History Research Paper
Although several people in major league baseball tried to end segregation in the sport, no one succeeded until Brooklyn Dodger's general manager Branch Rickey set his "great experiment" into motion. In 1945, the Jim Crow policies of baseterm-4ball changed forever when Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson of the Negro League's Kansas City Monarchs agreed to a contract that would bring Robinson into the major leagues in 1947. Breaking the Color Line: 1940-1946 (Page 1)
https://www.loc.gov/collections/jackie-robinson-baseball/articles-and-essays/baseball-the-color-line-and-jackie-robinson/1940-to-1946/#:~:text=Robinson%20responded%20to%20Rickey%20in,number%2042%2C%20in%20April%201947
Branch Rickey (1881-1965) was involved with baseball in a variety of capacities -- as a player, coach, manager, and owner -- for more than sixty years. His Hall of Fame plaque mentions both his creation of baseball's farm system in the 1920s and his signing of Jackie Robinson. Rickey's interest in integrating baseball began early in his career. He had been particularly troubled by the policy of barring African Americans from grandstand seating in St. Louis when he worked for the Cardinals. Breaking the Color Line: 1940-1946 (Page 1)
https://www.loc.gov/collections/jackie-robinson-baseball/articles-and-essays/baseball-the-color-line-and-jackie-robinson/1940-to-1946/#:~:text=Robinson%20responded%20to%20Rickey%20in,number%2042%2C%20in%20April%201947
In 1942, Rickey joined the Dodgers and quietly began plans to bring black players to the team. The first black baseball player to cross the "color line" would be subjected to intense public scrutiny, and Rickey knew that the player would have to be more than a talented athlete to succeed. He would also have to be a strong person who could agree to avoid open confrontation when subjected to hostility and insults, at least for a few years. In 1945, when Rickey approached Jackie Robinson, baseball was being proposed as one of the first areas of American society to integrate. Not until 1948 did a presidential order desegregate the armed forces; the Supreme Court forbid segregated public schools in 1954. Breaking the Color Line: 1940-1946 (Page 1)
https://www.loc.gov/collections/jackie-robinson-baseball/articles-and-essays/baseball-the-color-line-and-jackie-robinson/1940-to-1946/#:~:text=Robinson%20responded%20to%20Rickey%20in,number%2042%2C%20in%20April%201947
Ordering book that will bring more info called
Book is called Breaking Barriers by Michael Burgan
Aside from his successful athletic career, Jackie Robinson achieved an even more notable feat; he was able to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball and end sixty years of racial segregation in the sport. Being the first black player in league full of white men, Jackie was slandered and attacked at every corner. He eventually learned that fighting back would be counterproductive, for aggression would simply reassure the white community of their mindset of demonization of black men. Jackie once stated, "There's not an American in this country free until every one of us is free," and he definitely contributed to the social freedom of African Americans by terminating presumptions and ending prejudice. Jackie Robinsons Impact and Importance (Page 1)
http://affinitymagazine.us/2016/04/15/jackie-robinsons-impact-and-importance/
Jackie Robinson was born on a plantation near Cairo, Georgia, on January 31, 1919. When he was 6 months old, his father left. His mother moved the family to California. With the help of a niece, his mother bought a house in a white neighborhood in Pasadena. Manfred Weidhorn noted in his biography, Jackie Robinson, "Jackie was proud of his mother, who would not allow the white neighbors to drive her away or frighten her or mistreat her kids. From her he learned to stand up for his rights. He learned to respect himself, demand respect from others, and never back down."
