HISTORY QUIZLET

Long March

-Civil war throughout the early 1930's led up to Long March of 1934 when the Guomindang army formed 100,000CCP Guerillas 6,000 miles across the mountains of China--> killing 90% of them along the way.

Truman Doctrine

-First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War. -to support "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures" (primarily targeted toward Greece and Turkey)

Balfour Agreement

-Great Britain pledged to establish Palestine as a "national home for the Jewish people" -following this, British troops invaded and occupied Jerusalem--> Great Britain to support both Arab nationalism and Zionism, a position that led directly to conflicting policies and violence in the region for years to come

Phoney War

-during WW2 -the nine-month period of relative inactivity on the part of Great Britain and France immediately following their declarations of war against Germany -the germans referred to this period as "Sitzkrieg" -neither Britain or France was militarily prepared to actually engage in combat. -they spent these nine months getting ready for Summer of 1940.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

-effort to protect and promote America's industries, and raise money for the indebted government, the United States reached this in 1930 -raised the tax to 60% on some categories of imported goods -dramatically reduced trade from Europe -overall decline in world trade by 65% in just five years -EXAMPLE of how economic recession in several countries became a worldwide Great Depression

Taft-Hartley Act

-passed in June 1947 despite a presidential veto, restricted the power of labor unions. -1949 congress instituted a peacetime draft to make sure the military was trained and ready to go at moment's notice.

Nationalization

-the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. -a way for the government to expand it's economic resources and power -The Bolsheviks nationalized the land and turned it over to the peasants. They also got Russia out of the Great War (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Aktion T4

-in his quest to preserve land and resources for the ideal german people -Nazi German effort, framed as a euthanasia program to kill incurably ill, physically or mentally disabled, emotionally distraught, and elderly people. -Adolf Hitler initiated this program in 1939, and, while it was officially discontinued in 1941, killings continued covertly until the military defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945. -over 275,000 were killed

Social Darwinism

-natural selection -result of this was eugenics which was a breeding program to produce humans with all the good qualities and none of the bad qualities -during holocaust

Comintern

-nickname for the communist international -a political movement started by Lenin to establish communist political parties around the world directly connected to the USSR. -founded by the British communist party in 1920

Marshall Plan

-A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II. It was proposed by the United States secretary of state, General George C. Marshall. -to provide money for the rebuilding of Europe -under this any european state was invited to submit a request to the U.S. to receive funding for reconstruction programs -4 years the plan aided 16 countries and totaled $13.2 billion. -Overall achieved it's goals: 1. the nations of western europe rebounded economically and allowed trade with the United States

Peace of Paris

- January 18, 1919; The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the Allied victors, following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers(US, Britain, France, Italy) following the armistices of 1918. -It took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. -The major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies, including the Treaty of Versailles with Germany; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates," chiefly to Britain and France; reparations imposed on Germany, and the drawing of new national boundaries to better reflect the forces of nationalism. -The main result was the Treaty of Versailles, with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies." This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay.

Atlantic Charter

- the joint declaration of President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill (August 14, 1941) resulting from a conference at sea, setting forth the peace aims of their governments for the period following World War II. -Roosevelt and Churchill developed common goals, a coordinated strategy for combating Germany and the axis powers and a vision for the postwar world. -the vision included many of the principles of democracy that Wilson expressed in his Fourteen Points as the United States poised to enter the Great War-self determination, decolonization, freedom of the seas and basic human rights. -to solve the more immediate problem: it offered military aid to the soviet union (it was accepted)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

-"Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied of the benefits furnished by this treaty." -signed by Germany, France and the United States on August 27, 1928, and by most other nations soon after. -declared wars of aggression to be illegal under international law and required that signatories settle their disputes by peaceful means -proposed by U.S. secretary of state Frank Kellogg to all nations of the world -very popular in a world recovering from the Great War -didn't actually prevent future wars of aggression, but it formed an important foundation for international law that has carried through to the present--> and happened outside the League of nations

Lebensraum

-"living space" to Hitler the term meant the acquisition of territory to the east (russia) to allow for the growth of the superior race (aryan) -this was published in Mein Kampf

Battle Of Britain

-(in World War II) the series of aerial combats that took place between British and German aircraft during the autumn of 1940 and that included the severe bombardment of British cities. -it changed on August 24, 1940, when a German bomber made a critical mistake: first tie the fighting struck German Soil when the RAF Bomber Command responded to the German pilot killed civilians -The Blitz actually strengthened the resolve of the British people to defend England and democracy. -Without control of the air, Hitler could not even contemplate invading Britain. -September 15, 1940: Operation Sea Lion was postponed

Island Hopping

-1943 the U.S. forces this across the Pacific toward Japan. -first employed in Operation Cartwheel led by General Douglas MacArthur, involved bypassing the strongly held Japanese islands where potentially devastating battles could occur and instead targeting strategic sites along Japan's supply line that fed those basis -sites were easier to capture and the major base would be cut off from supplies and ammunition making it easier to invade -took longer but less men were hurt. -captured Gilbert Islands by end of 1943 and the Marshalls and the Marianas in 1944. -U.S. began construction on large airbases to launch a raid on Japan

Organization Of American States

-21 countries of Latin American in a security alliance supported by the United State -a collective security arrangement to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strength their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence. -one of the stated goals was to promote and consolidate representative democracy, so the U.S. channeled money, direct military assistance and covert CIA aid to help prevent left-wing regimes from gaining power in Latin America

Heinrich von Treitschke

-A German historian known for his nationalism and praise for Germany under Prussian leadership. -advocate for authoritarian power politics and believed the state should be the center of the lives of it's citizens and the state should be a ruled in basically a dictatorship.

