History set

Jackson plan

1822 urban plan for Singapore, outlined by that statesman and named for the lieutenant engineer who designed it.

Dingo

Wild animal that killed two-month-old Azaria Chamberlain, whose parents were initially blamed for her 1980 "murder."

Nasser

With the USSR, this man sent troops to the Republican side of the Yemeni Civil War.

habeas corpus

Writ that prevents unlawful detention but was suspended unlawfully by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.

Tang

Yang Guifei [yong gwee-fay], one of the Four Beauties, was the consort of this dynasty's Emperor Xuanzong.

Gaddafi

his leader pitched his bulletproof (*) Bedouin tent on one of Donald Trump's estates after not being allowed in Central Park

Eisenhower

his president's Secretary of State, who coined the term "brinkmanship," was (*) John Foster Dulles.

Calcutta

large city of eastern India and capital of West Bengal?

Bolivar

man, known as "El Libertador," who founded Gran Colombia and conquered Ecuador.

Mobuto

This man often followed up torture and death sentences with high office appointments as part of his compulsive compulsive rotation of cabinet officials.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man ordered the construction of the Job 600 complex for the meeting of an international organization.

Nasser

This man was the first to recognize the rebels during the North Yemen Civil War.

Nyerere

This man was the head of the sole legal political party,Chama Cha Mapinduzi, even after he passed on his presidency to Ali Hassan Mwinyi.

Petra

Which was a Nabatean [nah-buh-TAY-uhn] capital located in present day Jordan?

Ilkhanate

A civil war broke out between the Golden Horde and this other Mongolian khanate. This Mongolian khanate was led by Hulagu and, sacked Baghdad, turning its rivers black with ink.

Idi amin

A holiday on February 16th commemorates an activist archbishop that this leader had killed named Janani Luwum.

Kulturkampf

Anti-Catholic struggle of the German government after unification.

Nyerere

He famously invaded Uganda to oust Idi Amin and restore power to Milton Obote.

Goodluck Jonathan

In 2015, this rival of Olusegun Obasanjo became the first sitting Nigerian President to lose an election. This leader drew criticism for attending his niece's wedding just after Boko Haram committed the Baga Massacre.

Aleppo

Syrian city where the al-Madina Souq was devastated in the civil war

Tshushima

The crushing naval victory by Japan over Russia in 1905?

Erwin Rommel

The general, nicknamed "Desert Fox", who commanded German forces at D-Day?

Idi amin

This ruler's son Jaffar claims that he loved to drive his wives and daughters into lakes in an amphibious car to hear them scream.

Second Boer war

This war was ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging [vur-EEN-uh-ging].

Mohandas Gandhi

While representing the cousin of Dada Abdullah, this man left a court after being asked to remove his turban. This man presented a petition with 10,000 signatures to Lord Ripon, convincing him to temporarily suspend the Natal Assembly. Hermann (+) Kallenbach donated the land that allowed this man to establish Tolstoy Farm. In a 1906 article, this man outlined his "loyalty to the truth," an idea that evolved into (*) Satyagraha. For ten points, name this activist whose poor treatment in South Africa helped convince him to fight for Indian independence.

Venezuela

country currently led by Nicolas Maduro, chosen by a socialist who died in 2013.

Mark Antony

This man was the target of Cicero's [SISS-ur-oh's] Philippic orations.

Doctors

A patriot who died at Bunker Hill, Joseph Warren, had this job.

Alexander the great

After this man's death, his general Perdiccas [purr-dih-kahs] served as regent.

Mandela

This leader went to court with Ismail Ayob, his former lawyer, for selling prints with his signature on it.

Hanseatic League

For 10 points, Baltic Sea commerce was once dominated by what northern European trading league?

Mandela

He wrote the autobiography Long Walk to Freedom

Gaddafi

In August 2010 this man demanded four billion euros to stop immigration from his country.

Baden-Powell

(6) founder of the boy scouts who successfully withstood the Boer's siege of Mafeking?

Darwish

(7) Disfavored term for the Ansar, who were Sufi followers of the Mahdi during the revolt.

Massoud

(8) Lion of Panjshir who formed the Northern Front to resist fundamentalist control of Afghanistan.

Kwame Nkrumah

J. H. Mensah organized this leader's Work and Happiness Plan

Opium

A letter to Queen Victoria asking why this commodity was legal in her country was written by (*) Lin Zexu, who angered British merchants by destroying large amounts of it

Mugabe

After this man left office, his second vice-president Phelekezela Mphoko was named acting president.

Indian National Congress

One prime minister from this party died in Tashkent the day after reaching a peace agreement with a neighboring country

Nyerere

The name of his most famous policy meant 'familyhood' and was involved some people being forced into rural communes.

Agincourt

One side at this battle found its only significant success through an assault on a baggage train and was hindered by enemy palings

Bindusara

Chandragupta was succeeded by this monarch, who was named for the drop of poison atop his head. This monarch in turn fathered Ashoka.

Red fort

Residence of the Mughal Emperors in Old Delhi. It was plundered during the 1739 sack of Delhi.

Sir Frances Drake

During Elizabeth's fight against the Spanish Armada, she hired this privateer who attacked the Spanish fleet at Cadiz and later circumnavigated the globe for England.

Hutu

Ethnic group that made up the Interahamwe, which carried out the genocide.

Tutsi

Ethnicity targeted during the genocide.

Hungary

European country where the Soviets crushed Imre Nagy's [nahj's] rebellion in 1956.

Churchill

For 10 points, name this Prime Minister who led Britain through most of World War II.

Idi amin

That attack was ordered by a man who was this leader's predecessor and successor, (*) Milton Obote

Fredrick Douglass

For 10 points, name this author of My Bondage and My Freedom, a famous escaped slave and abolitionist.

Plato

For 10 points, name this author of the Crito and Republic, two of his namesake dialogues.

Ford

For 10 points, name this automobile manufacturer that is part of that Big Three with Chrysler and General Motors.

Jp Morgan

For 10 points, name this creator of U.S. Steel, a financier who named a long-running twentieth-century bank

the mind

For 10 points, name this entity that is contrasted with the body in Cartesian [car-tee-shun] dualism.

Eisenhower

For 10 points, name this former Allied commander and president during the 1950's.

Nigeria

For 10 points, name this home of the Igbo author of Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe [CHIN-ooh-uh AH-chay-bay].

Katrina

For 10 points, name this hurricane that nearly destroyed New Orleans.

Gideon v. Wainwright

For 10 points, name this landmark case whose plaintiff broke into a pool hall, which held that the Sixth Amendment required the provision of counsel for indigent plaintiffs.

idi amin

This man ordered a state funeral for a man called "King Freddie."

NYPD

For 10 points, name this organization that protects Manhattan and four other boroughs.

Hell

For 10 points, name this place often described as a location of eternal torment.

Weed

For 10 points, name this plant-based drug now legal in DC, Washington, and Colorado.

Indian National Congress

For 10 points, name this political party that led the Indian independence movement.

Doctors

For 10 points, name this profession whose members once practiced bloodletting and now use tools like the stethoscope.

Vicksburg

For 10 points, name this stronghold on the Mississippi River which surrendered on Independence Day.

Sulieman the Magnificent

For 10 points, name this sultan who presided over the peak of the Ottoman Empire.

Lister

For 10 points, name this surgeon who pioneered the use of antiseptics in surgery.

Iriquois

For 10 points, name this tribal nation, a confederation of six tribes in New York.

Second Boer war

For 10 points, name this war in which Great Britain defeated Dutch-speaking South African farmers.

Seven Years War

For 10 points, name this worldwide war that lasted from 1756 to 1763.

Mobuto

For atime, this leader of the MPR served under President Joseph Kasavubu

Idi amin

For being a go-go dancer for the Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band, this leader's last wife was nicknamed "Suicide Sarah."

Mandela

He was later transferred to Pollsmoor Prison

Mandela

He was one of the defendants at the "Treason Trial," where he was defended by Bram Fischer.

Nasser

He was part of the Free Officers Movement, along with Mohammed Naguib, whom he later overthrew to become president.

Jericho

Whose walls crumbled under attack by Joshua?

Kenyatta

He's not Idi Amin, but this leader's distrust of Asian citizens of his country is detailed in the writings of J. M. Nazareth.

English civil war

Incidents in this war included the Battle of Chalgrove Field, where John Hampden was fatally wounded, and the defense of Turnham Green by the trained bands of (+) London.

Robben Island

Island just north of Cape Town where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 18 years.

Kitchen Debate

1959 event in which Nixon and Khrushchev debated capitalism and communism in a model home.

Oklahoma

46th US state, which was designated "Indian Territory" until 1907

Brazil

country whose Golden Law outlawed slavery in 1888.

Al Capone

: During Prohibition, this leader of the Chicago Outfit, known as Scarface, made massive profits smuggling alcohol.

Nyerere

formed the TANU

Yuan

: This Chinese general was sent to Korea during the Donghak Peasant Rebellion. Following the Xinhai [shin-hai] revolution, this general tried to proclaim himself the Hongxian emperor.

British East India Company

(3) Company that eventually conquered India from the Mughals. It won the Battle of Plassey against the Nawab of Bengal.

Gordon

(4) British general who died while fighting the Mahdist revolt. He gained his nickname from his defeat of the Taiping Rebellion.

Bismark

"Iron Chancellor" who led Germany after its unification.

Golda Meir

"Iron Lady" of Israel, its fourth Prime Minister.

Haiti

From 2011 to 2016, this country's pres dent was musician known as "Sweet Mickey." Jocelerme Privert is serving is the interim Pres dent of this country after the resignation of Michel Martelly. In August 2016, the UN acknowledged that (+) Nepalese workers were the origin of a devastating cholera outbreak in this country. The majority of casualties of 2016's Hurricane (*) Matthew were from this country.

Holodomor

Genocidal famine in Ukraine from 1932-33.

Wilhelm 1

German Kaiser, an employer of Otto von Bismarck, whose attempted assassinations led to a crackdown on socialists.

Zollverein

German customs union that bound its states together prior to the country's unification.

Bavaria

German state dissolved by unification ruled by Ludwig the "Swan King" before 1871.

Prussia

German state whose monarch ruled Germany after unification.

the iron duke

Give the noble title or nickname of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, who convened the Council of Blood after being sent by Philip II to the Netherlands to crush dissent.

Hurricane Andrew

Governor Lawton Chiles coordinated the response to this event, which significantly damaged the Charles Deering Estate. Homestead Air Force Base was devastated by this event, which destroyed 99% of the mobile homes in Homestead. In response to this event, the frustrated demand "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one?" was made by Kate Hale, emergency manager for Dade County. Over $25 billion in damage was caused by this event, a record that stood until Katrina in 2005. For ten points, name this deadly hurricane that struck Florida in 1992.

Almohads

Granada rose to power after the collapse of this earlier Muslim power in Iberia. It was founded by Ibn Tumart, a Berber.

Danzing

Grass's The Tin Drum, Cat and Mouse, and Dog Years form a trilogy named after this Polish city that existed as an independent city-state between 1920 and 1939.

Compromise of 1850

Group of laws drafted by Henry Clay that admitted California as a free state.

Bolivia

Guevara died in what country, which also sheltered Klaus Barbie, who may have helped capture Guevara?

Gaddafi

He attempted to merge his country with Syria and Egypt in the failed Federation of Arab Republics.

Ptolemy

For 10 points, name this Alexandrian polymath who names the geocentric model of the universe, and who wrote the Almagest [ALL-muh-jest].

Sam Adams

For 10 points, name this American revolutionary who was the cousin of the 2nd President.

Ben Franklin

For 10 points, name this American statesman who legendarily used a kite to experiment with electricity.

Medina

For 10 points, name this Arabian city in the Hejaz [hih-JOZZ], the second holiest in Islam after Mecca.

Tang

For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty that lasted from 618 to 907.

Pat Robertson

For 10 points, name this Christian televangelist.

Poland

For 10 points, name this Eastern European country whose largest city was headquarters to the Warsaw Pact.

Christopher Marlowe

For 10 points, name this Elizabethan author who was stabbed by Ingram Frizer, possibly for spying.

Agincourt

For 10 points, name this English victory for Henry V in the Hundred Years War thanks to the efficiency of longbows.

Athens

For 10 points, name this European capital city in which the Parthenon [PAR-thuh-nonn] can be found on the Acropolis [uh-CROP-uh-luhs].

Charlamagne

For 10 points, name this Frankish king, a patron of learning who became the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Alfred the Great

For 10 points, name this King of Wessex whose erudition and successful defense against Vikings made him the first person known as "King of England" and only one called "the Great."

Alexander the great

For 10 points, name this Macedonian king who conquered land as far as India.

GameCube

For 10 points, name this Nintendo console succeeded by the Wii.

Brazil

For 10 points, name this Portuguese-speaking South American country, the fifth-largest country in the world.

William the Silent

For 10 points, name this Prince of Orange from the House of Nassau, a rebel leader who declared the independence of the Netherlands.

Battle of Endor

For 10 points, name this Star Wars battle above a certain forest moon, which resulted in the destruction of the Second Death Star.

Euler

For 10 points, name this Swiss mathematician who presented a solution to the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg [KOHN-eggs-burg] problem.

Mandela

For 10 points, name this Xhosa ANC leader.

Mandela

For 10 points, name this activist and former leader of the ANC

Kulturkampf

For 10 points, name this attack on the Catholic Church by Otto von Bismarck.

Mexico City

For 10 points, name this city that serves as the capital of a country south of the Rio Grande.

Ireland

For 10 points, name this country whose mythology is described in the Ulster Cycle, a manuscript of which is in its city of Dublin.

2008 Recession

For 10 points, name this economic event which caused US unemployment rates to rise to ten percent by 2009.

Bill Clinton

For 10 points, name this former Arkansas governor who was inaugurated as president in 1993.

Mark Antony

For 10 points, name this friend of Julius Caesar and lover of Cleopatra.

George III

For 10 points, name this mad king who ruled during the American Revolution.

Nyerere

For 10 points, name this man who oversaw the union of Tanganyika with Zanzibar

EU

For 10 points, name this organization of 28 member states across a namesake continent.

Pope Gregory I

For 10 points, name this pope who is the namesake of a type of monastic chant.

Nyerere

For 10 points, name this promoter of ujaama, the first president of Tanzania.

Sigmond Freud

For 10 points, name this psychologist who conceived of the Oedipus complex and founded psychoanalysis

California

For 10 points, name this western U.S. state, admitted to the Union after its Gold Rush of 1849.

Saddam Hussein

For supplying this leader with raw materials, Franz van Anraat was sentenced to seventeen years in prison. President of Zambia Kenneth Kaunda sent this leader a Boeing 747 filled with luxurious goods as a gift. Despite his country signing the (+) Algiers agreement six years earlier, this leader launched an eight year-long war to gain control of the Shatt Al-Arab. This leader also launched the (*) Al-Anfal campaign, which included the gassing of Kurds at Halabja.

Kenyatta

For ten points, name this first president of Kenya.

Toyotomi clan

Forces loyal to this family consolidated under Mitsunari Ishida to form the Western Army. A member of this family assumed the title of regent because his low birth prevented him from reaching a higher position. The Council of Five Elders was created to rule in place of a young member of this family named Hideyori. Osaka Castle was constructed by a member of this family who wanted to surpass his mentor, Oda Nobunaga. For the point, name this family that opposed Tokugawa Ieyasu [Tokugawa ee-ay-yah-soo] and that included Hideyoshi.

Martel

Forces under this man killed King Poppo at the Battle of Boarn. In a victory for this man, retreating soldiers left their tents behind after his scouts discovered their loot from Bordeaux. This man defeated Ragenfred and (+) Childeric II at the Battle of Vincy, essentially removing them from a 715 civil war. This man served in both Neustria and Austrasia as (*) Mayor of the Palace until his 741 death. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was defeated by this man in a battle that halted the Muslim conquest of Europe.

Mohamed Morsi

Former President of Egypt who was deposed in 2013 after claiming unlimited power to undo the work of his predecessor, Hosni Mubarak.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Former President of Iran who spoke to the UN General Assembly in 2010, questioning whether the U.S. government committed the 9/11 attacks.

Kosovo

Former Yugoslavian country, unrecognized by Serbia, whose 1999 bombing led Tom Campbell to sue Bill Clinton.

Mandela

Former censor officer James Gregory wrote the possibly fraudulent biography Goodbye Bafana about this man, whose own memoir is titled Long (*)) Walk to Freedom.

Grant

Former president and Civil War general who Garfield narrowly beat at the 1880 Republican National Convention.

Kenyatta

He banned the opposition KPU party following 1969 elections, after which (*)) Oginga Odinga became his Vice President

Nasser

He blocked access to the Straits of Tiran [tih-RAHN] in response to the withdrawal of funding for the Aswan High Dam.

Mark Antony

His wife Fulvia [FULL-vee-uh] led a faction of senators during a civil war

New York

Home state of Garfield's rival, fellow Republican Roscoe Conkling.

Treaty of Utrecht

Hostilities that this treaty failed to end were later resolved through the Treaties of Baden and Rastatt. Under this treaty, 200 years after Tordesillas, Portugal's control of Brazil was finally recognized. Great Britain gained (+) Gibraltar and the asiento, a monopoly on the slave trade, through this treaty. Under this treaty, a claim to the (*) French throne was renounced by Philip of Anjou so that he could be king of an Iberian country. For ten points, name this treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession.

Entebbe Raid

Jean-Jacque Maimoni was killed by friendly fire in this event. In carrying out this event, Wilfred Bose protested that he was not a Nazi. During this event, Dora Bloch was allowed to leave due to illness, then was killed anyway. Jonathan Netanyahu was the IDF's only fatality in this event; others killed included two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, who had hijacked Air France Flight 139.

Ben Franklin

John Sevier was elected to govern a short-lived (+) state in modern-day Tennessee named for this man.

Sea Venture

John Smith's "Rude Answer" inspired English investors to build this supply ship, which Christopher Newport captained during the Third Supply mission. This ship was wrecked in Bermuda by a hurricane in 1609.

opera house

Jorn Utzon-designed arts center in that city, known for its white concrete shells

Kwame Nkrumah

Joseph Ankrah's National Liberation Council deposed this man while he was meeting with Zhou Enlai on a state visit to North Vietnam.

