History
The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions? Answer A: Africa Answer B: The Caribbean Answer C: Russia Answer D: South America
Answer A: Africa
Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? Answer A: Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. Answer B: Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. Answer C: African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. Answer D: African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.
Answer A: Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.
Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century? Answer A: Increases in global interactions Answer B: Resurgence of religious piety Answer C: Rejection of indigenous traditions Answer D: Adoption of local religions by colonizers
Answer A: Increases in global interactions
*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ? Answer A: Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. Answer B: Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected. Answer C: The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions. Answer D: Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.
Answer A: Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.
Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s? Answer A: It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. Answer B: It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. Answer C: It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. Answer D: It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.
Answer A: It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy.
Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? Answer A: Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology Answer B: Lack of European interest in African goods Answer C: Directives from the pope to limit trade between Christians and Africans Answer D Fear of death from tropical diseases
Answer A: Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? Answer A: Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa Answer B: The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia Answer C: The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas Answer D: European imports of sugar and tobacco
Answer A: Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa
The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800? Answer A: Sugarcane Answer B: Potatoes Answer C: Cattle Answer D: Tobacco
Answer A: Sugarcane
"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Answer A: The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. Answer B: Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. Answer C: Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China. Answer D: The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered.
Answer A: The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.
The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following? Answer A: The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state Answer B: Indian artisans producing artistic works for export markets Answer C: The increased sponsorship of artists by new economic elites Answer D: Jahangir's creation of a syncretic belief system incorporating Christianity and Islam
Answer A: The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state
Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) primarily because they Answer A: needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean Answer B: were concerned that the Western Hemisphere's native peoples be treated humanely by the European conquerors Answer C: needed to agree on the official languages for Central and South America in order to keep out English and French Answer D: wanted to protect the existing religions in South Asia and the Western Hemisphere Answer E: did not wish to disrupt the plant and animal life of the Western Hemisphere with the introduction of foreign species
Answer A: needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean
"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. Answer A: The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. Answer B: Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. Answer C: Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. Answer D: The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.
Answer A: The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following? Answer A: The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor Answer B: The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence Answer C: The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery Answer D: The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé
Answer A: The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor
Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? Answer A: The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians Answer B: The desire to spread democracy Answer C: The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies Answer D: The need for industrial resources
Answer A: The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians
"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? Answer A: The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. Answer B: The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. Answer C: Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China. Answer D: The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.
Answer A: The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.
Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? Answer A: The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole Answer B: The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas Answer C: New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans Answer D: The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus
Answer A: The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole
*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? Answer A: Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. Answer B: European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. Answer C: Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants. Answer D: European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.
Answer A: Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods
The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by increased production of cash crops like sugar Answer A: increased production of cash crops like sugar Answer B: growth of silver mining in New Spain Answer C: industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton Answer D: African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods
Answer A: increased production of cash crops like sugar
"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China Answer A: shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China Answer B: marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade Answer C: was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution Answer D: relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing
Answer A: shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China
"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to Answer A: suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups Answer B: grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects Answer C: provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration Answer D: promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict
Answer A: suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups
During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was the demand for weapons among African elites Answer A: the demand for weapons among African elites Answer B: bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners Answer C: the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network Answer D: the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas
Answer A: the demand for weapons among African elites
Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire? Answer A: A political-economic-social system that recognized equality of all citizens Answer B: A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority Answer C: A government based on an examination system Answer D: A social and political system that sought to value equally its Islamic, Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist populations Answer E: The rule of a Hindu majority over a Buddhist minority
Answer B: A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority
Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? Answer A: The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. Answer B: Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. Answer C: Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. Answer D: Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.
Answer B: Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.? Answer A: Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest. Answer B: Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity. Answer C: Amerindians' resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions. Answer D: Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs and practices.
Answer B: Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.
Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.? Answer A: Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes. Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. Answer B: Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. Answer C: Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes. Answer D: Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.
Answer B: Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods.
In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? Answer A: Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. Answer B: Buddhism spread widely in Africa. Answer C: Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. Answer D: Splits in Islam became less intense.
Answer C: Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following? Answer A: The Spanish authorities' preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments Answer B: The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity Answer C: The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest Answer D: The disappearance of the Amerindian population due to the spread of infectious Eurasian diseases
Answer C: The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest
"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? Answer A: Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription Answer B: Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity Answer C: Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule Answer D: Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation
Answer B: Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity
Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century? Answer A: Both focused on porcelain manufacturing. Answer B: Both incorporated forced labor. Answer C: Both redistributed land to peasants. Answer D: Both produced grain for the European market. Answer E: Both focused on small farm-to-market agriculture
Answer B: Both incorporated forced labor.