http://www.solipsis.com/jackierobinson/early_life.html
"A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives," Jackie Robinson once said. The impact Robinson made on Major League Baseball is one that will be forever remembered. On April 15 each season, every team in the majors celebrates Jackie Robinson Day in honor of when he broke the color barrier in baseball, becoming the first African-American player in the 20th century to take the field in the big leagues. He opened the door for many others and will forever be honored for his contribution to the game. Robinson stood up for equal rights even before he did so in baseball. He was arrested and court martialed during while he was serving in the Army for refusing to move to the back of a segregated bus. He was eventually acquitted of the charges and received an honorable discharge. He then started his professional baseball career. Jackie Robinson (National Baseball Hall of Fame) (Page 1)
https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/robinson-jackie
At the end of his first season, Robinson was named the winner of the inaugural Baseball Writers' Association of America's Rookie of the Year Award. He was named the NL MVP just two years later in 1949, when he led the league in hitting with a .342 average and steals with 37, while also notching a career-high 124 RBI. The Dodgers won six pennants in Robinson's 10 seasons and captured the 1955 World Series title. Jackie Robinson (National Baseball Hall of Fame) (Page 1)
https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/robinson-jackie
Robinson joined the Montreal Royals, the Dodgers top farm team, in 1946 and led the International League with a .349 average and 40 stolen bases. He earned a promotion to the Dodgers and made his major league debut on April 15, 1947, as Brooklyn's first baseman. "It was the most eagerly anticipated debut in the annals of the National Pastime," authors Robert Lipsyte and Pete Levine wrote. "It represented both the dream and the fear of equal opportunity, and it would change forever the complexion of the game and the attitudes of Americans." Jackie Robinson (National Baseball Hall of Fame) (Page 1)
https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/robinson-jackie
Robinson retired with a .311 batting average, 947 runs scored, 1,518 hits and 197 stolen bases over 10 seasons. He remained active in the game as an announcer, and also lent his support to many societal causes. Jackie Robinson (National Baseball Hall of Fame) (Page 1)
https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/robinson-jackie
Beginning in the 1930s, the Negro press, civil rights groups, the Communist Party, progressive white activists, left-wing unions, and radical politicians waged a sustained campaign to integrate baseball. They published open letters to baseball owners, polled white managers and players (most of whom said that they had no objections to playing with African Americans), brought black players to unscheduled tryouts at spring training camps, picketed at baseball stadiums in New York and Chicago, gathered signatures on petitions, and kept the issue before the public. Whole paragraph is good stuff Jackie Robinson: A legend of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
Had Robinson lost his case and been dishonorably discharged, Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey would not have picked him to break major league baseball's color line. And America would have been deprived of one of its greatest pioneers for racial justice. Indeed, whenever someone is identified as the first person to break a barrier, that individual is typically called that group's Jackie Robinson. Robinson had a hot temper and little tolerance for bigotry. The grandson of a slave and the son of a sharecropper, Robinson was 14 months old in 1920 when his mother moved her five children from Cairo, Georgia, to Pasadena, a wealthy, conservative Los Angeles suburb. During Robinson's youth, black residents, who represented a small portion of the city's population, were treated as second-class citizens. Jackie Robinson: A Legacy of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
He faced trumped-up charges of insubordination, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, conduct unbecoming an officer, insulting a civilian woman, and refusing to obey the lawful orders of a superior officer. Unlike the routine mistreatment of many black soldiers in the Jim Crow military, Robinson's court-martial trial, on August 2, 1944, triggered news stories in the Negro press and protests by the NAACP. Voting by secret ballot, the nine military judges found Robinson not guilty. By November, he was honorably discharged from the Army. Describing the ordeal, Robinson later wrote, "It was a small victory, for I had learned that I was in two wars, one against the foreign enemy, the other against prejudice at home." Jackie Robinson: A Legacy of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
He'd been a star athlete at Pasadena Junior College before enrolling at UCLA, where he became its first four-sport athlete (football, basketball, track, and baseball), twice led basketball's Pacific Coast League in scoring, won the NCAA broad jump championship, and became an All-American football player The story of the dismantling of baseball's apartheid system, as portrayed in most films and books, is typically told as a tale of two trailblazers—Robinson, the combative athlete, and Branch Rickey, the shrewd strategist—who battled baseball's, and society's, bigotry. It is true that Rickey had long wanted to hire black players, both for moral reasons and because he believed it would boost ticket sales among the growing number of African Americans who lived in big cities. But Rickey's plan came after more than a decade of efforts by black and left-wing journalists and activists to desegregate the national pastime. Jackie Robinson: A Legacy of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