First Continental Congress

Joseph Galloway presented a Plan of Union to this body that was firmly rejected. This body, which endorsed the Suffolk Resolves as a move of solidarity, was presided over by Henry Middleton after the departure of its original president, Peyton Randolph. In its Declaration and Resolves, this body requested that Committees of Safety boycott British trade. The Intolerable Acts were the impetus for, for the point, what 1774 meeting between delegates of the Thirteen Colonies that failed to stave off the Revolutionary War?

NYPD

Many members of this organization, which is currently led by William Bratton, recently turned their backs on Bill de Blasio

Rwandan Genocide

Many perpetrators of this event were tried in Gacaca courts due to a backlog in the traditional justice system. The large number of refugees fleeing this event led to the Great Lakes Crisis in a neighboring country. This event was hastened by rebel forces taking Gisenyi two weeks after the Interahamwe militia lost the capital city of Kigali. Paul Kagame [kuh-GAH-may] became Vice President after the end of, for ten points, what 1994 event in which the Hutus massacred their Tutsi countrymen in a central African country?

Naxalite

Maoist insurgency group targeted by Operation Steeplechase in the early 1970s?

Kulturkampf

It was promulgated by the Congregations Law, and the May Laws of Adalbert [AD-uh-burt] Falk tried to institute this policy, which banned the Jesuits.

Mugabe

It was waged against this man's predecessor as Prime Minister, who signed the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Ian Smith

Gaddafi

It's not Nasser, but his Free Officers movement launched Operation Jerusalem to depose the Senussi monarchy.

Garibaldi

Italian general who led the Redshirts during the Risorgimento

Count of Cavour

Italian statesman who eventually took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy, but died after only three months in office.

Axum

Itiyopis built this kingdom's capital of Mazaber. Abraha, formerly a general for this kingdom, declared himself King of Himyar. Kaleb, another leader of this kingdom, defeated the Yemeni warlord Dhu Huwas. In the First Hjira, Muhammad urged his followers to flee to this kingdom, which captured (+) Meroe, the capital of the Kingdom of Kush. This kingdom's leader Ezana adopted Christianity after he was baptized by St. Frumentius. The first leader of the (*) Solomonic Dynasty, Yekuno Amlak, claimed descent from the last leader of this empire.

GameCube

Its exclusive games include Luigi's Mansion and Super Smash Bros. Melee.

Basque

Its namesake mountain range is the eastern section of the Cantabrian Mountains

D.C.

Izola Curry stopped a man from speaking in this city during the 1st Youth March. A speech given in this city asserts that a certain group, "will quietly and nonviolently" help "implement the Supreme Court's decision of May 17, 1954." During the Prayer Pilgrimage, the "Give Us the Ballot" speech was delivered in this city. Walter Reuther helped support an event in this city, where the Big Six spoke. Bayard Rustin and Asa Philip Randolph organized a 1963 March on, for ten points, what city where Martin Luther King delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech?

Kwame Nkrumah

James McBride's memoir The Color of Water mentions his grandfather's friendship with this man during his time as a dishwasher in New York

Iraq

Javad Fakoori ordered a failed surprise attack against this country in which four Phantom jets tried to carry out Operation Scorched Sword; the French helped repair the damage from that attack. David Ivry helped plan another attack on this country that provided the first application of Menachim Begin's foreign doctrine; in announcing that doctrine, Begin noted that "later may be too late." That attack on this country was codenamed Operation Opera and carried out by the Israeli Air Force through Saudi airspace to prevent this country from developing nuclear weapons.

Peterloo Massacre

Massacre of British protesters in 1819 that led to the Six Acts, restricting protests

Abu simbel

Massive rock temples of Ramesses the Great and Nefertari built in Nubia.

Lister

Most famously, he applied lint soaked in carbolic acid to a boy's wound and found that after four days, no infection had occurred.

EU

Most members of this organization also participate in the Schengen [shane-gun] Area

Jahangir

Muhammad Hadi continued writing memoir that this author stopped working on at the age 17. This emperor, who became drinking partners with ambassador Thomas Roe, ordered the arrest of Guru (+) Arjan Dev, who was executed when he refused to convert to Islam. This man blinded his son Khusrau after an attempted revolt, and he himself unsuccessfully revolted against his (*) father while the latter was fighting in the Deccan Plateau in 1599.

Zulfiqar

Muhammad claimed that there was no sword "which renders service except" this double-bladed or double-tipped sword, which he gave to Ali at the Battle of Uhud.

Pakistan

Muslim nation of which Bangladesh was the "East" portion until 1971?

Salt

Name for both US-Soviet treaties that limited ballistic missile production.

Godse

Nehru's eulogy for Mahatma Gandhi was delivered just hours after this Hindu nationalist shot Gandhi.

Order 227

Numbered order that allowed deserters to be shot and contained the phrase "not one step back."

Idi amin

Robert Siedle was killed in this man's country for attempting to investigate a massacre at the Mbarara ["em-ba-rah-rah"] barracks.

Korean-Americans

The 1992 L.A. riots were a response to the acquittal of the policemen who beat Rodney King; violence was particularly concentrated against this ethnic group, partially due to the light sentencing of a member of this ethnicity for the murder of 15-year-old Latasha Harlins.

Tanks

The 2nd Division unit dedicated to the use of this technology won a decisive American victory in the Battle of Norfolk. In 1980, the U.S. introduced a new generation of these weapons named after Creighton Abrams. The M4 variety of these weapons, used extensively in World War II, was named after William T. Sherman. George Patton commanded the first American unit dedicated to the use of these weapons in World War I. For the point, name these armored battle vehicles.

Washington monument

The cap of this 555-foot tall obelisk is a 100-ounce piece of aluminum, cast two years before development of the Hall-H´eroult process made aluminum significantly cheaper.

Anaconda Plan

The capture of Vicksburg gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, one of the three tenets of this plan advocated by Winfield Scott, which is named after a type of snake.

Don Larsen

Was the New York Yankees pitcher who threw a perfect game in the World Series? 1956

Greene

Was the Rhode Island general who led the American army at Guilford Courthouse?

Baldwin I

Was the first ruler to use the title "King of Jerusalem"?

Acre

Was the last Crusader city to fall, in 1291?

Nicaragua

Was the nation led by Anastasio Somoza Garcia, who was assassinated in 1956?

Australia

Was the nation that hosted the first Summer Olympics in the Southern Hemisphere?

Knights Hospitaller

Was the other prominent Christian military order, which survived on Malta and Rhodes after the Crusades?

Hale

Was the spy who stated "I only regret I have but one life to give for my country?"

Nyerere

name this man who promoted ujamaa in Tanzania.

Guyana

nation where members of the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project committed mass suicide in 1978.

Cetshwayo

(5) Leader who won at Isandlwana but was captured after the Battle of Ulundi, which led to British conquest of the Zulu Kingdom

Stinger

(5) Missiles used in Afghanistan to shoot down Mi-24 Hind helicopters after 1986.

Khartoum

(5) battle in which the title city fell to the Mahdi's army, who killed Charles "Chinese" Gordon.

Battle of Omdurman

(6) Aforementioned decisive British victory in 1898 over Abdullah al-Taashi, who claimed to be the Mahdi.

Omar

(6) One-eyed mullah who refused to hand over Osama bin Laden as the leader of Afghanistan.

Homstead Act

Laws that gave citizens land in the West for no cost, in exchange for developing it.

Kronstadt Rebellion

1921 rebellion whose suppression led to the development of the New Economic Policy.

Kursk

1943 battle that was the largest tank battle in history

Xi Jingping

) In 2013, this leader declared that youth should "dare to dream" and "contribute to the revitalization of the nation." In 2012, this leader wrote the Eight Point Regulations, which called for making the party "closer to the masses." After taking office in 2013, this leader launched a massive anti-corruption campaign, vowing to crack down on the "tigers and flies" and arresting Xu Caihou and Zhou Yongkang.

Peloponnesian War

) In a play that mocks this war, a farmer disguises his daughters as pigs and trades them for salt, while the main character holds a basket of charcoal hostage while trying to argue for an end to this war. In another play, a man flies a dung beetle to heaven to argue for an end to this war. A cause of this war was an embargo against the colony of Megara, as related in the play The Acharnians.

Youngstown steel

1952 Supreme Court case that limited President Truman's ability to seize private property during war.

Chariot Races

. In response to a rebellion sparked by one of these events, Narses distributed gold to its spectators.

Kagame

Leader of the RPF and current President of Rwanda, who stopped the genocide.

Lousinana Purchase

1803 land purchase in which the U.S. acquired much of the Midwest.

Eureka Stockade rebellion

1854 rebellion of gold miners in Ballarat.

Expedition of the Thousand

1860 event in which the Redshirts traveled to Marsala to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Sand Creek

1864 massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho Natives by the John Chivington's Colorado Volunteer Cavalry.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

1868 treaty that ended Red Cloud's War, signed at a fort in Wyoming.

Little Bighorn

1876 battle in which the Sioux annihilated the 7th U.S. Cavalry, killing George Custer

Dawes

1887 act that attempted to assimilate Native Americans by authorizing the President to carve up and distribute Native lands.

Wounded Knee

1890 massacre of unarmed Lakota men, women, and children in South Dakota.

Sirte

: Gaddafi's failed escape convoy tried to get him out of this Libyan city, his birthplace.

Nyerere

A 1956 debate of the Fourth UN Committee on Trusts ended with this man's supporters victorious in a motion to allow him to speak.

Mitch McConnell

A 2013 picture of this man shows him with an inflated throat pouch in a "show of dominance over fellow Congressional males." A 2016 satirical article included another photoshopped picture of this man covered in blood holding a severed head. That article ostensibly quoted this man as saying "Do not attempt to silence the voice of the American people," and reported that he had mailed his victim's hand to Sri Srinivasan as a warning.

Missouri Compromise

A former president noted that this legislation "awakened and filled me with terror" "like a firebell in the night." Directly prior to this legislation, the Senate rejected the Tallmadge Amendment. This legislation prevented slavery in territories north of the 36-30 parallel, and admitted Maine as a free state in exchange for a namesake territory being admitted as a slave state. The Kansas-Nebraska Act nullified, for the point, what controversial 1820 compromise?

Mandela

A group co-founded by this man was a military group responsible for the Church Street bombing known as Umkhonto we Sizwe

Zhou

A king of this dynasty named You disgraced the Marquis of Shen after divorcing his daughter for Bao Si, which led to the sacking of Hao. This dynasty, which was founded in the Wei river valley, won the Battle of Muye against Di Xin [dee shin]. The Eastern version of this dynasty featured the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Spring and Autumn Period, and this dynasty faded when the Warring States were unified into the Qin dynasty.

Soong

A member of this family secured $100 million from the United States in exchange for continually harassing one million Japanese soldiers. A school for "warphans" was established by a member of this family at the foot of the Purple Hills. Three members are this family are said to love money, power, and the country, according to a folk saying. A member of this family was named Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China over 30 years after the rest of her family fled to Taiwan.

Doctors

A member of this profession was assisted by Absalom Jones during a 1793 event in Philadelphia.

Insanity

A modern legal definition of this concept is based on the M'Naghten rules, first developed in the 1840s. Defenses based on this concept usually use the Latin phrase non compos mentis to justify actions. Absence of mens rea is used as justifications for lighter punishments when this concept is present. A 1984 act reformed this concept in American law in response to public outrage after the assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan inspired by an obsession with Jodie Foster.

Pyongyang

A monument in this city, decorated with carvings of azaelas, is found at the foot of Moran Hill and is modeled after the Arc de Triomphe. One building in this city, shaped like a pyramid with three wings, first topped out at 105 floors in 1992 but has yet to open to the public. A flame-topped monument in this city is named after the state ideology.

Arabic

A non-Christian philosopher who wrote in this language wrote a spiritual autobiography titled Deliverance from Error, as well as The Incoherence of the Philosophers, which promoted the ideas of the Asharite school. Debates conducted in this language over an ancient Greek philosopher included The Incoherence of the Incoherence, written by Averroes. The theologian Al-Ghazali wrote primarily in, for the point, what language into which many works were translated by scholars at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

Nigeria

A once-great wrestler in a novel from this country hangs himself after killing Ikemefuna [ick-ay-muh-FOO-nuh] and beating his wife during the Week of Peace

Jonestown

A recording made at this location overwrote "I'm Sorry" by The Delfonics and other soul tunes. While at this location, Timothy Stoen signed an affidavit that he wasn't the father of his son, which would later lead to a massive custody battle. This location was the site of (+) "White Nights" simulated attacks, in which residents could either stay and fight or flee into the jungle. After investigating this location, Congressman Leo (*) Ryan was killed at the nearby Port Kaituma air strip.

Mugabe

A report about the country led by this politician is partially titled "You Will be Thoroughly Beaten" and details how difficult it is to peacefully protest in that country.

Josean Dynasty

A ruler of this dynasty tried to legitimize his rule by forcing dissident ministers to recite poetry but failed to so and thus executed those "six martyred ministers." This dynasty launched an expedition against the Tsushima Islands and established a "Hall of the Worthies" for scholars. Taejo founded this dynasty, which was aided in fighting off a Japanese invasion by Yi Sun-Sin, after which it became isolationist and was known as a "hermit kingdom." Sejong the Great once led, for the point, what Korean dynasty that ruled from the fall of Goryeo to the early 20th century?

India

A theater of the Seven Years' War called the Third Carnatic War took place in which modern-day country?

Gauls

A tribe of these people called the Senones marched on Rome, demanding that Quintus Fabius be handed over; when he wasn't, these people won the Battle of the Allia, then cheated the losers with weighted scales for measuring tribute. A chieftain of the Arverni tribe of these people led a massive rebellion of these people until his defeat at the Siege of Alesia.

lung cancer

A type of this disease that makes surgery difficult was discovered by Henry Pancoast. Fritz Lickint experimented with X-raying the spleen as a cure for this disease and coined the term for a "passive" cause of it. Scientists in Nazi Germany discovered the link between this disease and asbestos. In the late 1990s, Philip Morris admitted that its products cause this disease. For ten points, name this type of cancer often caused by smoking tobacco.

Kevorkian

A videotape showing this man with Thomas Youk ends with this man challenging the authorities to convict him. Shortly after this man worked with Janet Adkins, the state of Michigan revoked his license. This man employed the use of the Mercitron and the Thanatron to deliver, respectively, carbon monoxide or an IV drip of lethal medicine.

the Bataclan and the Stade de France

A week before the Brussels bombings, Belgian police carried out a raid in connection with the November 2015 Paris attacks, which targeted two separate entertainment venues that were hosting an Eagles of Death Metal concert and a France-Germany friendly. Name either venue.

Plato

A work by this man inspired al-Farabi's [ahl fuh-RAH-bee's] book The Virtuous City

George III

After this man refused to support Catholic Emancipation, his prime minister Pitt the Younger resigned.

peron

President of Argentina who was married to Evita

Habyarimana

President whose death in an airplane accident sparked the genocide.

Ramallah

Abbas was sworn in as head of the Palestinian National Authority in this city, its de facto administrative capital. This city in the West Bank was bombed at the beginning of Operation Defensive Shield.

St. Louis

Adam Lemp founded a brewery in this city, where he introduced Lager Beer. Marguerite Scypion filed one of the first "freedom suits" in this city. During the Civil War, Nathaniel Lyon captured a state militia at Camp Jackson that was planning to attack this city's arsenal. Auguste (+) Chouteau helped found this city, where Minoru Yamasaki built the Pruitt-Igoe housing project. In this city, one of the first bridges that utilized (*) caissons was built by James Eads to cross the Mississippi River. For ten points, name this city where Eero Saarinen built the Gateway Arch.

Committies of Correspondence

Adams helped form this shadow government system that excluded loyalists and allowed patriots throughout the colonies to coordinate revolutionary efforts

Greely

After David S. Jackson was unseated for election fraud, this man was selected to replace him in a special election. This man wrote "We defy it, execrate it, spit upon it" in response to Winfield Scott's unpopular platform. In 1872, Georgia's (+) electoral votes for this Liberal Republican candidate were rejected. This man employed Whitelaw Reid and Margaret Fuller at a newspaper that printed this man's (*) "Prayer of Twenty Millions" in 1862. For ten points, name this founder of the New York Tribune who popularized the phrase "Go West, young man" and died shortly after losing the 1872 presidential election.

Kenyatta

After Governor Baring declared a state of emergency, this man was arrested during Operation Jock Scott and tried at Kapenguria while Dedan Kimathi fled.

Kibbutzim

After his career in politics, Ben-Gurion retired to one of these Israeli collectivist farms, many of which industrialized over the 20th century. A few hundred of these communities exist in Israel today.

Gaddafi

After protests against this man's rule began, a rebel government was established in the city of Benghazi (ben-GAH-zee).

Beijing

After receiving news that diplomats had been tortured, French and British troops trashed this city's Old Summer Palace in 1860. The Yongzheng Emperor required everyone taking the civil service examination to learn this city's dialect of Mandarin. This city was the site of the Siege of the International Legations, which caused the deployment of the Eight Nation Alliance during the Boxer Rebellion. The Qing dynasty's seat of power was the Forbidden City in, for the point, what capital of China?

Idi amin

After seizing power from Milton Obote, this man renamed his palace "The Command Post" and expelled 50,000 Asian from his country

2000

Al Franken wrote a speculative account of this election year titled Why Not Me?. "The Shrub" led push-polling in South Carolina during this election year, during which David Foster Wallace reported for Rolling Stone while riding the (+) Straight Talk Express. Shortly before this election, a primary-loser released his memoir Faith of My Fathers about his service as a naval aviator in the (*) Vietnam War. The eventual loser in this election year went on to win a Nobel Peace Prize in part for his book An Inconvenient Truth.