Letters written by Franciscan friars Pictorial records of the Mexica Statues produced by local artists in New Spain Histories written in Spanish and Nahuatl A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics? Answer A: The process of introducing the encomienda system Answer B: How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians Answer C: Conflicts between the Jesuits and the Franciscans Answer D: The extent of the decline of the Amerindian population
Answer B: How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians
Commander Cotton's reaction to the events in Jamaica, in the notice above, might best be understood in the context of which of the following? Answer A: The expansion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade across the Caribbean Answer B: Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority Answer C: Growing profitability of plantation slavery in the Americas Answer D: The waning influence of religious ideas and millenarianism in nationalist conflicts
Answer B: Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority
*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that Answer A: salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth Answer B: Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces Answer C: because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation D: Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him
Answer B: Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces
The map above illustrates which of the following? Answer A: The most frequent destinations for African emigrants of the twentieth century Answer B: Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries Answer C: Proportional flows of African agricultural commodities during the nineteenth century Answer D: Winds and water currents that affected trans-Atlantic and trans-Saharan trade
Answer B: Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries
"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The Portuguese presence in southern China as described in the passage was most directly enabled by which of the following? Answer A: The declining role of Muslim and Jewish merchants in transporting goods within Asia Answer B: Technological developments in cartography and navigation Answer C: Improvements in silver-mining technology Answer D: The creation of laissez-faire state policies
Answer B: Technological developments in cartography and navigation
*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century? Answer A: The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange Answer B: The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies Answer C: Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills Answer D: Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive tropical diseases
Answer B: The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies
"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556 Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? Answer A: The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic Answer B: The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy Answer C: The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins A: The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas
Answer B: The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The judge's decision in the case is best understood in the context of colonial authorities' policy of Answer A: encouraging the spread of indigenous Christian practices, such as the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe Answer B: ensuring that intercommunal conflicts were brought under control before they could disrupt public order Answer C: maintaining the continued inflow of coerced labor through the asiento system Answer D: favoring Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in official appointments and promotions
Answer B: ensuring that intercommunal conflicts were brought under control before they could disrupt public order
Most agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire were slaves Answer A: slaves Answer B: free peasants Answer C: serfs Answer D: sharecroppers Answer D: indentured servants
Answer B: free peasants
"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the u of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity Answer A: in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity Answer B: in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states Answer C: in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity Answer D: in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity
Answer B: in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states
The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of cotton Answer A: cotton Answer B: sugar Answer C: tobacco Answer D: rice Answer E: coffee
Answer B: sugar
"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 As described in the second paragraph, the arguments made by the supporters of the opium trade were most similar to the arguments made in the early nineteenth century by supporters of the continued use of artisanal and craft production, as opposed to the factory system Answer A: artisanal and craft production, as opposed to the factory system Answer B: mercantilist trade practices, as opposed to free trade Answer C: African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas Answer D: women's and children's labor in the production of luxury goods in Chinese households
Answer C: African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas
Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ? Answer A: Japanese fleets gained control over most Pacific Ocean trade routes. Answer B: European manufactured goods came to dominate trans-Saharan trade. Answer C: Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade. Answer D: Silk Road trade routes came under the control of Mongol rulers.
Answer C: Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.
The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750? Answer A: The spread of Ethiopian cultural traditions in West Africa Answer B: The influence of the Columbian Exchange on artistic traditions Answer C: The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread Answer D: The intensification of pre-existing religious conflicts and rivalries
Answer C: The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported? Answer A: He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico. Answer B: He was an opponent of the practice of slavery. Answer C: He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors. Answer D: He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.
Answer C: He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors.
Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? Answer A: Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. Answer B: Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. Answer C: Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. Answer D: Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.
Answer C: Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.
[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following can be inferred about the economic hierarchy in San Juan Peribán? Mulattoes and mestizos had no property rights and worked as tenant farmers on creole-owned plantations. Answer A: Mulattoes and mestizos had no property rights and worked as tenant farmers on creole-owned plantations. Answer B: Creoles were predominantly employed in commerce and administration, whereas mulattoes and mestizos were predominantly employed in agriculture. Answer C: Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant. Answer D: Creoles were being outcompeted economically by their mulatto and mestizo counterparts and were becoming impoverished as a result.
Answer C: Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant.
"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. Answer A: Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. Answer B: Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. Answer C: Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. Answer D: The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.
Answer C: Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief? Answer A: Amerindian groups in the American Southwest converted to Catholicism after Spanish missionaries arrived. Answer B: A Peruvian native wrote a letter to the king of Spain asking for his protection from Spanish diseases. Answer C: Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity. Answer D: An eighteenth-century African American poet and slave remembered little of her native religion, despite having been born in Senegal.
Answer C: Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity.