His success on the baseball diamond was a symbol of the promise of a racially integrated society. It is difficult today to summon the excitement and fervor that greeted Robinson's achievement. He did more than change the way baseball is played and who plays it. His actions on and off the diamond helped pave the way for America to confront its racial hypocrisy. The dignity with which Robinson handled his encounters with racism among fellow players and fans—and in hotels, restaurants, trains, and other public places—drew public attention to the issue, stirred the consciences of many white Americans, and gave black Americans a tremendous boost of pride and self-confidence. Martin Luther King Jr. once told Dodgers pitcher Don Newcombe, "You'll never know what you and Jackie and Roy [Campanella] did to make it possible to do my job." Jackie Robinson: A legend of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
Nevertheless, Robinson's views led him into several controversial political alliances. In 1960 he initially supported Senator Hubert H. Humphrey's campaign for president, but when John F. Kennedy won the Democratic Party nomination, Robinson shocked his black and liberal fans by endorsing and campaigning for Richard Nixon. He came to regret that support. He later worked as an aide to New York's Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the last of the high-ranking liberal Republicans who supported activist government and civil rights.Robinson was a constant presence on picket lines and at rallies on behalf of civil rights. He was one of the NAACP's best fundraisers, but he resigned from the organization in 1967, criticizing it for its failure to involve "younger, more progressive voices." Jackie Robinson: A legend of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
On July 6, 1944, Robinson—a 25-year army lieutenant—boarded a military bus at Fort Hood, Texas with the light-skinned wife of another black officer and sat down next to her in the middle of the vehicle. "Hey you, sittin' beside that woman," the driver yelled. "Get to the back of the bus." Robinson refused, knowing that buses had been officially desegregated on military bases. When the driver threatened to have him arrested, Robinson shook his finger in the driver's face and told him, "quit ****ing with me." Two military policemen soon arrived and escorted Robinson away. Jackie Robinson: A Legacy of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
Robinson's political views reflected the tensions of Cold War liberalism. In 1949 Rickey orchestrated Robinson's appearance before the House Un-American Activities Committee so that he could publicly criticize Paul Robeson, who had stirred controversy by stating in a Paris speech that American blacks would not fight in a war with Russia. As expected, Robinson challenged Robeson's patriotism. "I and other Americans of many races and faiths have too much invested in our country's welfare for any of us to throw it away for a siren song sung in bass," Robinson said. Jackie Robinson: A legend of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
Several white journalists for mainstream papers joined the chorus for baseball integration. In 1945, the New York State legislature passed the Quinn-Ives Act, which banned discrimination in hiring, and soon formed a committee to investigate discriminatory hiring practices, including one that focused on baseball. In short order, New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia established a Committee on Baseball to push the Yankees, Giants, and Dodgers to sign black players. Left-wing Congressman Vito Marcantonio, who represented Harlem, called for an investigation of baseball's racist practices. Jackie Robinson: A Legacy of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
This protest movement—part of a broader postwar movement for civil rights—set the stage for Robinson's entrance into the major leagues in 1947. At the time, America was a deeply segregated nation. The previous year, at least six African-Americans had been lynched in the South. Restrictive covenants were still legal, barring blacks (and Jews) from buying homes in many neighborhoods, not just in the South. Only a handful of blacks were enrolled in the nation's predominantly white colleges and universities. There were only two blacks in Congress. No big city had a black mayor. Jackie Robinson: A Legacy of Activism (Page 1)
https://prospect.org/civil-rights/jackie-robinson-legacy-activism/
From 1942 to 1944, Robinson served as a second lieutenant in the United States Army. However, he never saw combat. During boot camp at Fort Hood, Texas, Robinson was arrested and court-martialed in 1944 for refusing to give up his seat and move to the back of a segregated bus. Robinson's excellent reputation, combined with the efforts of friends, the NAACP and various Black newspapers, shed public light on the injustice. Ultimately he was acquitted of the charges and received an honorable discharge. His courage and moral objection to racial segregation were precursors to the impact Robinson would have in Major League Baseball. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
He attended John Muir High School in Pasadena, California, and Pasadena Junior College, where he was an excellent athlete and played four sports: football, basketball, track and baseball. He was named the region's Most Valuable Player in baseball in 1938. Robinson's older brother, Matthew, inspired Robinson to pursue his talent and love of athletics. Matthew won a silver medal in the 200-meter dash — just behind Jesse Owens — at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. Robinson continued his education at UCLA where he became the university's first student to win varsity letters in four sports. In 1941, despite his athletic success, Robinson was forced to leave UCLA just shy of graduation due to financial hardship. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
He moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, where he played football for the semi-professional Honolulu Bears. His season with the Bears was cut short when the United States entered into World War II.