Warsaw Pact

-A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.

Berlin Airlift

-In June 1948-Stalin tried to push the line between the communists and the Western democracies, which ran down the middle of Germany. -Berlin was divided into 4 sectors: 1. French, British, and American sectors formed West Berlin -USSR formed East Berlin -In June 1948, the Soviets cut off all power to West Berlin and closed all transportation access, completely forming a blockade around it. -Truman decided to bypass the blockade. Things were flown into West Berlin -May 1949: Soviets realized the United states would not give up so 275,000 flights carried 2.3 million tons of supplies into West Berlin -Stalin's aggression in Berlin led to the birth of the German Federal republic in 1948 created by a constitution written by Germans under allied supervision -No longer two occupation zones became 2 independent states, (West and East Germany) front line of the Cold War

Operation Downfall

-Operation Downfall was the codename for the Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. -they wanted to successfully conquer Tokyo by March 1946. -in order to win in the Pacific, Harry Truman would have to approve of this, meaning he would lose a lot of lives in order to win the war. -technological advancements during war would help: the atomic bomb -The planned operation was abandoned when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet declaration of war. -secretaries of war urged him to use bomb instead of the operation in order to save lives

Executive Order 9066

-Roosevelt ordered all non citizens living in the U.S. to register because they did not want them to have to go back to their home governments -a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones -citizens removed were put in internment camps throughout the U.S. -120,000 were Japanese were targeted the most. -all were required to leave their homes, jobs, schools, and property -estimated 400 million lost in property and assets

SEATO

-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) -in effort to prevent communism in southeast asia, the U.S., France, great Britain, new Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan. -it's membership only included two southeast asia countries. -U.S. viewed it as an essential tool in containment -France and great Britain were financially invested in the region -New Zealand and Australia joined because of their close proximity -Pakistan was trying to build international support and marginalize india -only was able to meet U.S's interests (especially during U.S. involvement in Vietnam

Arab League

-The Arab League is an organization that consists of independent Arab States on the territory of northern and north-eastern part of Africa and southwest Asia -In march 1945, six Arab countries formed a regional intergovernmental organization in order to draw the relations between member States and coordinate their political activities with the aim of realizing a close collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence, and sovereignty and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries -Goal: to create an Arab homeland that would respect the sovereign authority of it's member states but support one another politically and economically in world affairs -President Truman opened support Jewish immigration to Palestine, which made the Arab League angry at the U.S.

14 Points

-The Fourteen Points are a list of moral guidelines that were developed by Woodrow Wilson -response to the various causes of World War I. -after the war ended and the leaders of the victorious countries met to develop peace treaties and dole out punishments -the Fourteen Points were used as a basis for negotiations.

HUAC

-The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) -a standing committee of nine representatives who investigated suspected communists in influential positions of U.S. society -went after America's film industry, academicians, and eventually even members of the U.S. military and top State department officials -accused people of sympathizing with communists

Nuremburg Laws

-The Nuremberg Laws were two laws which excluded the Jews from German life, as well as took away some of their natural rights. They were first declared at the annual Nazi rally held in Nuremberg in 1935. -german jews were stripped of their citizenship and marriages were dissolved. -completed a complex series of tests to determine how much jewish ancestry they had

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

-The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) -ended Russia's participation in World War I. -Russia lost a lot of territory, one-third of it's population, one-half of its industrial capacity and almost all it's coal mines

George Kennan

-U.S. department of State asked for his view on Stalin's intentions when he made a speech to the Soviet people implying that capitalism made future wars inevitable -said the soviet system of government is weaker than the american system depends on health and vigor of our own society. -"U.S. should firmly guide other countries in development political, economic, and social well being. -his words became the cornerstone of American foreign policy for most of the 20th century

Mandate

-a territory granted to a League member for the purpose of establishing a government -former Ottoman Empire was divided into separate states and given to Great Britain and France as protectorates -expanded imperial power for Great Britain and France into the oil rich middle east

Syrian National Congress

-convened in May 1919 in Damascus, Syria, after the expulsion of the Ottoman Empire from the area. -The mission of the Congress was to consider the future of "Syria", by which was meant Greater Syria: present-day Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan.

COMECON

-created in response the Eastern European states controlled by Moscow -Council of Mutual Assistance -to integrate their economies but also as an informal military alliance -formalized this when they established the Warsaw Pact on May 14, 1955

Einsatzgruppen

-occurred during the Holocaust -(German for "task forces") mobile killing units in vans reconfigured to gas jews with carbon monoxide.

NATO

-told the world that an attack on one member was equivalent to an attack on al members -collective self-defense organization in April 1949 under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter--> called this in the NATO. -the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. (Gave U.S. permission to intervene in European and Asian Affairs (justification))

Blitzkreig

-used by the German Military -an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory. ("Lightening War") -it centered on rapid advances into enemy territory with columns of air support, preferably with the element of surprise to throw the enemy into disarray -this occurred because Germany had to quickly rebuild from the ground up with the latest technology when their military was destroyed by the Treaty of Versailles, and were able to do so under Hitler. -effective at first because people did not know how to combat it

Lateran Treaty

-was one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, settling the "Roman Question". They are named after the Lateran Palace, where they were signed on February 11, 1929.

5 Year Plans

The first five-year plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by General Secretary Joseph Stalin and based on his policy of Socialism in One Country. It was implemented between 1928 and 1932.