Mandela

Albert Luthuli reprimanded this man for a speech he gave at Freedom Square in Sophiatown

Portugal

Alberto Cantino was sent to this empire under the guise of negotiating a horse trade to steal maps of this empire's overseas discoveries. A desire to settle the "Moluccas issue" prompted this country to sign a 1529 treaty in a neighboring empire. Abu Abdallah Mohammad II's deposition as Sultan of Morocco prompted this empire to intervene in the Battle of Alcacer Quibir, which brought an end to its Aviz Dynasty.

Seville

Albertus Magnus claimed that cannons were used at a 1246-1247 siege of this European city; if true, that would make that siege the first known engagement in the western world to use gunpowder. The Etymologiae was an encyclopedic work compiled by a saint from this city named Isidore. This city's namesake cathedral contains a prominent bell-tower known as the Giralda and is the largest cathedral in the world. Mud´ejar architectural motifs were used in the creation of the Alc´azar of this city found close to the port of C´adiz. For the point, name this major Spanish city of Andalusia.

Guatemala

Allen Dulles launched Operation PBSUCCESS in this country, where a CIA-backed coup led to the removal of Jacobo Arbenz.

Gaddafi

Along with Habib el-Bourguiba, this leader negotiated the Djerba Agreement.

Mandela

Although he was an initial proponent of non-violent action, he abandoned such ideas after the Sharpeville Massacre.

Nasser

Although refusing to pledge his allegiance to either side in the Cold War, this man later asked the Soviet Union to help fund his construction of the (*) Aswan Dam.

Frank Kellogg

American politician who co-names an 1928 anti-war pact with French minister Aristide Briand.

Buffalo Bill

American showman who acted out episodes from the Indian Wars in his circus-like Wild West show

Idi amin

Among the amusing stories about this man are that he lied about serving with British forces in Burma during World War II, as his service had actually begun in 1946, and his claim that a "talking tortoise" had predicted his downfall.

Ronald Reagan

An inaugural address delivered by this U.S. president relates the story of soldier Martin Treptow, who died in World War I. Yellow ribbons were worn to celebrate the inauguration of this president. A speech delivered by this president to the National Association of Evangelicals claimed that the Judeo-Christian tradition was superior to the collective mentality of the Soviet Union, which he dubbed an "Evil Empire."

God Save the Queen

An "official peace version" of this song from 1919 rewrites its warlike second stanza. Muzio Clementi paid tribute to his adopted land by quoting this song in his Great National Symphony, and early versions of this song included a verse celebrating Field Marshal Wade in opposition to the Jacobites. John Bull is sometimes cited as the composer of this song's melody, which is also used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein and the American song "My Country, Tis of Thee." For the point, name this national anthem of the United Kingdom.

Egypt

An army from this region intercepted King Josiah at Megiddo and killed him. Near the end of his life, the prophet Jeremiah was forced to move to this region against his will. A family fled to this region to escape King Herod's decree to kill all boys two years or younger. The firstborn of every household in this region was slaughtered before its leader allowed the Israelites to leave.

Medical Schools

An investigation of the standards of these institutions was published in the 1910 Flexner Report. Harriot Hunt was the first woman to apply to one of these institutions, which was overseen at the time by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Two Scotsmen founded the first of these institutions in America at the University of Pennsylvania. After facing rejection from 29 of these institutions, one of them in Geneva, New York finally accepted Elizabeth Blackwell. For ten points, name this type of educational institution.

Chariot Races

An uprising that started during one of these events sought to crown (+) Hypatius as the new emperor.

Jordan

Arab country that remained neutral and controlled the majority of the West Bank after the war.

Al-Nakba

Arabic term for the forced displacement of 700,000 Palestinian Arabs during the war

Idi amin

Archbishop Janani Luwum ["Luh-wum"] was killed by this man's government

Article 2

Article of the Constitution that details the President's powers and roles, including that title.

Arthur Wellesley

As a lieutenant-colonel, this man led a bayonet charge on the left flank during the Battle of Mallavelly before failing in his first attack on Seringapatam in the Anglo-Mysore War. This resident of Apsley House threatened to (+) resign if the Catholic Relief Act of 1829 was not passed; that unpopular decision that may have contributed to his nickname of (*) "Iron Duke." In another battle, this man famously said that either "night or the Prussians must come;" Bl¨ucher's Prussians did.

Glorious Revolution

As a result of this event, the Cameronians suppressed the Dundee Rebellion at the Battle of Dunkeld. Members of the MacDonald clan were killed in the Glencoe Massacre for failing to swear loyalty to a king installed in this event; that king won the Battle of the Boyne and was a stadtholder from the House of Orange. The 1689 English Bill of Rights was passed after this event, which removed the Catholic James II. For ten points, name this bloodless revolution in which William III and Mary II became rulers of England.

Mensheviks

As this group walked out of the 1917 All-Russian Congress of Soviets, an infuriated Trotsky yelled "Go where you belong - into the dustbin of history!" This faction's name derives from the Russian for "minority."

Philippines

At a battle fought off the shores of this country, Admiral Halsey aggressively maneuvered the U.S. Third Fleet north, earning that battle the nickname "Bull's Run." Masaharu Homma was executed for war crimes he committed in this country, where he forced a group of POWs to trek sixty miles to Camp O'Donnell. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was fought near this country, where Japanese forces carried out the Bataan Death March. For the point, name this Asian country to which Douglas MacArthur vowed to return.

Mandelas funeral

At this event, Hellen Thorning Schmidt took a controversial selfie with David Cameron and Barack Obama, and Obama controversially shook hands with Raul Castro. Thamsanqa Jantjie suffered a schizophrenic episode while providing sign language translation at this event, which included a service in FNB Stadium, where Jacob Zuma was booed.

Hajj

Augustine Podmore Williams scandalously abandoned a group of participants in one of these events to die on an abandoned ship in a hurricane, inspiring Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim. Iranian diplomat Ghazanfar Roknabadi died during this event in the 2015 Mina Stampede. During this event, participants throw pebbles at the jamarat, representing the Devil.

Ogaden

The aforementioned conflict against the Derg began when Siad Barre invaded this namesake disputed region. It is the easternmost region of Ethiopia.

MSG

Barbara Jordan and Zell Miller gave keynote addresses during party national conventions held in this specific location. In 1982, Sun Myung Moon held the first Blessing Ceremony of the Unification Church outside of Korea in this location, conducting a mass wedding in which 2,500 people were married. The Hulu Theater at this location is currently slated for demolition as part of plans to expand nearby Penn Station. For ten points, identify this New York City concert hall and sporting venue named for the fourth president.

Sherman

Basil Hart claimed that this man was the first "modern general" in history. The forces of Leonidas Polk were defeated in a campaign led by this man that ended with the capture of Meridian. This man accepted the surrender of Joseph Johnston's forces at Bennett Place in North Carolina. This general, who allegedly came up with the saying "war is hell," sent a telegram offering 25,000 bales of cotton as part of a Christmas present after a campaign that was meant to "make Georgia howl." For ten points, name this Union general who led a March to the Sea.

Saratoga

Battle, a defeat for John Burgoyne in the Revolutionary War, that convinced France to support the American Revolution.

Bosworth Field

Before this battle, character claims that "the ransom of my bold attempt Shall be this cold corpse on the earth's cold face" should he die in combat. The night prior to this battle, man states "It is now (+) dead midnight. / Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. / What do I fear? Myself ?" after begin visited by a parade of vengeful ghosts who instruct him to despair and die. At this battle, the losing commander exclaims (*) "A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!"

Katrina

Before this event, Robert Ricks likely saved many lives by warning that an area would become "uninhabitable for weeks."

Tagore

Bengali Nobel laureate in literature who wrote the Indian and Bangladeshi national anthems?

King Tut

Boy king whose tomb was re-discovered by Howard Carter in 1922

Churchill

British Prime Minister who called the fall of colonial Singapore the worst disaster in British military history

Assassination of Lumumba

CIA agent Larry Devlin criticized this action, calling it "morally wrong," and argued against Sidney Gottlieb's plan to do this via poisonous "toothpaste." The victim of this event was tortured at the Brouwez House after being held at Camp Hardy in Thysville for over a month. The victim of this event had led his country for nearly three months in 1960 before Belgian-funded secessionists in Katanga forced him out.

Seven Years War

Canada became a British colony after the Treaty of Paris that ended this war.

Chelyabinsk

City in the Urals known as "Tankograd" for its industrial output.

Maratha

Confederacy that displaced the Mughals from southern India. It was founded by Shivaji.

Mugabe

Constantino (*) Chiwenga released a statement condemning this leader's purges of senior officials a day before he was forced to resign.

Genet

Controversial 18th century French "citizen" ambassador who wanted to bring America into war with Britain.

War Powers Act

Controversial 1973 law that restricts the President's power to deploy armed troops beyond 60 days.

dams

The aforementioned use of bouncing bombs was used to destroy these structures at Mohne and Edersee; the bombs became known as the "busters" of these structures.

Malaysia

Country from which Singapore was expelled in 1965.

Indonesia

Country that fought the Konfrontasi conflict against Singapore under the leadership of Sukarno

UK

Country that had formerly administered Mandatory Palestine.

Benin

Country that was once the colony of French Dahomey; it shares it name with a Nigerian-based kingdom led by Ovonramwen.

Kenya

Country whose large white settler population included the Happy Valley Set, centered on the town of Nyeri near the Aberdare Mountains.

Nasser

Creation of (*) Helwan City and the Aswan Dam, along with the nationalization of the Suez Canal, were major projects under the rule of this man.

Guantanamo Bay

Cuban naval base used by the US to detain terror suspects and enemy combatants.

Arlington

Dedications at this site include a memorial to the victims of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing at the Lockerbie Cairn, as well as a memorial built from the mast of the sunken USS Maine. John Carl Warnecke designed an eternal flame at this site in honor of John F. Kennedy. Recipients of the Silver Star or Purple Heart meet the criteria to be buried at, for the point, what national military cemetery across the Potomac River from Washington DC?

Kenyatta

Early in his political career, this man created a newspaper called (*) Mwigithania, which translates to "He Who Brings Together".

Nyerere

Early in his political career, this man negotiated fruitfully with British representative Richard Turnbull.

Oklahoma City Bombing

Dave Paulson was questioned for his role in this event after his business card was left in a police car with a suspicious note on it. Twelve years prior to this event, a group called The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord planned a rocket (+) attack on the same target. Missing license plates prompted Charlie Hanger to arrest the perpetrator of this event, who was inspired to commit it after the (*) ATF siege of the Branch Davidian compound at Waco.

Herbert Hoover

Death Valley was proclaimed a National Park by this President, one month before he left office. This man's Presidential library is in West Branch, Iowa, and his home in California is now the official residence of the President of Stanford University.

Kenyatta

Early in his political career, this man was sent to London as a lobbyist by James Beauttah.

Stalin

Dictator who led the Soviet Union during World War II.

Stalin

Dictator who ordered the death of Leon Trotsky and was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev.

GameCube

During development, this system was codenamed (+) "Dolphin".

Statue of Liberty

Edouard de Laboulaye proposed this structure as an international effort. After this structure was completed on Bedloe's Island, it was celebrated with its city's first ticker-tape parade. This monument's base features an Emma Lazarus poem with the verses "give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses" called "The New Colossus." For ten points, name this Frederic Bartholdi-designed sculpture that bears a copper torch in New York Harbor.

Prism

Edward Snowden leaked the existence of this surveillance program, which has been described as the number one source of raw Internet data for the agency. The FISA Court supervises this program.

Theater fire

Event and type of location required. In Brooklyn in 1876, almost 300 people died in one of these events, whose victims were mostly from the upper family circle. Eddie Foy tried to calm the crowd during one of these events at Chicago's Iroquois in 1903, but over 600 people died, making it the deadliest of these events in history. In the opinion to 1919's Schenck v. United States, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote that "the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect" someone from falsely shouting that one of these events was occurring. For the point, name this specific type of disaster, one of which destroyed Shakespeare's Globe after a cannon accident.

Great Purge

Event from 1936-1938 that destroyed the Army leadership and killed Marshal Tukachevsky among hundreds of thousands of others.

Gama

Explorer who used that discovery to become the first European to reach India by sea

Kwame Nkrumah

Following a failed assassination attempt in the Kulungugu Incident, this leader had several of his own ministers arrested and tried, including H.H. Cofie-Crabbe, Ako Adjei, and Tawia Adamafio.

Basque

For 10 points, Bilbao is in what autonomous community of northern Spain whose native language is a linguistic isolate?

China

Freddy Guarin recently transferred to a team in this country. Like Saudi Arabia and France, it crashed out of the 2002 FIFA World Cup without scoring a goal, but hasn't qualified for a World Cup since. Shortly after his stint as manager of Brazil, Felipe Scolari found work in this country with a team called (+) Evergrande. In 2012, Chelsea lost Nicholas Anelka and Didier Drogba to a team in this country owned by the Greenland Group, (*) Shenhua FC.

Versailles

French palace whose Hall of Mirrors was the location of Germany's unification.

defense mechanisms

Freud's daughter Anna authored a book titled for the "Ego" and what concepts, whose examples include regression and projection?

Vicksburg

General Sherman captured Jackson during the campaign to take this location, and Port Hudson fell following the surrender of this location by John C. Pemberton

Kenyatta

George Padmore, a friend of this man, helped shape his anti-colonalist ideals.

Us invasion of Canada

George Pearkes described a contingency for this action as a "fantastic desperate plan" which "just might have worked." That plan, developed by James Brown, called for the immediate seizure of the Great Falls at the occurrence of this event. (+) Defense Scheme No. 1 was designed to prevent this action which was called for in War Plan Crimson. In planning for this action, one government noted that Route 99 "is the best practicable route to (*) Vancouver."

Crimea

Haci I Giray founded a state in this region that gained nominal independence in the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji. Alfonso La Marmora and Aimable Pelissier fought together in a campaign in this region. A ´ year later in this region, Pavel Liprandi's forces retreated, thinking that a large force lay behind Colin Campbell's 93rd Regiment, which had formed the "thin red line." The Siege of Sevastopol was interrupted by the Battle of Balaclava in an 1850s war named for this region.

Ptolemy

He also names a (+) list of ancient kings and their chronology that orders rulers between the Babylonian empire and the Roman empire.

Kenyatta

He also represented the Kikuyu tribe in testifying at the Carter Land Commission.

Nyerere

He negotiated with Richard Turnbull for independence before issuing the(*)) Arusha Declaration and merging his country with a nearby island

William the Silent

He started the Eighty Years' War

Kenyatta

His "wife of his old age", Ngina, became fabulously wealthy during his rule.

Kenyatta

His adopted name was a Kikuyu word for the belt that he wore, and he was succeeded as president by Daniel Arap Moi

Charlamagne

His court at Aachen [OCK-en] was the center of a domain that he passed on to his son, Louis the Pious.

Euler

His mathematical identity sets e to the i times pi equal to minus 1.

Mugabe

This leader's G-40-backed wife and a military-backed member of the ZANU both vied to succeed him as president after a 2017 coup.

Babur

In 1992, a mosque named for this ruler was destroyed by zealous members of the BJP. This ruler's father, Umar Mirza, died while tending pigeons on an ill-constructed dovecote [dev-coat] that fell into a ravine. This man won the Battle of Khanwa against Rana Sigh two years after winning the First Battle of Panipat. This man's death in 1526 led to the ascension of his son, Humayun.

Australia

In 1622, John Brooke aboard the Tryall sighted Point Cloates on this island in 1622; the Tryall later became the first shipwreck in this island's waters, near the Montebello Islands. One explorer suggested this island's Kurnell Peninsula as a settlement site, but the first settlers to try it gave up after a week and moved to Port Jackson. Arthur Philip led 11 ships in the "First Fleet" to this island in 1787.

Hajj

In 1757, tens of thousands of people who had recently performed this action died when a group led by Qa'dan al-Faiz raided their caravan. Unlike a similar action, this action must be done during Dhu al-Hijjah. This action includes a series of rituals, including drinking from the Zamzam Well, the symbolic stoning of the devil, and circling the Kaaba seven times.

Kenyatta

In 1929, London's secretary of state for colonies refused to meet with this man to discuss European colonization of Africa

Cuba

In 1996, two civilian airplanes dispersing advocacy fliers over this country were shot down by a MiG-29, causing Madeline Albright to respond "This is not cojones [co-HO-nays], this is cowardice." Those planes belonged to Brothers to the Rescue, whose chief goal is to aid refugees from this country. In summer 1980, citizens of this country fled it in a mass exodus called the Mariel Boatlift.

Mugabe

In 2000, he pressured Britain to pay land reparations to his country while forciblyremoving a white minority in his country from 10 million hectares of land.

Mugabe

In December 2014, this leader appointed a new vice president whom he said was there just so he could "give [him] work to do."

China

In the 1960's, math matician from this country proved the rem stating that sufficiently large even numbers can either be written as the sum of two primes or prime and semiprime. In 2014, math matician born in this country won the MacArthur Award for establishing the first bound on (+) prime gaps. A theorem guaranteeing that a pair of modular congruence relations with coprime moduli will have solutions was discovered in this country in the third century. (*) Pascal's triangle was discovered by mathematicians in this country centuries before Pascal's work.

Argentina

In this country in 2016, referee C´esar Flores was shot and killed on the pitch by a player he'd sent off. A soccer club in this country plays home games in the La Bombonera; that team is the Boca Juniors. During a heated game in the 1986 World Cup, a midfielder who played for this country scored the "Hand of God" goal, shortly followed by the "Goal of the Century."

Seven Years war

In this war, the French captured Minorca [min-OR-cuh], which was returned at its end.

Tang

It was interrupted by the Second Zhou [zhoe] Dynasty of Empress Wu, and it rose to power after the Sui [sway] dynasty.

Populist Party

James B. Weaver carried four states as this party's candidate for president.

Hijacking of flight 93

John Farmer exposed Billy Hutchinson's lies about being at this event. During this event, an ACARS message was sent reading "Plz confirm all is normal." Thomas Burnett ended a phone call during this event with "Don't worry, we're going to do something." This event concluded with Todd Beamer calling "Are you guys ready? Okay. Let's roll!" as recorded on a black box.