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
In December 1956, Robinson was traded to the New York Giants, but he never played a game for the team. He retired on January 5, 1957. After baseball, Robinson became active in business and continued his work as an activist for social change. He worked as an executive for the Chock Full O' Nuts coffee company and restaurant chain and helped establish the African American-owned Freedom Bank. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
In his decade-long career with the Dodgers, Robinson and his team won the National League pennant several times. Finally, in 1955, he helpedterm-30 them achieve the ultimate victory: winning the World Series. After failing before in four other series matchups, the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees. He helped the team win one more National League pennant the following season. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
In the early 1940s, Robinson met nurse-in-training Rachel Isum when they were both attending UCLA. The couple was married on February 10, 1946. As Robinson made his career in the major leagues, the couple faced mounting racism, from insults to death threats. Later in life, both Jackie and Rachel became actively involved in the civil rights movement. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
Jackie and Rachel had three children together: Jack, Sharon and David. Rachel said that she and Jackie went to great lengths to create a nurturing home that sheltered their kids from racism. In 1971, the couple's oldest child, Jack Robinson Jr., died at the age of 24 in a car accident. Their middle child, Sharon Robinson, is an author and consultant for Major League Baseball, while their youngest child, David Robinson, is a coffee farmer in Tanzania. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
Robinson became the first Black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century when he took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Throughout his decade-long career, Robinson distinguished himself as one of the game's most talented and exciting players, recording an impressive .311 career batting average. He was also a vocal civil rights activist. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
Robinson died from heart problems and diabetes complications on October 24, 1972, in Stamford, Connecticut. He was 53 years old. After Robinson's death in 1972, his wife Rachel established the Jackie Robinson Foundation dedicated to honoring his life and work. The foundation helps young people in need by providing scholarships and mentoring programs. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
Robinson was a vocal champion for African American athletes, civil rights and other social and political causes, serving on the board of the NAACP until 1967. In July 1949, he testified about discrimination before the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1952, he publicly called out the New York Yankees as a racist organization for not having broken the color barrier five years after he began playing with the Dodgers. In his later years, Robinson continued to lobby for greater racial integration in sports. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
Robinson's life was the subject of the acclaimed 2013 Brian Helgeland movie 42, which starred Chadwick Boseman as Robinson and Harrison Ford as Branch Rickey. In 2016, filmmaker Ken Burns premiered a documentary about the baseball legend on PBS Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
STATS An exceptional base runner, Robinson stole home 19 times in his career, setting a league record. In 1955, he helped the Dodgers win the World Series. Before he retired, he became the highest-paid athlete in Dodgers' history. Over the course of his career in Major League Baseball, from 1947 to 1956, Robinson achieved the following stats: • .311 batting average (AVG) • 137 home runs (HR) • 4877 times at bat (AB) • 1518 hits (H) • 734 runs batted in (RBI) • 197 stolen bases (SB) • .409 on-base percentage (OBP) • .883 on-base plus slugging (OPS) Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
Some of his new teammates objected to having an African American on their team. People in the crowds sometimes jeered Robinson, and he and his family received threats. Despite the racial abuse, particularly at away games, Robinson had an outstanding start with the Royals, leading the International League with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage. His successful year led to his promotion to join the Dodgers. Robinson played his first game at Ebbets Field for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, making history as the first Black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
The harassment continued, however, most notably by the Philadelphia Phillies and their manager, Ben Chapman. During one infamous game, Chapman and his team shouted derogatory terms at Robinson from their dugout. - Many players on opposing teams threatened not to play against the Dodgers. Even his own teammates threatened to sit out. But Dodgers manager Leo Durocher informed them that he would sooner trade them than Robinson. His loyalty to the player set the tone for the rest of Robinson's career with the team. - Others defended Robinson's right to play in the major leagues, including League President Ford Frick, Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler, Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg and Dodgers shortstop and team captain Pee Wee Reese. - Pee Wee great friend to Jackie too - Very close connection - Reese believes in equal rights In one incident, while fans harassed Robinson from the stands, Reese walked over and put his arm around his teammate, a gesture that has become legendary in baseball history. Jackie Robinson Biography (Page 1)
https://www.biography.com/athlete/jackie-robinson
Despite his talent and success as a player, Robinson faced tremendous racial discrimination throughout his career, from baseball fans and some fellow players. Additionally, Jim Crow laws prevented Robinson from using the same hotels and restaurants as his teammates while playing in the South. After retiring from baseball in 1957, Robinson became a businessman and civil rights activist. He died October 24, 1972, at age 53, in Stamford, Connecticut. Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier (Page 1)
