History

Here is a helpful outline of the history of Psychology:

- Philosophers (Descartes, Hobbs, Locke, Berkeley) - Sensory-Physiologists (Bell-Magendi, Mueller, Helmholtz, Weber-Fechner) - Structuralists (Wundt and Titchner) - Functionalists (James, Thorndike, Cattel) - Behaviorist (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Hill, and Tolman) - Gestalt (Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka) - Clinical (Freud, Jung, Alder)

Organize in chronological order from earliest to latest, based on when each became popular: Sociocultural approach Behavioral approach Humanistic approach

- The behavioral approach became popular in the early 20th century with Pavlov's research - The humanistic approach came about in the mid-20th century in opposition to Behaviorism - Lastly, the sociocultural approach grew toward the end of the century as there were more interactions between different cultures

Why is psychology a scientific study?

- Uses empirical data to disprove hypotheses - Describes, predicts, and explains behavior and mental processes - Systematic collection and observation of data

Name two psychologists who associate with the humanistic approach.

1. Abraham Maslow 2. Carl Rogers

Other than Sigmund Freud, name four psychologists who associate with the psychoanalytic perspective.

1. Carl Jung 2. Alfred Adler 3. Karen Horney 4. Heinz Kohut

Name three Ancient Greeks who were philosophers who also discussed psychological concepts.

1. Socrates 2. Plato 3. Aristotle

What are the six basic things to know about Piaget (with more details to follow in the Lifespan Developmental Psychology deck)?

1. The child's interaction with the physical world leads to logical cognition 2. He has a stage theory and going through the stages leads to qualitative changes in the way you reason 2. Universal: everyone develops the same way and culture has only a small role 4. The mind is active 5. Functional part of his theory has assimilation and accommodation 6. Structural part of his theory has schemes and operations

Name three of the earliest functionalists.

1. William James 2. James Cattell 3. John Dewey

Define: eugenics

A biological plan based loosely on genetics that hoped to selectively breed human beings to create the perfect human

_____, and many other cognitive psychologists, believed that mental illness comes from bad thinking patterns, which must be treated with cognitive therapy.

Aaron Beck

_____ was a student of Sigmund Freud who created individual psychology, the idea of the inferiority complex, and a four-type personality system.

Alfred Adler

_____ was a Viennese scientist who was the first to use hypnotism (which he called _____) to cure mental illness.

Anton Mesmer; Mesmerism Braid, Charcot, and Freud were other pioneering users of hypnosis and hypnotic techniques.

Who is the psychologist behind operant conditioning of rats and pigeons?

B.F. Skinner

Which psychological approach does this statement reflect? Behavior results from learning through experience.

Behavioral

Technological advances and physiological research formed the basis of the _____ approach.

Biological The biological approach is also known as biopsychology or neuroscience.

Which psychologist split from Sigmund Freud to go on to create analytic psychology?

Carl Gustav Jung

Who created a new form of therapy called client-centered therapy that employed unconditional positive regard?

Carl Rogers

Who was the inspiration behind the evolutionary approach to psychology?

Charles Darwin Darwin's theory of natural selection said all creatures have evolved over time in order to survive and reproduce.

According to the biological perspective, behavior is related to the _____ processes within the nervous and endocrine systems.

Chemical

The mechanistic behavioral equation Performance = Drive x Habit is best associated with ______.

Clark Hull

In the 1940s, psychology moved away from research and toward the practical treatment of mental illness, which was especially apparent in the emerging field of _____.

Clinical psychology

The structuralists studied consciousness, thinking, and memory. This area of psychology is currently known as _____.

Cognition

Which psychological approach focuses on thinking, language, and how humans receive, store, and process information?

Cognitive

Erik Erikson proposed an eight stage model of development that included a _____ in order to transition to the next stage.

Crisis

Who was one of the founders of the American movement ro provide better care for the mentally ill?

Dorothea Lynde Nix

Who created the law of effect, which eventually led to operant conditioning?

Edward Thorndike

_____ was the inventor of structuralism, and he also used introspection to examine consciousness.

Edward Titchener

Which behaviorist believed that learning is acquired through purposeful behavior, which he demonstrated by running rats through mazes?

Edward Tolman

Which psychological approach does this statement reflect? Behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction are naturally selected.

Evolutionary

Gustav Fechner can be considered the founder of _____ because of his use of empirical techniques to study psychological phenomena.

Experimental psychology

Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?

First female president of the American Psychological Association (APA)

Phrenology, the "science" that proposed people's personalities were based on their skull shape, was created by _____.

Franz Joseph Gall

Define functionalism as it relates to psychology.

Functionalism was the school of thought that was a reaction to structuralism. Functionalism studies how the mind adapts to its environment. Functionalism was interested in individual differences, whereas structuralism was interested in groups of people.

Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka were _____ psychologists.

Gestalt

What is the key premise in Gestalt psychology?

Gestalt psychology stresses that the whole process should be studied, rather than specific parts. - Gestalt psychology was a reaction to structuralism - While structuralism seeks to study the elements that make up consciousness, Gestalt psychology stresses the idea that the "whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

Who was Konrad Lorenz?