Jutland

John Jellicoe's victory over the Germans in the North Sea occurred in this 1916 battle, named for a Danish peninsula.

Mandela

Known for a time as the Black Pimpernel, he was put on trial at Rivona for his actions related to the Spear of the Nation movement, the military branch of his party.

Saladin

Led Muslim resistance to the Third Crusade after capturing Jerusalem in 1187?

Richard I

Led the Third Crusade as the King of England and won the Battle of Arsuf [ar-soof]?

Adali Stevenson

Lost the US Presidential election?

Shiloh

Major Union victory in Tennessee in which Garfield participated and Albert Sidney Johnston was killed.

Doctors

Members of this profession used a technique popularized by Edward Jenner called inoculation.

Zouaves

Many photos and paintings of the Crimean War show these French regiments in their characteristic Algerian inspired uniforms of red trousers and hats.

Kenyatta

Nicknamed "Burning Spear," this student of Bronislaw Malinowski

Doctors

One man with this job encouraged the correspondence of the elderly Adams and Jefferson and was named Benjamin Rush.

Plato

One of this man's works presents four "affections" of the psyche using the Analogy of the Divided Line.

Macdonald

One man with this surname lost an election after suspending the trial of J.R. Campbell for inciting mutiny in the newspaper Workers Weekly, and his re election campaign was hurt by forged letter from Grigori Zinoviev encouraging Communist rebellion. Another man with this surname faced rebellion led by (+) Louis Riel in the Red River Colony and lost power after his administration was accused of accepting bribes for the contract of a (*) trans-Canadian railroad.

Gaddafi

One member of this family was caught doping and kicked off the soccer team Perugia after onegame.

George III

One of this king's cabinet ministers was wounded at Putney Heath after a duel.

Nyerere

Oscar Kambona was thought to be this man's most likely successor after he calmed an army mutiny that forced this man and his vice-president Rashid Kawawa into hiding.

WW1

Outrage over an attack on Belgium during this war was stirred by a poster showing a gorilla holding a half-naked woman with a caption reading "Destroy this Mad Brute." A poster that reads "Sow the Seeds of (+) Victory" encouraged the newly developed practice of planting victory gardens during this war, which also marked the first appearance of James (*) Montgomery Flagg's posters depicting the line "I want you" under Uncle Sam. For ten points, name this war in which enlistment posters were pushed by the Wilson administration in the 1910s.

Dreyfus

Paul Painlev´e [pahn lev ay] supposedly compared Jean Racine to this man because both men's works "do not show the most prob ble distribution." Henri Poincare showed that Alphonse Bertillon's statements about this man were based on (+) misunderstandings of probability. Georges Picquart showed that this man could not have written the "bordereau" discovered in Maximilian von (*) Schwartzkoppen's wastebasket.

Western Sahara

People from this region were killed at the Zemla Massacre during protests organized by Harakat Tahrir. The only UN peacekeeping mission without a duty to report on human rights operates in this phosphate-rich region. El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed founded this region's (+) Polisario Front, the recognized representative of its unrecognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Hassan II organized the Green March in this region in an attempt to gain control of it from (*) Spain.

Hagannah

Predecessor to the Israeli Defence Forces that served as a paramilitary organization in the war.

Industrial Revolution

Period of urban migration and swift technological improvement that began in Britain in the early 19th century.

Safavid

Persian rival of the Mughals, located to the west. It was founded by Ismail I, a Shi'ite.

Battle of Bouvines (boo-veen)

Philip of Dreux captured William Longsword at this battle where Renald of Boulange was the last to surrender. The shield of the Montmorency family has 16 eagles instead of 4 because Mathieu de Montmorency captured 12 banners at this battle. Ferrand of Flanders broke an alliance before this battle, which led to the overthrow of Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV by Frederick II. Shortly after this battle, the losing king was forced to sign the Magna Carta. For the point, name this 1214 battle where Philip II of France defeated John I of England.

Marx

Philosopher of labor who worked with Engels on the Communist Manifesto

Justinian the Great

Prince Xerxes defeated this man's forces at the Battle of Thannuris in the Iberian War. This man fought over the region of Lazica with Khosrau the Great, with whom he signed the Treaty of Eternal Peace. During this man's reign, the (+) Blues and Greens began riots over chariot races in the Nika Revolt. This Emperor's generals Narses and (*) Belisarius reconquered Italy from the Ostrogoths. For ten points, Theodora married which Byzantine Emperor who built the Hagia Sophia and ordered the creation of a namesake law code?

Mendelssohn

Prussia's King Frederick William IV commissioned this man to write music for a play featuring the song "Ye spotted snakes." Queen Victoria once claimed her favorite piece by this man was a song actually composed by his sister, Fanny. A visit to the ruins of Holyrood Chapel inspired this man's third symphony, as well as his Hebrides Overture. The Scottish Symphony was composed by, for ten points, what composer whose music for A Midsummer Night's Dream features a famous "Wedding March?"

White Supremacy

Radio host Alan Berg was murdered by a group advocating this belief known as the Order. Executions occur during the "Day of the Rope" in a book that furthers this belief, written by William Luther Pierce; that book is The Turner Diaries, pages of which were found in the car of Timothy McVeigh upon his arrest.

Kenyatta

Rawson Macharia once falsely claimed that this man had forced him to strip naked and drink human blood, leading to this man's imprisonment.

Kenyatta

Rawson Macharia testified that this leader required him to strip naked, walk through an arch of banana leaves seven times, and drink (*) blood during the administration of an oath.

Cape of the Needles

Real southern tip of Africa, roughly 100 miles southeast of the Cape of Good Hope.

Kenyatta

Recent evidence suggests that he ordered the death of cabinet minister C.M.G. Argwings-Kodhek.

Lepanto

Sebastiano Venier rose to prominence after this battle, where one side lost a force of irreplaceable composite archers. A bronze sculpture of Neptune was crafted to bear similarities to one admiral in this battle, which was preceded by the siege of Famagusta. The winning side formed wings flanking the flagship Real [ray-AHL]. Andrea Doria and Miguel Cervantes fought in this battle, whose winning side was led by Don Juan of Austria.

Populist Party

Senators from this party included North Carolina's Marion Butler

Wilderness Road

Several workers hired to create this route were killed in a raid on Martin's Station. A notable portion of what would become this route was first crossed by a European after Gabriel Arthur was captured by the Shawnee. Speculator Richard Henderson founded the Transylvania Company, which was tasked with creating this route starting at Fort Chiswell. Farm supplies were brought to what became the future states of Kentucky and Tennessee via, for ten points, what road that passed through the Cumberland Gap and was blazed by Daniel Boone?

Guantanamera

Song inspired by Jose Marti [mar-TEE] that became the most famous patriotic song of Cuba?

Idi amin

Soon after, this man's country was where Nicholas Stroh and Robert Siedle were murdered after investigating the Mbarara barracks

Xhosa

South African tribe whose anti-colonial efforts were hurt by a cattle-killing movement led by the prophetess Nongqawuse.

Czechoslovakia

Soviet-aligned European nation that shipped arms to Israel in Operations Balak and Velvetta.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet-led counterpart of NATO, composed of Eastern Bloc countries

Great Zimbabwe

That gave its name to the country once called Rhodesia [roh-DEE-zhuh]?

Indian National Congress

That leader's successor, also from this party, declared a (+) state of emergency in 1975, after which this party lost an election to Morarji [more-are-jee] Desai's Janata Party

Mugabe

That war involving this man was effectively ended with the Lancaster House Agreement, and was called the Chimurenga, or Bush War.

Bayeux Tapestry

The Battle of Hastings is recorded in this work of art, which depicts Harold Godwinson being felled by an arrow to his eye.

Haymarket Riot

The Knights of Labor declined in influence after this event, which occurred following an unsuccessful strike at the McCormick Harvesting Company

Mobuto

The Manifesto of N'Sele pronounced the anti-party stance of his Popular Movement of the Revolution, and he was aided by the Safari Club during two uprisings in the Shaba province.

Medina

The Qaynuqa [kay-NOOK-uh] were expelled from this city after a jeweler began a feud by inadvertently stripping off a woman's dress.

Missississippi River

The Scottish financier John Law advertised land claims along this river, triggering a bubble named after this river in the French court. A Native American culture named for this river constructed the mounds at Cahokia. Robert de La Salle claimed the entirety of this river's basin for France, and its northern reaches were explored by Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet. The French territory of Louisiana was centered around, for ten points, what river that empties into the Gulf of Mexico near New Orleans?

Arrow

The Second Opium War was triggered by the boarding of this British cargo ship anchored in the Canton harbor by Chinese soldiers, which violated the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing

Kenyatta

The Shifta War was a revolt against this man's government after he signed a Mutual Defense Treaty with Haile Selassie.

Enigma

The addition of a fourth (+) rotor was a major setback for this project.

films

The Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional to censor these things because they were deemed sacrilegious in Joseph Burstyn v. Wilson. In 1948, the "Big Five" was stopped from block booking these things. Marvin Miller's advertising of books and these things led the Supreme Court to create a new three-prong standard for defining obscenity. The Citizens United case was initially inspired by one of these works about Hillary Clinton. The Hays Code restricted the moral character of, for the point, what form of entertainment produced by Warner Brothers and MGM?

An lushan

The Tang [tong] dynasty faced this rebellion, led by a namesake general, who established the Yan dynasty.

Mexico City

The Ten Tragic Days ended with Francisco Madero's [MUH-dare-oze] assassination in this city

Weed

The U.S. House of Representatives passed a 2014 bill that prevented welfare funds going to states that defy the FDA and DEA and have legalized this substance.

algeria

The anti-colonialist Henry Curiel aided this country's independence movement in the Jeanson network. Another country's Foreign Affairs Secretary, Alain Savary, resigned after an eventual ruler of this country, Ahmed Ben Bella, was arrested in 1956. Fighting in this country, which fought the Sand War with Morocco, caused the Harkis and Pied Noirs [peed-nwah] to flee to Europe. The Evian Accords ended a war of independence in, for the point, what former colonial holding of France in North Africa?

Christopher Marlowe

The assassin Lightborn kills the title character of a play by this man that opens with the recall of that king's favorite, (+) Piers Gaveston, from exile

Euler

The base of the natural logarithm, e, is named for this blind Swiss mathematician.

Haiti

The cultivation of this colony's most prominent crop first started on its L´eogane [layoh-gahn] plain, then moved to Cul-de-Sac after soil exhaustion. Vincent Og´e [oh-zhay] led an insurgency demanding black suffrage outside of this colony's city of (+) Le Cap, which became the capital for a breakaway kingdom in this colony founded by Henri Christophe. Charles Leclerc's failed invasion of this former colony tried to restore its control to (*) Napoleon, who had earlier captured the man who wrote its first constitution.

Idi amin

The current president of this leader's country joined an abortive attempt to overthrow him at Mbarara barracks.

Mansa Musa

The cut-stone Hall of Audience was commissioned by this ruler, who ascended to the throne after his predecessor disappeared on a voyage to explore the limits of the Atlantic Ocean. This ruler invited Ali Kolon to his court after conquering his homeland with the help of his general, Sagmandia. Andalusian architects were hired by this man to build the Djinguereber [jin guh rey ber] Mosque in Timbuktu.

Teapot Dome Scandal

The expansion of Three Rivers Ranch was investigated as part of this event. Thomas Walsh's lack of seniority left him saddled with investigating this event. As a result of this event, Congress gained the power to compel testimony in McGrain v. Daughtery. Edward Doheny contributed to this scandal by acquiring a lease on Elk Hills in order bolster his petroleum company. Leases of Navy oil fields were the subject of, for ten points, what scandal that rocked the Harding administration?

Athens

The explosion of an Ottoman munitions dump damaged this city's most famous landmark, from which a set of marble sculptures were removed by Lord Elgin

Churchill

The failure of the Gallipoli Campaign tarnished the early career of this orator who capped off his best speeches with phrases like "blood, toil, tears, and sweat" and "this was their finest hour."

press secretary

The first female holder of this position wrote about her experiences in her book Why Women Should Rule The World. Dee Dee Myers held this post under Bill Clinton. This position was revamped under FDR by the grandson of a Confederate general, Stephen Early. A 1993 bill requiring background checks for firearm purchases is named after a holder of this position who was severely injured during the assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan. James Brady held, for the point, what position that manages briefings to White House media?

Second Boer war

The government that started this war was re-elected when Lord Salisbury triumphed in the Khaki Election

2008 Recession

The immediate cause of this event was the collapse of Lehman Brothers.

machetes

The knife-like weapons with a Spanish name used by revolutionaries under Carlos Cespedes?

Idi amin

The memoir A State of Blood was written by this man's former minister Henry Kyemba

Samurai

The military class banned from carrying swords and then abolished during modernization?

Mandela

The military organization he co-founded, whose name is translated as "Spear of the Nation," became the military wing of his political party.

Medina

This city also known as Yathrib [yuh-THREEB] defended itself at the Battle of the Trench from the neighboring Quraysh [koo-RYESH] tribe, who pursued a man who fled here in 622 CE during the Hijra.

Omaha beach

The most heavily defended beach on D-Day, named after the largest city in Nebraska?

Luxor

The obelisk in the Place de la Concorde was from this larger modern Egyptian city that contains the remains of several temples at Karnak and Thebes.

Mobuto

The only legal party during his regime was the Popular Movement of the Revolution, or the MPR.

Overlord

The operational code name of D-Day?

Fredrick Douglass

This man delivered a speech that calls for "scorching irony," in which the answer to the title question is "a day that reveals gross injustice and cruelty."

Decembrist Revolt

The rebels in this 1825 uprising after the death of Alexander chanted "Constantine and Constitution!", but were suppressed by Nicholas I

Normandy

The region of France that contains all five invasion beaches?

Athens

The royal stoa [STOH-uh] of Attalos [uh-TALL-ohs] is found in this city.

the mind

The term "qualia" [kwa-lee-ah] refers to instances of conscious experience within this entity.

Thrilla in Manilla

The wife of one partic pant in this event was enraged to see publicity photos showing the mistress Veronica Porch´e. Eddie Futch told Carlos Padilla to end this event, whose eventual winner claimed he lost five pounds of weight during it. The (+) "rope-a-dope" strategy was ineffective early in this event, which took place in oppressively hot and humid conditions. The winner had angered the loser in pre-fight banter by calling him "The (*) Gorilla".

Battle of Varna

The winning commander in this battle had been called out of retirement to fight by Candarli Halil. The idea that it was lawful to break treaties with heretics helped Julian Cesarini convince one side to fight this battle. Ladislaus the (+) Posthumous ascended to the throne following this battle that was preceded by the violation of the Peace of (*) Szeged, and Wladyslaw III of Poland was killed in this battle. This battle was the culmination of the Long Campaign.

Chariot Races

These events, which were attended by groups such as the Blues, Greens, and Whites, were the origin of the Nika [NEEK-uh] Riots against (*) Justinian.

Ninja

These figures were alleged to have been able to walk on water with a type of wooden shoe called the "water spider." One of these figures replicated the enemy's crest on the lanterns of his troops to gain entrance into that enemy's army. A famous person of this type nicknamed "Devil" led his lord to safety through Iga province. Hattori Hanzo was a member of this profession, also known as shinobi, who served Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Chariot Races

They were held at the Hippodrome in Constantinople and the Circus Maximus in Rome

Gaza

Thin piece of land in southwest Israel captured by the Egyptians

Poland

This country's Gdansk [guh-DONSK] Shipyards were where an electrician founded the trade union Solidarity

Poland

This country's flag emerges from the "N" in the iconic blood-red logo of one of its protest movements, which forced its government to agree to the Round Table Talks.

Feynman

This thinker's theory of partons enraged his rival, Murray Gell-Mann. This scientist frequently borrowed the car of Klaus Fuchs [fooks] before Fuchs was discovered to be a Soviet spy. This scientist's "There's (+) Plenty of Room at the Bottom" is now considered one of the first conceptions of nanotechnology. While serving on the Rogers Commission, this scientist used a glass of (*) ice water to demonstrate the susceptibility of O-rings to freezing temperatures, helping explain the Challenger disaster. The behavior of subatomic particles is described on diagrams named for, for ten points, what physicist and lecturer?

The London Eye

This tourist attraction on the south bank of the Thames was built in 2000 and was the subject of a rent dispute in 2005, which mayor Livingstone helped resolve.

First Persian Gulf War

This war included the Battle of Norfolk, a tank battle fought the day after the Battle of 73 Easting. The health effects of this conflict were investigated in the Riegle Report, which concluded that soldiers were exposed to chemical weapons. A stretch of road in this conflict was named the "Highway of Death," as many soldiers were killed trying to retreat to the Euphrates.

English civil war

This war's outcome was decided at the Battle of Naseby, where the "Oxford Army" was smashed by the (*) Roundhead cavalry of the New Model Army.

Alberta

Trudeau's National Energy Program proved deeply unpopular in this western province, where large oil deposits are found in the Athabasca oil sands.

Arthur

Vice President who succeeded Garfield.

Knights Templar

Was a military monastic order founded in 1119 and named after a prominent Jerusalem site?

Nasser

Weeping protesters told this man that "we are your soldiers" after he attempted to resign in the June 9 speech.

nucleus

Weizsacker's formula is used to approximate the mass of this structure, whose liquid drop model was proposed by George Gamow. Ernest Marsden and Hans Geiger conducted a 1911 experiment that discovered this structure; that experiment involved firing alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil and is usually named for its advisor, Ernest Rutherford. The plum puding model was discarded after the discovery of, for the point, what structure found in the center of atoms, composed of protons and neutrons?

Lexington and Concord

Were the two Massachusetts towns where the war started?

Pocohontas

What daughter of Powhatan took the name Rebecca after converting to Christianity and marrying John Rolfe?

Sea People

What group of rampaging Mediterraneans were beaten down by Ramesses III at the Battle of the Delta in the 12th century BC?

Algerian War of Independence

When an author was asked about terrorist attacks during this conflict, he responded "between justice and my mother, I choose my mother." Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth discusses patients who suffered trauma during this conflict. The Organisation Arm´ee Secr´ete bombed Jean-Paul Sartre's house for supporting a side in this conflict.