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-robinson-breaks-color-barrier
Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia, to a family of sharecroppers. Growing up, he excelled at sports and attended the University of California at Los Angeles, where he was the first athlete to letter in four varsity sports: baseball, basketball, football, and track Jackie Robinson (National Baseball Hall of Fame) (Page 1)
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-robinson-breaks-color-barrier
On October 23, 1945, Jackie Robinson officially signed the contract. Rickey soon put other black players under contract, but the spotlight stayed on Robinson. Rickey publicized Robinson's signing nationally through Look magazine, and in the black press through his connections to Wendell Smith at the Pittsburgh Courier. In response to allegations that Negro League contracts had been broken, Rickey sought assurances that Robinson had not been under formal contract with the Monarchs. Robinson responded to Rickey in a letter preserved in the Branch Rickey Papers. After a successful season with the minor league Montreal Royals in 1946, Robinson officially broke the major league color line when he put on a Dodgers uniform, number 42, in April 1947. Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier (Page 1)
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-robinson-breaks-color-barrier
he joined the army in 1942 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. After protesting instances of racial discrimination during his military service, Robinson was court-martialed in 1944. Ultimately, though, he was honorably discharged. Jackie Robinson break color barrier (Page 1)
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackie-robinson-breaks-color-barrier
In addition to racial intolerance, economic and other complex factors contributed to segregation in baseball. For example, many owners of major league teams rented their stadiums to Negro League teams when their own teams were on the road. Team owners knew that if baseball were integrated, the Negro Leagues would probably not survive losing their best players to the majors, major league owners would lose significant rental revenue, and many Negro League players would lose their livelihoods. Some owners also thought that a white audience would be reluctant to attend games with black players. Others saw the addition of black players as a way to attract larger white as well as black audiences and sell more tickets. Looking back on this time, Rickey described the problems he faced and the events that influenced his decision in a speech to the One Hundred Percent Wrong Club in 1956. Breaking the Color Line: 1940-1946 (Page 1)
https://www.loc.gov/collections/jackie-robinson-baseball/articles-and-essays/baseball-the-color-line-and-jackie-robinson/1940-to-1946/#:~:text=Robinson%20responded%20to%20Rickey%20in,number%2042%2C%20in%20April%201947
Robinson showed an early interest in civil rights in the Army. He was drafted in 1942 and served on bases in Kansas and Texas. With help from boxer Joe Louis, he succeeded in opening an Officer Candidate School to black soldiers. Soon after, Robinson became a second lieutenant. At Fort Hood, Texas, Robinson faced a court martial for refusing to obey an order to move to the back of a bus. The order was a violation of Army regulations, and he was exonerated. Shortly after leaving the Army in 1944, Robinson joined the Kansas City Monarchs, a leading team in the Negro Leagues. After scouting many players from the Negro Leagues, Branch Rickey met with Jackie Robinson at the Brooklyn Dodgers office in August, 1945. Clyde Sukeforth, the Dodgers scout, had told Robinson that Rickey was scouting for players because he was starting his own black team to be called the Brown Dodgers. At the meeting, Rickey revealed that he wanted Robinson to play for the major league Dodgers. Rickey then acted out scenes Robinson might face to see how Robinson would respond. Robinson kept his composure and agreed to a contract with Brooklyn's Triple-A minor league farm club, the Montreal Royals. Breaking the Color Line: 1940-1946 (Page 1)
https://www.loc.gov/collections/jackie-robinson-baseball/articles-and-essays/baseball-the-color-line-and-jackie-robinson/1940-to-1946/#:~:text=Robinson%20responded%20to%20Rickey%20in,number%2042%2C%20in%20April%201947
For Robinson to succeed, Rickey knew, he could not respond to the indignities that would be piled onto him, or he would give credence to the segregationists who said blacks were too temperamental to play in the major leagues. Segregationists had long said that mixing blacks and whites on baseball diamonds inevitably would lead to fistfights on the field and race riots in the bleachers.11 Rickey needed to know what was inside Robinson. "I know you're a good ballplayer," Rickey told him. "What I don't know is whether you have the guts." Jackie Robinson a Spiritual Biography (Page 5)
https://www.wjkbooks.com/Content/Site117/FilesSamples/305360JackieRob_00000025625.pdf
Nobody in sports had more at stake, and no one ever suffered more than Robinson. Opposing pitchers threw at him. Opposing base runners spiked him. Fans screamed the vilest of racial epithets. He routinely received death threats. If he failed, he affirmed the belief of many whites that blacks were inferior. If he lost his temper, he affirmed the belief of those who thought blacks did not have the temperament to play white baseball. Jackie Robinson a Spiritual Biography (Page 8)
https://www.wjkbooks.com/Content/Site117/FilesSamples/305360JackieRob_00000025625.pdf
Rickey had learned everything he could about Robinson, including his time at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), in the US Army, and with the Monarchs. Rickey's announcement that he was creating a team for a new Negro league worked as a smoke screen to hide his real intentions. Jackie Robinson a Spiritual Biography (Page 1)
https://www.wjkbooks.com/Content/Site117/FilesSamples/305360JackieRob_00000025625.pdf
