinese territory.

African slavers used all of the following tactics to acquire slaves except: a. kidnapping. b. selling pawns. c. organized military campaigns. d. barter. e. tricking people into going aboard slave ships.

e. tricking people into going aboard slave ships.

In general, the slave trade helped to shift wealth toward which African social group? a. village elders b. rural farmers c. female power brokers d. religious leaders e. urban merchants

e. urban merchants

Canton System

restricted all foreign trade to the port of Canton (trading season)