A-wing interceptors

When he died, Arvel Crynyd [are-VELL CRIH-nid] was piloting one of what class of extremely fast fighters, which comprised Green Squadron at Endor?

Nyerere

William Edgett Smith wrote a biography of this man titled We Must Run While They Walk

Hastings

William Malet was one of the 15 "proven companions" of the victor of this battle. Henry of Huntington describes how men on the winning side were trampled after charging into a feature later called the (+) "Evil Ditch." Orderic Vitalis is a major source for information on this battle, whose losing commander positioned his troops on Senlac Hill. Bishop Odo commissioned an (*) embroidery that ends with depictions of this battle. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts, for ten points, what victory for William the Conqueror in 1066?

Sinking of the Lusitania

William Thomas Turner attempted to prevent this disaster, which occurred near the Old Head of Kinsale. The Cunard Company was prosecuted for its negligence surrounding this event, since it failed to reveal that munitions had been placed in storage. William Jennings Bryan resigned as Secretary of State because he felt Woodrow Wilson was too strong-handed in his reaction to, for ten points, what 1915 event in which a British ocean liner was torpedoed by a German U-boat?

Mandela

With Oliver Tambo, this man established the first black legal practice in his country.

Mandela

With Oliver Tambo, this man led the 1952 Defiance Campaign.

Mandela

With Oliver Tambo, this man opened the first black-run legal practice in his country.

Famine

disaster that caused three million deaths in 1943, studied by economist Amartya Sen

Uruguay

nation whose capital city, Montevideo, hosted the first FIFA World Cup.

Mandela

prisoner number 46664

Nasser

succeeded by Anwar Sadat.

Nyerere

ujamaa

India

world's second most populous country home to the state of West Bengal?

schism

The Council of Constance ended one of these events where the papacy moved to Avignon [avv-een-yawn], while another separated the Catholic and Orthodox Churches

Peru

One writer from this country who was stabbed to death by a mentally deranged man wrote the poetry collection Alma America. One writer from this country called Mexico a "perfect dictatorship," and wrote a novel in which a writer at (+) Radio Panamericana has an affair with an older woman. A novel set in this country ends with the burning at the stake of Brother Juniper, who had earlier witnessed a rope bridge collapse.

Stroessner

Operation Condor was supported by this long time dictator of Paraguay, who renamed Ciudad del Este in his own honor.

Nyerere

Operation Dodoma was a response to one of his plans, who claimed "the poor man does not use a weapon" as part of his socialist plan.

schism

The Council of Florence attempted to mediate one of these events in which Humbert and Michael Cerularius [SIR-yoo-LAIR-ee-us] excommunicated each other.

Barbarossa

Operation in which Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

Oppenhiemer

Opponents of this man argued that his politics had been influenced by his affair with Jean Tatlock. This man, whose loyalty was questioned by the Borden Letter, was approached by a literature professor with (+) Soviet ties in the Chevalier Incident. This man's Q-Clearance was revoked just one day before it was to expire as the result of a (*) 1954 security hearing.

Spain

The Duke of Wellington defeated French forces in this nation with help from irregulars who launched a "little war" that is the origin of the word (*) "guerrilla."

Nehru

The Fazal Ali commission was created by this man to reorganize states. This man used the Forward Policy to fight China over the Line of Actual Control. V. K. Menon served as this man's secretary of defense before resigning after the 1962 Sino-Indian War. In one speech, this man declared "the light has gone out of our lives" after the assassination of his mentor; in another speech, he discussed a "Tryst with Destiny." Indira Gandhi was the daughter of, for ten points, what first prime minister of India?

Aqueduct

The Gallic Pont du Gard was an example of what type of Roman structure that serviced Nimes [neem]?

Sharpeville Massacre

Panicked police officers fired their weapons during this event, probably because of an earlier incident in which nine constables died at Cato Manor. UN Resolution 134 was passed after this event, which constituted "gross human rights violations" according to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the ANC, was founded in the wake of this event, which occurred after Hendrik Verwoerd expanded apartheid policies.

Sharpeville Massacre

Panicked police officers fired their weapons during this event, probably because of an earlier incident in which nine constables died at Cato Manor. UN Resolution 134 was passed after this event, which constituted "gross human rights violations" according to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the ANC, was founded in the wake of this event, which occurred after Hendrik Verwoerd expanded apartheid policies. Protesters against the Pass Laws were shot in, for ten points, what 1960 massacre in what is now Gauteng in South Africa?

Chinese

The Geary Act required people of this ethnicity to carry internal passports. Workers of this ethnicity were killed in the Rock Springs Massacre, primarily by members of the Knights of Labor, and were opposed by Denis Kearney's Workingmen's Party. Reneging on the Burlingame Treaty allowed the US to forbid immigration from these people's home country, which was done in 1882. For the point, name this ethnicity, the subject of a namesake Exclusion Act, whose workers were exploited in building the Pacific end of the transcontinental railroad.

Chariot races

Participants in these events would make offerings to the minor deity Taraxippus. The quadriga was often used in these events, one of which instigated a civil disturbance between factions nicknamed the Blues and the Greens. The Nika Riots were spurred by controversy surrounding these events, which were held in Constantinople's Hippodrome. The Circus Maximus in Rome hosted, for the point, what events in which ancient competitors completed laps in horse-drawn vehicles?

Herder

Philosopher who proposed a concept of Volksgeist to explain what he theorized was the German nation.

Zamzam

Pilgrims on the Hajj drink water from this sacred source, which was revealed by god to Hagar and her son Ishmael as they were dying of thirst in the desert.

Crossing the T

The Georgios Averof managed to perform this action during the Battle of Elli. This devastating feat was most recently carried out by Jesse Oldendorf against the enemy line during the Battle of Surigao Strait. Zinovy Rozhestvensky was decisively defeated by a performance of this action that relied on wireless telegraphy to coordinate Admiral Togo's orders. During the Battle of Tsushima Strait, the Japanese fleet was twice able to pull off, for ten points, what now-obsolete naval maneuver, performed by traveling perpendicular to a line of enemy ships?

Ulster

The Glorious Revolution is annually celebrated by Protestants on July 12th in a holiday originating in this Irish province. The six counties of Northern Ireland make up two-thirds of this historical province.

Adi Granth

The Golden Temple contains what original text written by Guru Arjan, which is regarded by Sikhs to be both the Sikh holy book and the last and everlasting guru?

Hundred Flowers

The Great Leap Forward ran concurrently with this other program, in which Mao Zedong invited others to criticize his policies. Later, he abruptly turned course and jailed the "rightist" dissidents.

Shona People

The Great Zimbabwe ruins include artifacts of the these people's trading system, which extended to the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers.

Katrina

The Gretna [GRET-nuh] City police forcibly expelled survivors of this event seeking help and after it, FEMA chief Michael Brown was criticized for his agency's inaction.

Lusiads

Portuguese epic poem that celebrated the the first voyage to India around the Cape.

Dias

Portuguese explorer who was the first European to round the Cape, dying off its coast in 1500

Rhodes

Princes Catherine Radziwill stalked this man and accused him of loan fraud. The Pioneer Fruit Growing company was financed by this man, whose silent partner Alfred Beit helped remove competition with Barney Barnato in a separate business venture. The Glen Gray Act forcing Africans off their land was introduced by this man, who was depicted in Punch magazine as a colossus. This man, who resigned after the Jameson Raid, co-founded the De Beers mining company. For ten points, name this British businessman who funded a namesake scholarship to Oxford.

Dewey defeats truman

Prior to coining this three-word phrase, the organization that developed it controversially referred to one of its subjects as a "nincompoop." An iconic image displaying this phrase shows a man traveling by train from Independence, Missouri to Washington DC. A forecast by Arthur Sears Henning inspired this phrase, a prediction made after polls indicated a Democratic defeat in the 1948 election. For ten points, name this false headline published by the Chicago Daily Tribune.

U.S. Navy

Prior to defecting to the Confederacy, Franklin Buchanan was the first superintendent of this institution's academy. George Bancroft founded the training center for this military force. Two rival members of this force dueled in 1820, with James Barron killing Stephen Decatur. Another early leader of this force, John Paul Jones, led the Bon Homme Richard when he declared "I have not yet begun to fight!" For ten points, name this military force whose academy is based in Annapolis, Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay

Mandela released from prison

Prior to the occurrence of this event, the first photograph of its central figure in 20 years was released, which showed this event's central participant together with F.W. de Klerk.

Zama

Prior to this battle, Tychaeus's cavalry provided reinforcements, but fled during the fighting. A bloody stalemate at this battle was broken by the return of forces under Gaius Laelius and Masinissa. The victor's plans for this battle were opposed in the Senate by Fabius Maximus. The loser had earlier defeated Gaius Flaminius at Trasimene and Paullus and Varro at Cannae.

Andrea Doria

The Italian ocean liner that sank off the coast of Massachusetts, killing 46 people?

Songhai Empire

The Karta of Kabi revolted against a ruler of this state whose doom was spelled by the death of his general, Kanfari Omar. The Tarikh al-Fattash and the Tarikh al-Sudan are the main sources of this state's history, which includes its victory in the Battle of (+) Anfao and its succession by the Dendi Kingdom after Ahmad al-Mansur defeated it in the Battle of Tondibi. The greatest ruler of this empire had a spiky (*) pyramid for a tomb, and this empire was founded in Sunni Ali's revolt out of Gao.

Mazzini

Prominent Risorgimento leader who founded the Young Italy movement.

Thailand

Protesters in this country adopted a salute from the The Hunger Games, then switched to handing out "sandwiches for democracy." Ten politicians in this country were removed from office over removing an officer from the National Security Council. The National Council for Peace and Order currently leads this country, where a 2014 coup led to the rise of Prayut Chan-o-cha.

Kenya

The Mackinnon-Sclater Road spanned this country and was replaced in the early 20th century by a railway described as the "Lunatic Line." This country's city of Port Florence was developed as the western terminus of that railway; the city is now named Kisumu. The construction of a bridge for that railway over this country's Tsavo River was plagued by a pair of man-eating lions that killed dozens of workers.

ASEAN

Regional organisation that Singapore helped found in 1967. Its ten member states include Laos, Brunei, and Thailand.

Che guevara

Regis Debray formulated the idea of foco based on the experiences of this man. This man's admiration for Patrice Lumumba led him to assist Laurent-Desire Kabila in the Simba Rebellion. Alberto Korta captured the most famous image of this man during a memorial service for the La Coubre explosion. After the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, this man wrote a thank you letter to John F. Kennedy.

Senegal

The Medusa was wrecked while heading to this country's former colonial capital of Saint-Louis, one of this country's Four Communes that were granted nationality by a law named for Blaise Diagne, who was from this country. Another of this country's communes, the island of Gor´ee, was dominated by mixed race, property owning women known as (+) signares. One politician from this country authored poetry like his Chants d'ombre as part of a movement he founded with Aim´e Cesaire. That first president of this country led the (*) Negritude movement.

oil

Resource for which the Germans targeted Baku to control the Caspian Sea.

Chile

Ricardo Trumbull, an agent from this country, was dispatched to purchase rifles that were moved from the schooner Robert and Minnie to the steamship Itata. An incident between these two countries began after a person spat on a picture of Arturo Prat. Two American sailors were stabbed in front of the True Blue Saloon in this country in 1891.

Weed

Rick Steves argued that many current laws about this substance affect "people who are arrested and cited, who are poor," not "rich white guys" who enjoy it.

lincoln

Robert Church Jr. founded a league named after this man that paid poll taxes to promote African-American voter turnout in the South. Moe Fishman was a member and representative of a group named after this person that sustained heavy casualties at the Battles of Jarama [ha-ra-ma] and Brunete. The village of Lancaster was renamed after this person as part of an effort to move a state capital south of the Platte River. A brigade of international volunteers in the Spanish Civil War was named after, for the point, what namesake of Nebraska's capital city?

Kansas

Ron Walters led the push to desegregate this state's Dockum Drug Store lunch counters in 1958. In the 1850s, Benjamin Singleton helped make this state's community of Nicodemus and the surrounding area become the destination of many newly freed African American migrants called Exodusters. In the 1950s, 13 families in this state's capital city sued to be allowed to attend Sumner Elementary and other schools. For ten points, name this state where Oliver Brown and others sued the Board of Education of Topeka.

My lai

Ronald Ridenhour exposed this event in a damning letter to Congress, while Seymour Hersh was the first reporter to break this story. Ernest Medina was told to kill everything "walking, crawling, or growling" during this event, which was mitigated by interventions from Hugh Thompson's helicopter crew. This war crime was carried out by Charlie Company in the hamlets surrounding Son My [son mee].

Smenkhare

Ruler who briefly succeeded Akhenaten, but who may actually just have been Nefertiti disguised as a man.

Dujail Massacre

Saddam Hussein's trial essentially ignored the Halabja gas attack and primarily focused on this war crime, his execution of 148 Shiites involved in the aforementioned 1982 assassination attempt. This massacre is named for the Shiite town where that attempt took place.

Seven Years War

Saltykov [SALT-yuh-koff] and Loudon [loo-dohn] dealt a heavy loss to the Prussians at Kunersdorf [KOON-urs-dorf] in this war in which Rossbach [ROSS-bock] and Leuthen [LOY-tunn] were sites of victories by Frederick the Great

Ezeiza

The Montoneros were attacked at this airport in 1973; more than a dozen people died in the massacre.

Kwame Nkrumah

The National Liberation Council overthrew this leader, replacing him with Joseph Ankrah

Kwame Nkrumah

The National Liberation Council overthrew this man while he was on a state visit to Beijing in 1966.

Hell

The New Testament repeatedly refers to its inhabitants "weeping and gnashing" their (*) teeth.

Tanzimat

The Ottoman Empire had earlier attempted to curb its decline with this series of reforms that removed the millet system. This term literally means "reorganization."

Topkapi Palace

The Ottoman harem was located in this palace, the main residence of the Ottoman sultans until the 17th century. It was built by Mehmed II.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

The Panjshir valley was captured early on in this war. This war was preceded by Operation Storm-333, which replaced Hafizullah Amin with Babrak Karmal. It was prompted by the deterioration of relations with Nur Muhammed Taraki, who had seized power in the Saur Revolution. This conflict was opposed by Operation Cyclone, in which Stinger missiles were given to mujahideen warriors by CIA operatives.

Brazil

The Piraha people are found in this country's largest state, whose capital Manaus [muh-NOUSE] is on the banks of the Rio Negro [NEH-GROW] and the Amazon.

Mobuto

The Popular Movement of the Revolution promulgated this man's doctrine of "nationalism", "revolution", and "authenticity" in the Manifesto of N'Sele.

Weyler

The Spanish general nicknamed "the Butcher" for his brutality?

Idi amin

The State Research Bureau in Nakasero became a hub for tortures and executions in this man's regime.

Gulags

The Suka Wars were fought throughout these locations. During a 1953 incident, Janis Mendriks was killed when soldiers fired into a crowd at one of these institutions. Naftaly Frenkel established a system of (+) rations used at these locations. According to Anne Applebaum, two people who escaped one of these institutions invited a chef along with them so he could be used as food. The first one of these locations opened in 1921 on the (*) Solovetsky Islands.

Nagasaki

The Twenty-Six Martyrs were crucified in this city in 1597 for being Christians. The fan-shaped island of Dejima in this city's harbor was the only trading post where foreigners could trade during the sakoku period. Kokura was the original target for one attack on this city, but cloud cover led to this city being targeted instead. Charles Sweeney commanded the B-29 Superfortress Bockscar that devastated this city on August 9, 1945.

Virginius Affair

The U.S. ship sending weapons to Cuba that was seized, leading to a namesake affair?

101st airborn

The US Army division nicknamed the "Screaming Eagles" who paradropped behind German lines on D-Day?

Decembrist

The actions of this movement marked the difference between the "people of wine" and "people of vinegar" according to Yury Tynyanov. The Union of Salvation was an precursor organization to this movement, which used the slogan "Konstantin and Constitution." Members of this movement were exiled to Siberia after their failed attempt to depose the successor of Alexander I, Nicholas I. For the point, name this movement of reformist Russian officers who executed a failed conspiracy in winter 1825.

Diadochi

The aforementioned Antiochus II Theos was descended from Seleuceus I Nicator, one of the this group of generals, who fought a series of succession wars over Persia after the death of Alexander the Great.

Hawaii

Sugar production in this state was controlled by an oligopoly nicknamed the Big Five. Thalia Massie was raped in this state, after which her family members murdered a local boxer in retribution. During a battle in this state, (+) Chuichi Nagumo controversially did not order a third aerial strike. Japanese Internment in this state was limited, as (*) one-third of its population in 1940 was Japanese. America entered World War II after a Japanese sneak attack on, for ten points, what state's port of Pearl Harbor?

Galacia

Santiago de Compostela is the capital of which other northern Spanish autonomous community, home to a language more closely related to Portuguese than Spanish?

ww2

"Bill 80" provided for raising troops during this war. Troops called up by the NRMA in this war who refused active duty service were derisively nicknamed "zombies." Maurice Duplessis lost a provincial election on a platform of opposing this war, which caused the second of two major conscription crises in Candian history. Mackenzie King's third term as prime minister included the duration of this war. For the point, name this war during which Canadian troops captured Juno Beach on D-Day.

Kansas

"Bleeding" state where Border Ruffians engaged in violence over popular sovereignty

Beccaria

"On Crimes and Punishments" was written by this Milanese jurist and founder of the Academy of Fists, often considered the founder of modern criminal justice.

Cordoba

"The Shining City" was a palace built for a leader of this state. Muhammad al-Mahdi ordered the assassination of a leader of this state after that leader decided to attack Alfonso V. This state's technological advances included the importation of (+) toothpaste and deodorant from Baghdad. This state was briefly ruled by the Hammudid Dynasty, and after the assassination Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, it saw the Fitna of (*) al-Andalus. After 1031, this state split into many taifa, including one at Zaragoza. Hisham II led this state, and his chamberlain Almanzor later took power.

Soviet Union

(1) Communist country that launched an invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

Berlin Conference

(2) 1884 conference that determined the rules for European colonization of Africa.