He was one of the founders of ethology who also did extensive research with duckling imprinting.

Which psychologist based his work on the now-discredited evolutionary work of Lamarck, and suggested that different races passed on their intelligence to future generations?

Herbert Spencer

Who was one of the founders of our current psychology of perception?

Hermann von Helmholtz

_____, unlike behaviorists, believe free will guides behavior and leads to personal growth.

Humanists

Define dualism as it relates to psychology

Idea that the mind and brain are separate entities that interact. When you think of Dualism you should think of Descartes, who said "I think therefore I am" (Cogito ergo sum).

_____ was an Enlightenment-era thinker who believed we were active shapers of our own worlds with inborn traits that skew our perceptions.

Immanuel Kant

Define: introspection

Introspection is the process whereby observers look inward and objectively analyze their sensory experience.

How did William James contribute to functionalism?

James published psychology's first textbook, called The Principles of Psychology, from a functionalist perspective.

Who first studied the cognitive development of children?

Jean Piaget

Who wrote "Elements of Physiology," a book that suggested the existence of special nerve energies?

Johannes Muller - his theory suggested that nerves will always fire the same way, despite different types of stimulation.

Who did his psychological work on the reflex arc, which proposed that animals always adapt to their environments, rather than respond to stimuli with concrete responses?

John Dewey

_____ believed that thought and knowledge are innate and that a human being is born as a tabula rasa.

John Locke

_____ was the first woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology.

Margaret Floy Washburn

_____ are defined as internal experiences, including feelings and thoughts.

Mental processes

Plato and Descartes, believers in dualism, are on the side of _____ in the nature vs. nurture controversy.

Nature Descartes believed knowledge was innate and the pineal gland was considered the mind.

Aristotle, Hobbes, and Locke (believers in monism), are on the side of _____ in the nature vs. nurture controversy.

Nurture Locke's "tabula rasa" translates to "blank slate" suggesting that knowledge is learned through experience.

Define behavior as it relates to psychology.

Observable actions

Where do behavioral geneticists believe behavior comes from?

Particular behaviors are attributed to genetically-based psychological characteristics

Describe Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments.

Pavlov, an early behaviorist, in his famous classical conditioning experiment, trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a bell.

According to psychoanalysis, early life experiences are related to the development of one's _____ later in life.

Personality

Psychology grew out of which disciple(s) in Ancient Greece?

Philosophy, physiology, and biology

The _____ approach studies unconscious motives, while the biological approach studies chemical processes.

Psychoanalytic The psychoanalytic approach is also known as the psychodynamic approach.

Define: repression

Psychoanalytic term for burying information in the subconscious

Define: humanism

Psychological perspective that believes humans have unique qualities of behavior that differ from other organisms

Define: Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Which Scientific Revolution-era thinker discussed mind-body dualism in his philosophical writings?

Rene Descartes

What is behavior modification?

Set of techniques to help individuals unlearn habits that have led to psychological problems.

Who is the father of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Who was the first psychologist to use statistics in psychological research, as well as the inventor of the correlation coefficient?

Sir Francis Galton

Which psychological approach does this statement reflect? People from different cultures interpret gestures, body language, and verbal language differently.

Sociocultural These psychologists study how cultural differences affect behavior.

Who received the first Ph.D. in America and also was the founder of the American Psychological Association?

Stanley Hall

_____ examines the structure of the mind and basic elements of consciousness. Proponents of this system felt that consciousness should be the data of psychology and the best way to research was by using individuals who were trained in introspection.

Structuralism

What is the difference between the conscious mind and the subconscious mind?

The conscious mind is readily accessible, while the subconscious mind is inaccesible but influences behavior.

Abraham Maslow was famous for leading humanistic psychology and creating _____.

The hierarchy of needs

What is monism?

The idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing, and that every mental state is reducible to an identical brain state

Define: existential psychology

This is a field of psychology that focuses on the fact that people innately want to search for meaning and purpose to add substance to their lives; a major psychologist in this field was Victor Frankl.

Who was one of the first thinkers to suggest that our perceptions of sensation are all that we can be sure of?

Thomas Hobbes

Define: operant conditioning

Training organisms to repeat responses that lead to rewards and not to repeat responses that lead to punishment

The first accepted psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt at _____ for the purposes of studying consciousness.

University of Leipzig

James Cattell founded psychological research laboratories in both _____ and _____; he was one of the forefathers of the experimental movement in American psychology.

University of Pennsylvania; Columbia University

What did John Watson believe psychology should study?

Watson, one of the earliest behaviorists, felt psychology should be the science of overt behavior and reject the study of mental processes.

Who is credited with the foundation of scientific psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt, who performed the earliest studies in 1879 in Germany, is considered the father of the discipline of psychology. He created the first lab dedicated to psychological research, and wanted to measure consciousness.

What was the first textbook in psychology?

Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874, which made the case that psychology is a unique subject matter that is worthy of study. It defined psychology as the study of consciousness.

An example of the nature vs. nurture controversy is whether intelligence derives from _____ or is _____.

experience; inherited