A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600—1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade? Answer A: Census and tax records of European settlers in the Americas Answer B: Legal regulations pertaining to enslaved and freed Africans in British colonies Answer C: Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade Answer D: pamphlets published by antislavery societies
Answer C: Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade
*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? Answer A: The establishment of plantation economies Answer B: The spread of printing-press technology Answer C: The development of trading-post empires Answer D: The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire
Answer C: The development of trading-post empires
"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver Answer A: The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver Answer B: American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia Answer C: The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas Answer D: The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
Answer C: The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas
"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies Answer A: The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies Answer B: The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration Answer C: The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas Answer D: The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts
Answer C: The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? Answer A: To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice Answer B: To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states Answer C: To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year Answer D: To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society
Answer C: To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year
In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions? Southern Europe Answer A: Southern Europe Answer B: Northern Europe Answer C: Western Africa Answer D: East Asia
Answer C: Western Africa
The economies of the southern colonies of colonial British America developed most like colonial economies in Answer A: Canada Answer B: the Dutch East Indies Answer C: the Caribbean and Brazil Answer D: Ireland and Scotland Answer E: Massachusetts and New York
Answer C: the Caribbean and Brazil
All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast Answer A: the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast Answer B: destabilization of local African societies Answer C: the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market Answer D: increased violence through widespread use of firearms
Answer C: the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market
Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics? Answer A: Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance. Answer B: Both empires formally restricted foreign trade. Answer C: Both empires were ruled by a single religious official. Answer D: Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.
Answer D: Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.
Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Answer A: Both relied heavily on maritime trade as a source of material goods. Answer B: Both successfully resisted pressure from industrialized powers. Answer C: Both were heavily influenced by the intellectual work of Jesuit missionaries. Answer D: Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.
Answer D: Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.
"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ? Answer A: Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires. Answer B: Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. Answer C: Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. Answer D: Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.
Answer D: Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.
In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation? Answer A: Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China. Answer B: European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of military force. Answer C: Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region. Answer D: European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.
Answer D: European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.
*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions? Answer A: Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control. Answer B: Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anti colonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles. Answer C: Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans. Answer D: Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.
Answer D: Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.
Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? Answer A: The Atlantic basin Answer B: The Mediterranean basin Answer C: The Indian Ocean Answer D: Oceania
Answer D: Oceania
During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? Answer A: Salt Answer B: Tea Answer C: Opium Answer D: Silver
Answer D: Silver
Which of the following was the most important factor in the development of new long-distance maritime commercial patterns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Answer A: The decline of the Mediterranean trade networks in the aftermath of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople Answer B: The emergence of North America as a major grain exporting center Answer C: The abandonment of mercantilist policies in favor of free trade by most European nations Answer D: The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas
Answer D: The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas
Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? Answer A: The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs were. Answer B: Spanish tolerance of Aztec religion and culture weakened Aztec resistance. Answer C: The Spanish were able to exploit the poverty in the Aztec Empire which caused a revolt of Aztec farmers against the Aztec ruling class.. Answer D: The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. Answer E: The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.
Answer D: The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs.
Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies? The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants Answer A: The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants Answer B: The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals Answer C: The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease Answer D: The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies
Answer D: The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies
In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes? The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants Answer A: The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants Answer B: Portuguese loss of colonial holdings in the Indian Ocean Answer C: The rapid natural increase of Brazil's early slave population Answer D: The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar
Answer D: The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar
"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ? Answer A: The persistent spread of epidemic diseases Answer B: The continuing impoverishment of indigenous populations resulting from agricultural transfers Answer C: The increase in armed conflict resulting from state rivalries over control of trade routes Answer D: The increasing expansion and centralization of state power
Answer D: The increasing expansion and centralization of state power
Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ? Answer A: The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable Answer B: Colonial government policies in Europe that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals Answer C: International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas Answer D: The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
Answer D: The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
The images below were created by indigenous artists and depict the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, with Doña Marina as the interpreter. The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750 ? Answer A: The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power Answer B: The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion Answer C: The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy Answer D: The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles
Answer D: The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles
Which of the following best describes patriarchal gender systems? Answer A: Women are not allowed to work. Answer B: Women are confined to the home. Answer C: Women can be bought and sold. Answer D: Women are inferiors and must be protected by men. Answer E: Women are not allowed by men to serve as political rulers.
Answer D: Women are inferiors and must be protected by men.
Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by Answer A: military conquests of large territories administered as military states Answer B: intense colonization and settlement of large areas Answer C: active international interaction through trade and diplomacy Answer D: coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements Answer E: frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples
Answer D: coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements
During the period 1600—1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that Answer A: promoted trade and expansion Answer B: encouraged emigration and colonization Answer C: opened their countries to European merchants Answer D: regulated interactions with foreigners Answer E: led to wars involving all of East Asia
Answer D: regulated interactions with foreigners
All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT African forms of religious observance Answer A: African forms of religious observance Answer B: African musical forms Answer C: knowledge of how to grow African crops Answer D: African folklore Answer E: African monetary systems
Answer E: African monetary systems
Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century? Answer A: There was little effect for most people. Answer B: People of African descent were not affected, but Latin American Indians continued to suffer discrimination. Answer C: Marriage alliances among all classes and castes eliminated the effect of all three. Answer D: Large numbers of people of color migrated to the newly "Reconstructed" southern United States. Answer E: There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.
Answer E: There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the Answer A: Asian demand for luxury goods Answer B: European use of steam power Answer C: high demand for European agricultural produce in China and India Answer D: lower prices of European manufactured products Answer E: opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
Answer E: opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