Taj Mahal

(2) Mausoleum built by Mughal ruler Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz at Agra.

United States

(2) Nation that invaded Afghanistan in 2001 in an attempt to find Osama bin Laden.

Chandragupta Maurya

) This ruler was once licked awake by a lion after an encounter with another conqueror at Taxila, which was interpreted as a sign that he would one day be king. Megasthenes visited the empire of this ruler, whose war elephants at the Battle of Ipsus led to the victory of Seleucus. This ruler's advisor Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra. This ruler's son Bindusara inherited his empire, which was founded after his defeat of the Nanda Empire.

Battle of Kadesh

1274 BC battle against the Hittites, the largest chariot battle in history.

Mauro

15th century Italian cartographer whose landmark circular world map which uses "Cape Diab" as the name for the Cape.

XYZ Affair

1797 incident in which bribes were demanded of three American diplomats.

Rum Rebellion

1808 rebellion, the only successful armed revolution in Australia, that deposed William Bligh.

Congress of Vienna

1814 conference that resulted in the division of Italy into independent states, eventually prompting the Risorgimento movement.

higher law

1850 speech given on the floor of the Senate by William Seward that fiercely decried slavery.

Seneca

: A probably-innocent victim of the Pisonian conspiracy was this author of "On Mercy" and "On the Supreme Good," a philosopher and tutor of Nero.

Thurmond

: Bayard Rustin's role in leading the 1963 March on Washington was initially controversial within the civil rights movement due to his homosexuality, but when this southern Senator attacked Rustin for being a homosexual communist draft dodger, the movement rallied against this man and around Rustin. In 1948, this third party candidate for President ran on a segregationist platform.

Join or Die

: In 1754, Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette published this political cartoon advocating for colonial unity. This cartoon identifies eight regions, including New England but not Georgia, as segments of a cut snake.

Chess

Sofonisba Anguissola painted a young girl raising her left arm while playing this game with her sisters. Several versions of the Shahnama illustrate the story of Burzhmir's introduction of this game to Iran from India. A set of equipment for playing this game thought to be made in Trondheim was found in 1831 in the Hebrides on the island of Lewis; that set of ivory figurines uses red and white, rather than the traditional black and white.

Harbin

: The Japanese carried out chemical warfare research in Unit 731, which was based in this largest city of Manchukuo

Habre

: This President of Chad was aided by French forces and covert CIA aid during the Toyota War. He was deposed in 1990 and convicted for over 40,000 murders in 2016.

Thucydides

: This historian included an account of an unsuccessful diplomatic negotiation between emissaries of Athens and Melos in his History of the Peloponnesian War.

Tshombe

: This leader of Katanga was present for Lumumba's execution. In 1965, Mobutu Sese Seko accused this man of treason, causing his exile to Spain; two years later while returning to Africa, his plane was hijacked and he was imprisoned.

NYPD

Some members of this organization were characterized as either "Grass Eaters" or "Meat Eaters" by the Knapp Commission, which looked into corruption charges against this organization by Frank Serpico

Freemasons

Some of Jean Sibelius's final works were written for this institution, including an opus 113 suite and an arrangement of Finlandia with new lyrics. Three basset horns are included in the score for a piece of "funeral music" written for this organization. A member of this organization, Emmanuel Schikaneder, wrote the libretto for an opera featuring the Queen of the Night and the bird-catcher Papageno. The composer of The Magic Flute, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was a member of the Beneficience Lodge of, for ten points, what Enlightenment-inspired fraternal organization?

Risk

A cartoonish video game based on this board game includes a faction of cats led by Generalissimo Meow. In 1957, filmmaker Albert Lamorisse invented this boardgame, whose 1999 Napoleon-themed edition added fortresses. Italy and Spain are among the neutral zones in the "Castle" edition of this board game. Players can roll up to three red dice to start an attack in this game.

Gunter Grass

A character created by this author is nicknamed "We don't do that" after he is punished for refusing to carry a rifle in a parade. This author devoted one chapter to each of 100 years in his book My Century. This author, who admitted to being a member of the Waffen-SS in his memoir Peeling the Onion, wrote a novel in which Oskar Matzerath refuses to grow past the age of three. For ten points, name this German author of The Tin Drum.

Hell

A depiction of this place in the parekklesion [pare-uh-KLEE-see-onn] of the Chora [CHOH-ruh] Church features Jesus holding the hands of Adam and Eve

Mandela

A deputy president of his party under Chief Albert Luthuli, he admired Zachariah Matthews.

Nyerere

A document stating this leader's policies declared that "a poor man does not use money as a weapon."

2016 Brussels Bombing

A former Permanent Representative to the United Nations named Andr´e Adam was among the fatalities in this event. Two of this event's perpetrators had been released from prison early under the Lejeune law. Three separate attacks were carried out as part of this event, two of which occurred in Zaventem Airport and one in the Maalbeek metro station. Ibrahim El Bakraoui was among the perpetrators of this event, which occurred four months after a similar event in Paris for which ISIS also claimed responsibility.

Iran-Contra Affair

The "Private Blank Check" system was used in this event. Lanny Davis called indictments for this event as "bizarre" due to its close proximity to an election. Lawrence Walsh was made independent counsel to investigate this event, which involved Manucher Ghorbanifar and other dealers, as well as the release of Reverend Benjamin Weir from Lebanon. This event was blamed on the President's "lax managerial style," according to a commission led by former Texas Senator John Tower.

Oklahoma

A governor of this state was criticized for her role in the botched execution of Clayton Lockett. In 2015, a senator from this state threw a snowball on the floor of the Senate to mock the concept of climate change. Mary Fallin and Jim Inhofe are politicians from this state, whose former Attorney General proposed a public televised debate between researchers on climate science as part of his work as Administrator of the EPA. For the point, name this home state of Scott Pruitt.

Algebra

The "new" version of this study was pioneered by a man who humiliated Adriaan van Roomen in a problem-solving challenge, Franciscus Vieta. The earliest instance of this discipline was found on the Strassburg tablet. Jean-Robert Argand published the first rigorous proof for the fundamental theorem of this discipline in 1814. This discipline's name was coined by a scholar in the House of Wisdom, al-Khwarizmi.

Zoroastrianism

The 10th century Denkard compendium lists customs of this religion. Invocations to Apas and Zam, or water and earth, are collected in this religion's Vendidad. This religion holds that the forces of asha and druj work against each other and that souls must cross the Chinvat Bridge for judgment. The legendary king Vishtaspa was the first adherent of this religion, whose worshipers gather in fire temples.

Battle of the Pyramids

The Battle of the Nile was preceded by this land battle where Napoleon used squares to thwart Ottoman Mamluk cavalry. At this battle, Napoleon told his men that "40 centuries of history look down upon you."

Percy Hobart

The British namesake of modified tanks known as "funnies" used during the invasion?

Germany

A group of scientists in this country formed the VfR, a "Society for Space Travel," after consulting on the film The Woman in the Moon. The Farm Hill transcripts detail conversations between ten nuclear physicists from this country who were detained in England. This country's Uranium Club included a man who stated an Uncertainty Principle. Werner Heisenberg was born in, for the point, what country in which Philip Lenard led the Aryan Physics movement?

Ford

A group of young workers in this company nicknamed the Whiz Kids included Robert (+) McNamara.

Chicago

A group rioted in this city with the slogan "bring the war home" during the 1969 Days of Rage. That direct action protest by the Weathermen was denounced by Fred Hampton, the leader of this city's Black Panther Party, who was killed by the FBI and members of this city's police department in a raid later that year. Abraham Ribicoff denounced the "Gestapo-like" tactics used to suppress protests during the 1968 Democratic National Convention by mayor Richard Daley in, for the point, what largest city in Illinois?

Chancellor of the Exchequer

A holder of this position, Philip Snowden, responded to the start of the Great Depression by investigating government cutbacks in the May Report. In 1911, the holder of this position attacked German aggression in the Mediterranean in a Mansion House Speech. David Lloyd George held this position for seven years beginning in 1908, during which time he issued the People's Budget. For the point, name this position responsible for managing the British treasury.

Laos

A kingdom in this modern country started a war by sending a box full of dung to another country instead of the hair of a white elephant. A kingdom of a "Million Elephants and White Parasols" existed in this modern country; Fa Ngum [fa num] founded that empire, Lan (+) Xang [lan san]. Prince Phetsarath was the first prime minister of this country, which was led after independence by King Sisavang Vong. Operation Steel Tiger targeted troops in this country in an effort to close off the (*) Ho Chi Minh Trail. The CIA's "Secret War" in this country involved training thousands of Hmong soldiers.

Mughal empire

A leader of this empire fled to Persia after a war with Sher Shah Suri. This empire's Bengal Subah province accounted for over half of its economic power. As a member of the Navratnas, Birbal advised an illiterate leader of this empire who created his own religion, Din-i Ilahi. The first leader of this empire defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat, which led to the annexation of the Delhi Sultanate. For the point, name this Indian Empire founded by Babur.

Australia

A literary magazine in this country, Angry Penguins, fell for a hoax involving the fictitious poet Ern Malley; that hoax inspired the 2003 novel My Life as a Fake. Laura Trevelyan is a character in a novel based on the German explorer Ludwig Leichhardt's death in this country's desert. For the point, name this country, the setting of many Peter Carey novels and Patrick White's Voss, which discusses a German explorer who died in its sparse Outback region.

Mobuto

A politician who was tortured under this leader's regime escaped his country and published a book calling him an "incarnation of evil," but this leader nonetheless invited him back and appointed him ambassador to the U.S.

Dole

A politician with this surname campaigned with a Frankenstein doll that declared "You have nothing to fear with" that man. A woman with this surname won the Senate seat made available by the retirement of Jesse Helms; that woman with this married surname served as Secretary of Transportation under Ronald Reagan and Secretary of Labor under George W. Bush. For ten points, give this surname shared by North Carolina senator Elizabeth and a Kansas senator who lost the 1996 presidential election to Bill Clinton, Bob.

Long March

A tune in which each of the thirteen parts covers a month of this event includes the line "the river flowing and barley growing, what do we suffer for?" This event was preceded by several defeats for Otto Braun in a series of Encirclement Campaigns. The (+) Zunyi Conference strengthened the position of a key figure in this event, which succeeded partly because warlords did not interfere. (*) Propaganda posters after this event told citizens to remember the soldiers who engaged in this event "if [they] feel tired."

raid of the Grand mosque

Abdul ibn Baz authorized the use of deadly force in this event against his former students. Christian Proteau helped plan the response to this event, whose perpetrators were charged with "misidentifying the Mahdi." This event was carried out by members of the Ikhwan militia under Juhayman al-Otaibi, and King Khaled caved to their demands rather than crack down on extremism. The perpetrators of this event called for the overthrow of the House of Saud.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Abe Fortas [FORR-tuss] argued on behalf of this case's plaintiff before the Supreme Court.

Ziggurats

According to Herodotus, one of these structures was said to be inhabited by a woman living in a large golden couch and is located at Etemenanki. The oldest example of these structures is the Sialk in Iran, and a "White" example of these structures stood in Uruk. The top platform of these structures were believed to bridge heaven and earth and were the site of priestly rituals. For the point, identify these terraced Mesopotamian temples, often cited as precursors to Egyptian pyramids.

Masada

According to Josephus, this location was originally constructed by Alexander Jannaeus. Defenders at this location may have drawn lots to determine who would kill whom, avoiding a prohibition against suicide. Flavius Silvia built a massive ramp to bypass this location's "snake" path. This location was defended by the Sicarii, who had earlier fled Jerusalem.

Masada

According to Josephus, this location was originally constructed by Alexander Jannaeus. Defenders at this location may have drawn lots to determine who would kill whom, avoiding a prohibition against suicide. Flavius Silvia built a massive ramp to bypass this location's "snake" path. This location was defended by the Sicarii, who had earlier fled Jerusalem. For ten points, name this Judean mountaintop fortress that was captured in the waning days of the First Jewish-Roman War.

Mobuto

According to his former secret service guard, this man's favorite Disneyland ride was one named after a river in his country.

sweden

According to legend, a king of this country ordered an experiment in which imprisoned identical twins were forced to drink coffee or tea to test the dangers of coffee. Another king of this country led the March Across the Belts, after which it received Scania from Denmark. The House of Bernadotte became the ruling family of this country after it lost Finland in 1809. Ren´e Descartes was employed by Christina, a Queen of, for the point, what country that she ruled from Stockholm?

Nasser

After all of his country's parties were banned, this man led the Liberation Rally organization.

Mugabe

After being elected Prime Minister in 1980, this man ascended to the presidency in 1987 after accusing the author of The Gospel According to the Ghetto, Canaan Banana, of sodomy.

Idi amin

After declaring "economic war,"

GameCube

After the failure of the Dreamcast, Sega released Super Monkey Ball for this console.

Barbarossa

An admiral with this nickname defeated an allied fleet under the command of Andrea Doria at the Battle of Preveza. Another leader with this name ordered the sacking of Milan in 1162 and married Beatrice of Burgundy. An operation with this name superseded Operation Otto as Nazi Germany's plan for the invasion of the Soviet Union. A king who went by this nickname drowned while crossing the Saleph River during the Third Crusade. For the point, give this nickname of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I that translates as "Red Beard."

Second Crusade

An army withdrew from this conflict when Raymond II was suspected of poisoning Alfonso Jordan. The Council of Acre [AH kreh] was convened before an ill advised attack through an orchard in the decisive battle of this conflict. (+) Bernard of Clairvaux helped drum up support for this conflict, which was prompted by Zengi's capture of Edessa. This conflict ended with Baldwin III of (*) Jerusalem's unsuccessful siege of Damascus.

Hamilton

An early version of this work uses the phrase "waiting in the weeds," later changed to "waiting in the wings." In this work, a boy sings in French, then recites a poem on his ninth (+) birthday to his father. The protagonist of this work is told to "talk less" and "smile more" by the antagonist, who later laments that "the world was (*) wide enough" for both himself and the title character after they duel at Weehawken. For ten points, name this Lin-Manuel Miranda musical about the first treasury secretary, who was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.

Battle of Varna

As sultan, Mehmed II led the Ottomans to victory against crusaders at this battle in the Long Campaign. Wladyslaw [vahd-ee-slav] III of Poland was decapitated at this defeat for Janos [yahn-osh] Hunyadi.

Nosebleeds

At his villa in Samoussy, Carloman is said to have died either of natural causes or of a particularly bad instance of this phenomenon, possibly the result of poisoned tea. Another death of this type may have been the result of uncharacteristically heavy drinking while planning to sack Constantinople; that 453 AD event occurred while its victim was with Ildico on his wedding night.

Concentration Camps

The British used these facilities to house Boer civilians during the war, often with little food. Later, worse examples include Buchenwald [boo-ken-vahld] and Dachau[dock-ow].

Kwame Nkrumah

The CIA probably aided in the coup of this man's government by the National Liberation Council, which occurred while he was on a state visit to China.

Andrew Jacksons cabinet

Before his appointment to the Supreme Court, Taney was part of this group of presidential advisers that included Amos Kendall and John Overton

Taisho

Before the coup, Mishima had finished the last book of his The Sea of Fertility tetralogy, which is set during this period of Japanese reform in the 1910s and 20

Mandela

Before winning power in elections, supporters of this leader clashed with members of Inkatha in a conflict documented by the "Bang-Bang Club."

Gaddafi

Believed to have been involved in the disappearance of Imam Musa al-Sadr, this leader, the target of Operation El Dorado Canyon, outlined a few political views in The Green Book and named the regime the "government by the masses," or Jamahiriya.

Athens

Berlin's Brandenburg Gate was copied from a large gate to a landmark in this city called the Propylaea [pro-pull-AYE-uh].

Idi amin

Bob Astles, known as the "White Rat," was an advisor to this man, and may have helped run the State Research Bureau, which tortured his political opponents

Mandela

Some say that because this man shook the hand of his opponent, Frederik Willem de Klerk, he won a presidential election while representing the African National Congress party.

Dubai

City in the UAE where modern slave labor built the Burj Khalifa and other skyscrapers.

Nyerere

Clean water supplies and an increased literacy rate were goals of this man's program of building rural "development villages."

Green Line

Colorfully named border that demarcated territorial holdings after the war.

Abdullah II

Current King of Jordan, who succeeded his father, King Hussein, in 1999.

Independence of East Timor

Demonstrators for this cause gained sympathy after the televised Santa Cruz massacre. After the success of this cause, Xanana Gusm˜ao [sha-na-na goos-mao] was released from prison and won an ensuing election. This cause gained international recognition after Carlos Bela and Jose Ramos-Horta won the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize for their advocacy of it. Fretilin fought for this cause, which was assisted by UN-backed Australian intervention.

End of WW1

Description acceptable. A pessimistic analysis of this event was criticized by Etienne Mantoux's [eh-tee-ehn mahn-too's] Carthaginian Peace. Government price controls developed in the aftermath of this event led to (+) hyperinflation, one of this event's Economic Consequences detailed by John Maynard Keynes; that analysis of this event was cited by the (*) "irreconcilables," who thus argued against joining the League of Nations as part of this event. For ten points, name this event that led to the creation of the Weimar Republic and the imposition of severe reparations against the defeated Germany.

Saddam Hussein

Dictator who ruled Iraq during the Persian Gulf War and was overthrown in 2003.

Istanbul

Dozens of ethnic Uyghurs were arrested in this city's district of Zeytinburnu for alleged connections to Abdulkadir Masharipov's shooting attack of the Reina night club on New Year's Day 2017. In 2016, leader gave speech in this city blaming "those in (+) Pennsylvania" for threatening his power. 45 people were killed after an ISIS attack on this city's airport in June 2016. This city's Fatih Sultan Mehmet and (*) Bosphorus Bridges were closed during a July 2016 coup attempt against President Recep Tayyip Erdogan [AIRD oh wan].

Japan

During Europe's industrial era, the most popular history of this country was an account by botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. The 26 martyrs were crucified in this country. After the San Felipe was shipwrecked near this country, its leader closed off most of its ports to Spanish and Portuguese missionaries and forced its Christian population to become Kakure [ka-koo-ray], or hidden. For ten points, name this country where Christianity once flourished around Nagasaki.

Kievan Rus

During a succession crisis in this empire, Boleslaw the Brave broke his sword while smashing it on a golden gate; that succession crisis is recounted in the monk Nestor's Primary Chronicle. Sviatopolk the Accursed was defeated at the Alta River by this empire's greatest ruler, Yaroslav the Wise. This empire's most famous ruler married Basil II's sister, Anna Porphyrogeneta, and converted his subjects to Orthodox Christianity. Vladimir the Great ruled, for the point, what proto-Russian state whose capital was in modern Ukraine?

Alexander the great

During his father's victory at the Battle of Chaeronea, this man commanded the (+) Companion Cavalry.

Nyerere

During his rule, over nine million people were transported by trucks into a new system of villages.

Famine

During one of these events, Richard Temple opened work camps and was criticized for "teaching the natives that it is the duty of the government to keep them alive." Another of these events that took place in India in the late 18th century was nicknamed for the skulls of its victims. One of these events, known locally as An Gortha Mor, was caused in part by overreliance on the Lumper variety of a certain crop. For the point, name these events, one of which caused thousands of refugees to flee Ireland in the 1840s and was caused by a potato-killing blight.

Nicholas II

During the disposal of this man's body, his assassins drove a Fiat truck into the Koptyaki forest only to realize they had only one shovel. This man received notice that Leonid Sednev would be leaving his entourage shortly before he was (+) moved into the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. (*) Anastasia was speculated to have survived the murder of this man and his family. Fearing the advancing White Army, the Bolsheviks executed, for ten points, what final Russian tsar?

1992

During the primaries in this election year, Paul Tsongas proclaimed "I'm not trying to play Santa Claus" to explain his lack of a tax cut plan. A Vice Presidential candidate in this year couldn't spell "potato" at a children's spelling bee. Pat Buchanan's culture war speech was given at this year's Republican convention. In this election year, the Presidential incumbent lost despite the successful Gulf War. Al Gore was elected Vice President in, for the point, what year in which Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush?

Gallic wars

During this conflict, the Ariovistus-led Suebi tribe was defeated. Diviciacus [DIV-ik-ee-ah-kus] warned one side of a conspiracy before these wars, though his people, the Aedui [aid-wee], later flipped allegiances. The losing side in this war did not burn Gergovia or Avaricum, despite a scorched earth strategy, and the winning side built bridges over the Rhine, then burned them as a show of force. In the crucial battle of this war, a double wall was built around Vercingetorix's forces in Alesia. For ten points, name this set of wars that allowed Julius Caesar to subjugate modern-day France.

Song Dynasty

During this dynasty, Chancellor Wang Anshi implemented the "New Policies," which were criticized by poet Su Shi, leading to Shi's eventual exile. Mongke Khan died while besieging this dynasty at the Battle of Diaoyu Fortress in Chongqing. This dynasty's rulers resolved border conflicts with the Liao dynasty, which was later overthrown in a combined effort by this dynasty and the Jurchen people. This dynasty is split into distinct "Northern" and "Southern" periods due to the loss of northern China to the Jin Dynasty in 1127.

Khruschev

During this man's premiership, Alexei Larionov tripled production of meat in his native oblast during the Ryazan Miracle. A desire to "show the United States a Kuzma's mother" prompted researchers to carry out a (+) nuclear test on Novaya Zemlya. This man only showed interest in the cafeteria during a visit to (*) IBM headquarters.

Nikita Khrushchev

During this man's premiership, Alexei Larionov tripled production of meat in his native oblast during the Ryazan Miracle. A desire to "show the United States a Kuzma's mother" prompted researchers to carry out a (+) nuclear test on Novaya Zemlya. This man only showed interest in the cafeteria during a visit to (*) IBM headquarters. The most powerful explosion on Earth, the Tsar Bomba test, was carried out at the beginning of the premiership of, for ten points, what Soviet premier who visited the United States six years after succeeding Stalin?

Eisenhower

During this man's presidency, the CIA overthrew (+) Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and Jacobo Arbenz [yuh-KOH-boh ARR-benz] in Guatemala.

Nasser

During this man's rule, Wolfgang Lotz was convicted as a spy and imprisoned in his so-called"concentration camp" at Tura.

George III

Earlier in his reign, Pitt the Elder helped this king defeat France and Lord North passed the Intolerable Acts.

Nyerere

Earlier, he had fought in Moshi to defend the Meru Land Case

Crimean War

Elizabeth Thompson applied to the Royal Academy with a painting of this conflict showing a line of weak and wounded British soldiers wearing bearskin hats at roll call. Photographer Roger Fenton traveled to battle sites in this war, where he took photos of many cannonballs on a road in what he titled "Valley of the Shadow of Death." Another photo by Fenton from this conflict shows the railway station at Balaclava.

iron

Emperor Wu Di of Han placed a monopoly on salt and this material. A pillar of this material was signed by King Chandra and notoriously resists corrosion. The Hittites created artifacts of this material. Abraham Darby created a method to create the "pig" type of this substance using coke instead of charcoal. and its "wrought" form was used to construct the Eiffel Tower. For ten points, name this metal whose use ended the Bronze Age.

Bangkok

Erawan Shrine is located in this city, whose temple of Wrat Pha Kaew houses the Emerald Buddha. This city was first founded as a trading post of the Ayyuthaya kingdom, though it has grown to include modern day attractions like the Patpong district and Khaosan Road. Located in the Chao Phraya River delta, this city was rocked in 2015 when bombs exploded at the Siam Paragon mall and nearby religious shrines.

England

First country the US declared war on, doing so in 1812

Mugabe

For 10 points, first coming to power following his country's independence from the white-only regime of Ian Smith in 1980

Opium

For 10 points, identify this narcotic drug whose trade sparked two wars between China and Britain.

Patton

For 10 points, name this American World War II general who slapped two soldiers.

Populist Party

For 10 points, name this American political party of farmers that opposed national banks and utilities

Gaddafi

Four members of thisfamily were killed in May 2011 airstrikes, and its patriarch wrote the Green Book and is protected by afemale bodyguard corp called the Amazonian Guard.

Hungary

Harold Kuhn named an algorithm to solve the assignment problem after this nation, in honor of K˝onig and Egerv´ary. With Oskar Morganstern, another man from this country initialized game theory. This nation's mathematical society bears the name of a countryman who developed non-Euclidean geometry independently of (+) Nikolai Lobachevsky. A twentieth century mathematician from this country published works with over 500 (*) co-authors, inspiring a namesake number as the distance on a collaboration graph.

William the Silent

He arranged for the signing of the Pacification of Ghent and the Union of Utrecht to oppose the Duke of Parma.

Nasser

He attempted to resign after the Six-Day War but was refused.

Kwame Nkrumah

He hosted the first meeting of the World Without the Bomb group and was known in his country as "Osagyefo".

Kwame Nkrumah

He issued the seven-year "Plan for Work and Happiness" to lead his country into socialism.

Mandela

He made arrangements with Moammar Gaddafi for the trial of the Lockerbie bombers;

Ben Franklin

He never reconciled with his son William, a Royalist governor of New Jersey

Nyerere

He passed a law stating that the Queen of England was represented by Edward Twining in his home country.

Nasser

He was captured in the Fallujah Pocket along with his brigade despite refusing to surrender, and personally attempted to assassinate Sirri Pasha

Mecca

Holiest city of Islam, in western Saudi Arabia.

Babur

Humayun, the aforementioned ruler who fell down a staircase, was the son of this Mughal founder.

Rosa Parks

In 1955, this civil rights activist's refusal to move to the back of the bus sparked a boycott in Montgomery

Zhou Enlai

In 1955, this man accused the US of being a threat to world peace in a speech that promised to "never forget that the first atom bomb was exploded on Asian soil." In Geneva in 1954, John Foster Dulles snubbed this man's handshake. This man's 1976 death triggered the Tiananmen Incident when the Gang of Four removed mourning protestors from the square.

Nyerere

In 1967, he issued amanifesto prohibiting government ministers from renting out houses and proclaiming "let us pray and heed to the peasant."

Nyerere

In 1967, this leader outlined his policy of "familyhood" in the Arusha Declaration

Gaddafi

In 1969, this man seized power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing King Idris (EE-dreese).

Cesar Chavez

In 1969, this man, along with Ralph Abernathy and Walter Mondale, led marches through the Coachella Valley against illegal immigration. Philip Vera Cruz resigned from this man's organization after this man endorsed Ferdinand Marcos. This man's Proposition 14 was defeated, but he did successfully lead the Delano Strike. March 31st is the namesake holiday of this man whose phrase "Si, se puede" [pway-day] inspired "Yes I can," President Obama's slogan.

Nyerere

In 1978, this founder of the Organization of African Unity sent his country's army to depose Idi Amin.

New Zealand

In 1984, a snap election in this country became known as the "schnapps election" due to the drinking habits of the ousted Prime Minister. In this country, Alain Mafart was part of a team that planted a bomb that killed photographer Fernando Pereira; (+) French Defense Minister Charles Hernu resigned as a result of that action. Prime Minister David Lange instituted (*) Rogernomics in this country, where Greenpeace docked the ship Rainbow Warrior before its bombing in 1985.

New Zealand

In 1984, a snap election in this country became known as the "schnapps election" due to the drinking habits of the ousted Prime Minister. In this country, Alain Mafart was part of a team that planted a bomb that killed photographer Fernando Pereira; (+) French Defense Minister Charles Hernu resigned as a result of that action. Prime Minister David Lange instituted (*) Rogernomics in this country, where Greenpeace docked the ship Rainbow Warrior before its bombing in 1985. For ten points, name this country where Robert Muldoon once served as Prime Minister in its capital Wellington.

Fatwa

In 2002, Isioma Daniel became the subject of one of these works after joking about the Miss World beauty pageant. Creators of these declarations are known as (+) muftis, though there is no international body to decide fiqh [feek] controversies over these declarations. (*) Osama bin Laden issued two of these statements prior to becoming head of al-Qaeda.

Nadal

In 2005, this man defeated Mariano Puerta, who was later found to be doping, to win his first major. Several achievements of this man have merited the name "La D´ecima," because he has won at least ten times at tournaments such as Barcelona. This winner of the 2008 men's singles Olympic gold medal beat Bjorn Borg's record of winning 16 titles as a teenager and surpassed Borg's record at a tournament in Paris. For ten points, name this "King of Clay," a Spanish tennis player who has won the French Open a record 10 times.

Zuma

In 2005, this man was dismissed as Deputy President after his friend, Schabir Shaik, was convicted on fraud and corruption charges. This former communist recently faced impeachment after the case Economic Freedom Fighters v. Speaker of the National Assembly ruled that he had siphoned funds meant to upgrade the Nkandla house. During this man's 2005 rape trial, he claimed that he took a shower to prevent himself from contracting HIV.

Harvard

In 2010, while working at this university, Reinhard and Rogoff wrote the austerity-promoting paper "Growth in a Time of Debt." A seminar co-taught by Michael Walzer and Robert Nozick at this university was titled "Capitalism and Socialism" and resulted in the publication of Anarchy, State, and Utopia. This university's popular "Justice" course is taught by Michael Sandel and discusses one of this school's longest serving philosophy professors, John Rawls. For the point, name this Ivy League university once headed by Lawrence Summers, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Weed

In Israel, the Ale Yarok party is best known for its platform on this substance

Mugabe

In October 2017, this leader was appointed a World Health Organization global ambassador, (*) prompting criticism from the Human Rights Watch because this man travels abroad for health treatment

Mugabe

In October 2017, this man was named a goodwill ambassador by the World Health Organization before being withdrawn a day later.

Korean War

In a battle during this war, Marguerite Higgins photographed Baldomero L´opez scaling a seawall before his death. Human wave tactics were used during this war's Battle of Heartbreak (+) Ridge. During this war, American forces were trapped at the Chosin Reservoir and F-86 Sabres fought in (*) "MiG Alley."

Home Box Office

In a show on this network, Timothy Olyphant plays Seth Bullock and characters like Calamity Jane and Wild Bill Hickok live in the title South Dakota city. Deadwood was a show on this network, which also created a series based on a Stephen (+) Ambrose book that focuses on Easy Company's experience in World War II. A David McCullough biography inspired another miniseries on this TV network starring Paul Giamatti as a (*) president from colonial Massachusetts. Band of Brothers and John Adams were produced by, for ten points, what premium TV network whose far less historical shows include Game of Thrones?

Calhoun

In an address to the Senate, this man claimed that the gravest question, "How can the Union be preserved?", could only be answered by the North, not the South. This man claimed that every civilization was founded upon a system of two classes in a speech that labeled slavery as "a positive good." James Murray Mason delivered this man's speech in opposition to the Compromise of 1850 on March 4 in the month of his death. For the point, name this South Carolina senator and states' rights advocate, a member of the Great Triumvirate.

Idi amin

In an early post, this man led an attack on the Kabaka's palace, forcing him into exile.

Jainism

In his last days, Chandragupta converted to what religion, which holds that Mahavira is the last tirthankara?

Avignon

In medieval times, the center of this city, Carpentras, was found within the Comtat Venaissin. The plans of Gregory XI to leave this city were halted by a conflict with Florence called the War of the Eight Saints. The Western Schism began after a major religious office was removed from this city in 1376, ending the period dubbed the Babylonian Captivity. For the point, name this French city to which Clement V moved the home of the Papacy.

The art of war

In one anecdote, this book's author beheaded two women when he was asked to supervise a battle between 180 courtesans. This book postulates the following hierarchy of targets: ideas, then alliances, then armies, then cities. This book's first chapter, about planning, lays out five fundamental factors in its title discipline including seasonal changes and terrain.

Sigmond Freud

In one book, this man proposed that Moses was a relative of the Egyptian Akhenaten.

Streep

In one film, this actress portrayed a friend of Simone Beck who accompanies her diplomat husband Paul to Paris. In another film, she portrays a woman who inherits control of her husband's business after he kills himself in a manic-depressive episode. In that 2017 film, this actress portrayed Katherine Graham, who chooses to publish the Pentagon Papers. For the point, name this actress who played Julia Child in Julie and Julia and who starred in The Post, a three-time Oscar Winner for Best Actress.

Plato

In one of this man's works, the title character offers to break his friend out of prison, but is stopped by that friend's insistence on following the law.

Franco-Prussian War

In one story set during this war, characters satirically described as "representatives of virtue" ignore the title character, even though she had a picnic basket of food with those characters. In that story, a caravan of refugees from this war accidentally wander into an inn held by the enemy, and are only let go when a prostitute sleeps with the enemy officer.

Mugabe

In the 2000s, he attempted to address his country's hyperinflation.

Brazil

In the Treaty of Petropolis, this country acquired territory from its neighbor that would become the rubber-tree-rich State of Acre.

Beslan

In the aftermath of this event, the suspect Nur Pashi Kulayev was interrogated on Channel One. One side in this event was led by man codenamed "Polkovnik." Officials claimed that note and tape cassette from this event were empty because Shamil Basayev had made no demands. In this event, Shmel rockets and T 72 tanks were used by the Spetsnaz, leading to the (+) deaths of 300 people, many in a gymnasium. This event began on Knowledge Day with the capture of over 1,000 hostages. (*)

Gaddafi

In the book The Angel, it is alleged that this leader ordered for a submarine to torpedo the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 while it was travelling to Haifa for the twenty-fifth anniversary of Israel's creation.

Emperor of Japan

In the chapter "A Picture Contest," an official tries to marry his daughter to a holder of this position by ordering fantastic displays of artwork. A person in this position exiles his half-brother to the coast when the man is caught in an embarrassing affair. A holder of this position becomes blind after having obsessive dreams of his father. Kiritsubo, Suzaku, and Reizei all hold this position in a Heian period novel by Murasaki Shikibu.

Courtship of Miles Standish

In the eighth of this poem's nine sections, "The Spinning-Wheel," a woman becomes angry when her fianc´ee likens her to Bertha the Beautiful Spinner. A woman in this poem asks "Why don't you speak for yourself" when a man delivers his best friend's proposal of marriage to her. This poem imagines a love triangle between John Alden, Priscilla Mullens, and its title character. For ten points, name this Henry Longfellow poem about a romance in Plymouth Colony.

Night

In the last scene of this book, its narrator looks into a mirror in a hospital and sees a corpse staring back at him. This book was originally published in French with an introduction by its author's friend Francois Mauriac. The main character of this book refuses to celebrate the New Year after watching a child slowly die in a hanging. In this book, Moshe the Beadle warns the townspeople of Sighet of a series of coming atrocities, which claim the life of the narrator's father Chlomo.

Twin Towers

In the originally planned climax of Men in Black II, these structures were to release a swarm of UFOs. A helicopter is caught in a web between these structures in an original trailer for the first Tobey Maguire Spiderman film. The 2008 film Man on Wire documents Philippe Petit's illegal 1974 walk between these structures on a high-wire. Several early 21st century films edited out, for ten points, what Manhattan buildings that were attacked on September 11th?

Gaddafi

In the town of Sirte (SEERT), this man was killed alongside his son Mutassim in 2011.

Bulge

In this battle, Corporal Mager Bradley was among 228 casualties for the 333rd Field Artillery Battalion. The Baraque Michel crossroads were the intended landing point for a paratrooper drop at this battle's Operation (+) St¨osser. During this battle, 84 American prisoners of war were killed at the Baugnez [bone-yay] crossroads by Joachim Peiper [yo-ah-keem pie-per] in the (*) Malmedy Massacre.

Stockholm

In this city, a policeman was forced to sing "Lonesome Cowboy" after another was shot in the hand. That took place during a 1973 incident in this city that began after its perpetrator entered a building and shouted "the (+) party has only started!" Kristin Enmark claimed that she frequently visited Jan Olsson after an incident in this city in which Olsson called (*) Olof Palme to threaten to kill a group of civilians he was holding in a bank. For ten points, name this European city in which the sympathy hostages felt toward their captors inspired the term for a namesake "syndrome."

South Sudan

In this country in November 2015, a cargo plane carrying oil workers to the Paloch oil fields crashed after taking off from its capital in Central Equatoria. Riek Machar now leads a People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition in a civil war in this country; Machar briefly served as its vice president, but was fired with the rest of this country's cabinet in July 2013. In that civil war here, Bortown, the capital of Jonglei State, was captured in December 2013.

Belarus

In this country's most recent presidential election, Tatsiana Karatkevich finished second with 4 percent of the vote, though "against all candidates" received 6 percent. In 2002, it was revealed that the pension given to this country's former leader, Stanislav Shushkevich, amounted to less than $2 a month. Journalist Iryna Khalip has been imprisoned for her criticism of this country's president, who was opposed by the Zubr movement in the 2006 Jeans Revolution. For the point, name this former Soviet republic that has been led since 1994 by Alexander Lukashenko from Minsk.

Brazil

In this country, Jacobina Mentz Maurer ordered the killing of enemy fam lies in the Revolt of the Muckers. A rebel government in this country was established in Belem in the State of Grao Para. Muslims in this South Amer can country wore necklaces with images of Jean Jacques Dessalines during revolt in (+) Bahia. High taxes on charque sparked a rebellion in Rio Grande do Sul in this country, whose rebels were supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi in the Ragamuffin War. This country's independence was (*) announced at the Cry of Ipiranga by its first emperor, Pedro I.

Somalia

In this country, Mohammed Morgan issued the "Letter of Death" before carrying out a genocide of the Isaaq peoples. A leader of this country created new settlements in the Jubba region to deal with the "Lingering Drought" and was victorious at Jijiga against another country's Derg regime. In this country, foreign troops were trapped near the Baakara Market during Operation Gothic Serpent while attempting to capture a successor of Siad Barre, Mohammad Farah Aidid.

East Timor

In this country, Roger East was executed while investigating the deaths of the Balibo Five. The Laksaur militia committed the Suai Church Massacre after a pro-independence referendum in this country, which was advocated for by Nobel Laureate Jos´e Ramos-Horta. This country's FRETILIN party was represented by Horta at the UN during its occupation by a country that committed the Dili massacre.

Azerbajan

In this country, after the local population resisted the Soviet takeover, Dashnak and Bolshevik forces massacred thousands of people during the March Days. The Musavat Party turned this country into the first Muslim secular democracy before it was overthrown during the Russian Civil War. Soldiers from this country murdered thousands of people of a neighboring ethnicity in the 1920 Shusha Massacre over the status of Nagorno-Karabakh. For the point, name this Caucasian country that fought for three years, and continues to feud, with Armenia.

Discourse on the Method

In what book does Descartes' famous proposition "I think, therefore I am" first appear?

Shiraz

Iranian home of the Pink Mosque, built during the Qajar dynasty.

Populist Party

It allied with Terence (*) Powderly's Knights of Labor.

Populist Party

It nominated Thomas E. Watson as a vice-presidential candidate in 1896, when both it and the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan.

Second Boer war

It was sparked by the discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand [wit-wut-urz-and].

Carbonari

Italian nationalist group whose name comes from the Italian for "charcoal," eventually replaced by the Young Italy movement.

Brazil

Its capital was designed by Lucio Costa[LOOSE-ee-oh KAH-stah] and Oscar Niemeyer [NEE-uh-my-ur] in the shape of an airplane

Tang

Its first emperor was Taizong, and Li Po and Dufu were famous poets who lived during this dynasty

Ben Franklin

Jill Lepore wrote about this man's sister Jane in Book of Ages.

Rurik

Kievan Rus' and its successor state, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, were ruled by leaders from this dynasty, named after its Viking founder. This dynasty preceded the Romanovs as rulers of Russia.

Mobuto

Lake Albert was briefly named for this man, whose government was ousted after he tried to force Tutsis to leave his country.

Iriquois

Leaders from this nation such as Joseph Brant allied it with the British during the American Revolution.

The Flying Dutchman

Legendary ghost ship, the subject of a Richard Wagner opera, that supposedly sunk off its coast

Nasser

Lester Pearson helped resolve a crisis involving this non-European leader.

Mulligan Letters

Letters detailing bribes paid to James Blaine that sunk his 1876 and 1880 presidential campaigns.

Daimyo

Members of this class often employed a small group of bodyguards and assistants known as a kashindan. Outcast members of this class were given the label tozama and kept under control by the shimpan and fudai. Beginning in 1642, all members of this class were required to adopt the policy of alternate attendance, strengthening control over them. Having an estate valued at 10,000 koku was needed to qualify for this title under the han system.

Sydney

Modern city that is home to Botany Bay, where the British first landed in eastern Australia

Congressional salaries

Monetary concept that was retroactively increased in an 1873 act that cost Republicans the House and nearly cost Garfield his seat.

Idi amin

Muammar Gaddafi sent troops to assist this man in annexing the disputed Kagera region, and this man married the nineteen year-old go-go dancer Sarah Kyolaba.

Darwin

Northern Territory city that was the site of the first and largest Japanese bombing raid on Australia in World War II.

Italy

Omar Mukhtar fought for independence against this empire in the mountains of Jebel Akhdar. This European empire received Tripolitania in the Treaty of Ouchy and signed the Treaty of Wuchale to establish its colony of (+) Eritrea. This empire, which made Mogadishu the capital of its Somaliland, was humiliated after its loss at the Battle of (*) Adwa to Menelek II, but it would get its revenge over Haile Selassie.

Battle of Sekigahara

On the morning of this battle, a group known as the "Red Devils" charged across a valley in the face of musket fire. The loser of this battle was left only with a smaller force on Mount Nangu after a catastrophic miscalculation caused the exposed right flank of the Western Army to be destroyed. The siege of Ueda Castle delayed Hidetada, the son of the winner of this battle, from reaching it in time. Ishida Mitsunari was killed at this battle, which helped end of the Toyotomi clan's dominance. For the point, name this 1600 battle won by Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Great Northern War

One country failed to halt the Greater Wrath during this war when it lost the Battle of Gangut. One leader during this war was killed at the Siege of Fredriksten, after he convinced one country to conduct the Pruth River Campaign. The Surrender at Perevolochna destroyed one side's army of Caroleans during this war after Adam Leuwenhaupt lost the Battle of Poltava.

Mao

One depiction of this man shows him walking in front of mountains and clouds en route to a miners strike in Anyuan. He promoted socialist realism and artwork that was "red, light and bright" during his tenure. This man wears blue eyeshadow and rouge in a silkscreen print by Andy Warhol, and his official portrait by Ge Xiaoguang hangs on Tienanmen Gate.

First Crusade

One general in this war was so successful at Civetot and Xerigordon that he ignored it to fight the Danishmends. While ostensibly fighting in this war, Emicho of Flonheim massacred Jews. Kilij Arslan lost the Battle of Dorylaeum during this war, and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa were founded in its wake. This conflict was originally intended to aid Alexius Comnenus, and it began after cries of "Deus Vult!" at the Council of Clermont.

Wars of the Roses

One leader in these conflicts saw a vision of three suns before his victory at Mortimer's Cross. For switching sides in these conflicts, Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, was known as the Kingmaker. These conflicts ended when Richard III was defeated by Henry VII at Bosworth, ushering in the Tudor dynasty. For ten points, name these conflicts between the rival English houses of Lancaster and York, named for their respective red and white flower badges.

Liberia

One leader of this country was filmed having his ears cut off while warlord Prince Johnson drank a Budweiser. During this country's first civil war, Joshua Milton Blahyi led an armed division of children known as the "Butt Naked brigade." That civil war ended with the 1997 election of Charles Taylor. Alongside Guinea and Sierra Leone, this country was at the centre of the West African Ebola outbreak.

Zimbabwe

One leader of this modern-day nation signed the Internal Settlement with Abel Muzorewa. This modern day nation was the center of a conflict that was ended with the Lancaster House Agreement. The Bush War was fought in this nation, where Ian Smith declared separation from Britain with his Universal Declaration of Independence. Smith's power in this nation was weakened by the ZAPU and ZANU, which were respectively led by leaders Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe.

Thatcher

One newspaper campaigned against this leader, saying "Stop the waste of our nation, for your job, your children, and your future!", but this leader defeated Michael Foot anyway. Geoffrey Howe turned on this leader, who resigned after pressure from Michael Heseltine. This leader's adoption of the Community Charge prompted the Poll Tax Riots. This leader succeeded James Callaghan following the Winter of Discontent, and her strict education cuts led to the nickname "Milk Snatcher".

Nyerere

One of his first executive offices was as Chief Minister of the Internal Self-Government Administration, in which role he negotiated with Richard Turnbull.

Panama Papers

One of these documents claims found that a Swiss lawyer named Dieter Neupert was directly in contact with the Royal family of Qatar. A reporter for the Munich-based publication SZ broke the story about these documents, some of which focused on (+) Sigmundur Gunnlaugson of Iceland. The law firm Mossack Fonseca created these documents, whose revelation prompted David (*) Cameron to admit that he profited from offshore accounts held by his father. For ten points, name this set of over 11 million documents that were leaked in 2016 and linked illegal shell companies to prominent figures.

Mongol invasions of Japan

One side in these events found that their style of calling individual challenges was ineffective. The Battle of Bunei opened the first of these events, during which King Chungyeol of Goryeo provided counsel and soldiers to one side. The second of these events was prompted by the beheadings of two handfuls of emissaries at Hakata. One side's refusal to allow ships to land at Kyushu may have prompted these events, which were twice foiled by the "divine wind."

Battle of Hastings

One side in this battle landed at Pevensey, while the other had just resisted a Viking invasion led by Harald Hardrada [hard-dra-duh] at Stamford Bridge

Gulf of Tonkin

The book Spartans in Darkness analyzes signal intelligence's role in an event in this body of water. James Stockdale led a group of aircraft from the Ticonderoga on a bombing run during a DESOTO patrol in this body of water. Wayne Morse was one of only two senators to oppose a law, named after this body of water, that granted Lyndon Johnson the power to deploy American troops in Southeast Asia. The Turner Joy and the Maddox were attacked by torpedo boats in, for the point, what gulf off the coast of North Vietnam?

Mission Accomplished

The deliverer of this speech was praised as a "a high-flying jet star" by political commentator Chris Matthews for his flashy jet landing. This speech, given aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln, announced that "our allies [had] prevailed" and that "major combat operations" had ended. This speech earned its name from a phrase emblazoned across a red, white, and blue banner in the background. For the point, name this widely mocked speech, given by George W. Bush, that prematurely declared success in the Iraq War in 2003.

Athens

The early Christian thinker Tertullian [turr-TOOL-ee-uhn] asked "what has (this city) to do with Jerusalem?"

Hodgkins

The elder Joseph Lister discussed red blood cells with this physician, who names a type of cancerous lymphoma.

Meiji

The emperor who launched a namesake period of modernization?

Spain

The ensuing invasion of this country was referred to as an "Ulcer" by Napoleon

Port Arthur

The port gained on the Liaodong peninsula by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War?

Second Boer war

The raid led by Leander Starr Jameson raised tensions before this war

Nasser

The rise to the Jordanian presidency of Suleiman al-Nabusi lent support to one of this man's major political endeavors, though Abdel Qasim's defeat of al-Shawaf in Iraq led to further persecution of Communists

Iran contra

The sitting vice president denied knowledge of this event, stating that he was "out of the loop," although he later noted that "mistakes were made." Manucher Ghorbanifer came close to accidentally stopping this event thanks to his extortionate (+) price quotes. This event violated the Boland Amendment, and it was investigated by the Tower Committee, which led to indictments for Caspar (*) Weinberger and Oliver North.

Mobuto

The slogan of this man's party was "neither left nor right, nor even center;" that party laid out its positions in the Manifesto of N'sele and was called the Popular Movement of the Revolution, or MPR.

athiesm

The sociologist Phil Zuckerman primarily studies societies where this belief is prevalent. John Lennox debated a writer holding this philosophical position in 2008. Baron d'Holbach's 18th-century book The System of Nature was widely criticized for holding this belief. Another advocate for this philosophical position argued against its alternative in 1986's The Blind Watchmaker.

Innauguration

The speaker of a poem written for this type of event says "My life belongs to the world. I will do what I can." James Dickey's "The Strength of Fields" was written for this type of event. Another poem written for one of these events introduces the symbols of "A (+) Rock, A River, A Tree" and states that, "No less to Midas than the mendicant," America is "your country." Another poem read at this type of event opens "The (*) land was ours before we were the land's." For ten points, name this type of event where Maya Angelou's "On the Pulse of Morning" and Robert Frost's "The Gift Outright" were read in Washington, D.C.

Mugabe

The state newspaper of this leader's country is The Herald.

Christopher Marlowe

The title character of another of his plays keeps the sultan Bajazeth in a cage and burns a Koran after conquering Babylon

Shogun

The title of the de facto military rulers of feudal Japan?

Portsmouth

The treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War signed in a New Hampshire city?

Einhard

The two major lives of Charlemagne were written by Notker [NOT-kurr] the Stammerer and what courtier [COURT-eer] who studied at Charlemagne's palace school?

Opium

The two principal areas of modern creation of this product are called the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle

Adi Granth

The units of this text include Gond, Nut-Narayan, Asa, and Manjh. Historians like Balh, Nalh, and Jalap contributed to this text. After the composition of this text, the musician Bhai Mardana traveled with its author, who became a bed of (+) flowers after he died. A verse from this text speaks of merchants whose "profits are preordained." This text, which was written after a religious figure was (*) submerged in a river for three days, was written in the Gurmukhi Script.

Ten Years War

The war begun by Carlos Cespedes, named after a period of time?

Akbar

Third ruler of the Empire, who repealed the jizya tax and created his own religion.

Justinian the great

This Byzantine Emperor, the husband of Theodora, tasked Belisarius with reconquering lost territory in Africa.

Nasser

This Egyptian leader ordered the construction of the Aswan High Dam and had earlier, as a member of the Free Officers movement, overthrew King Farouk.

Mohenjo-Daro

This Indus Valley city, whose name means "Mound of the Dead," may have held 40,000 people at its peak. The Dancing Girl statuette was found at this site.

Sejong the great

This Joseon ruler fought the Japanese on Tsushima and invented hangul.

Sam Adams

This Massachusetts resident helped organize the Boston Tea Party.

Herod the Great

This Roman leader of Judea built a fortress palace on the plateau at Masada roughly a century before the siege. In the Bible, he ordered the Massacre of the Innocents.

Dunkirk

This action was made possible by the delaying tactics of the Siege of Lille [leel]. This action was preceded by one side ordering a surprising halt order for Army Group A. So-called "Little Ships" aided in the performing of this action, codenamed Operation Dynamo, which Winston Churchill called a "colossal military disaster" because of the sheer amount of equipment and vehicles lost by the British Expeditionary Forces. For the point, name this June 1940 evacuation of Allied forces from a harbor city in northern France.

Sykes-Picot

This agreement was explained in the Basset letter, which claimed it would help those "under the yoke of tyrants." The Declaration to the Seven was made in the aftermath of this agreement by Henry McMahon, who resigned due to it. This agreement, which guaranteed "freedom of transit" at Alexandretta, gave the Acre-Haifa enclave to the British despite it being a part of a "brown zone."

Whitman

This author asked "What is it fateful woman... Are the things so strange and marvelous you see or have seen?" in his poem "Ethiopia Saluting the Colours." An army hospital is the setting of this man's poem "The Wound Dresser," which joins a poem that declares "Beat! beat! drums!-blow! bugles! blow!" in his collection Drum-Taps. This author stated "our fearful trip is done" in a poem about the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. For the point, name this American author of "O Captain! My Captain!" and Leaves of Grass.

Christopher Marlowe

This author cast the Duke of Guise [geez] as a villain in his play The Massacre at Paris.

Gaddafi

This author of The Green Book handed over the Lockerbie bombers after being visited by Nelson Mandela

Battle of Endor

This battle unintentionally resulted in the death of IG-88A

Battle of Agincourt

This battle was preceded by a gift of sports balls to remind the winning king that he should stick to tennis. The fall of Harfleur prompted the losing side to fight this battle. At this battle, the order to kill all prisoners was given after Henry V feared that his baggage train would be overrun. This battle's losing side could not use cavalry thanks to stakes placed in muddy ground; instead the winning side's longbowmen fired at will. For ten points, name this 1415 battle fought on St. Crispin's Day, a victory for England in the Hundred Years' War.

Battle of the Bulge

This battle's Operation Griffin included a violation of the Hague Convention when Otto Skorzeny dressed his troops in enemy uniforms. During this battle, American troops were fired on after surrendering at Malmedy. Anthony McAuliffe led a spirited defense of the town of Bastogne in this battle, whose losing side tried to use tanks to recreate the 1941 invasion of France. For ten points, name this 1944 battle that made a namesake shape in Allied lines.

Battle of the Nile

This battle's winning commander allegedly declared "by tomorrow, I shall have gained a peerage or Westminster Abbey" before leading the Vanguard into combat. After this battle, Armand Blanquet [blan-kay] was sacked for surrendering the undamaged Franklin. Poorly stored paint caused an explosion aboard the L'Orient [lor-ee-ahn] in this battle, which was fought in Aboukir Bay. Napoleon's expedition withdrew from North Africa shortly after losing, for ten points, what 1798 naval battle to Horatio Nelson in Egypt?

Gideon v. Wainwright

This case overturned another whose plaintiff was indicted for robbery in Maryland, called Betts v. Brady.

Mexico City

This city was built over the ruins of an older city on Lake Texcoco by the Spaniards

Mexico City

This city's neighborhood of Tepito is a center for the veneration of "Saint Death."

Medina

This city's warring factions, the Khazraj [KOZZ-razh] and Aus [OWS], made peace in its namesake Constitution, which granted full protection to Christians and Jews.

Savannah

This city, which was settled by colonists from the ship Anne, was laid out according to a plan that arranged four residential blocks and four commercial blocks around an open square. The British commander Augustin Prevost defended this city during a Revolutionary War siege that claimed the life of Casimir Pulaski. James Oglethorpe founded this city as the capital of his new colony. William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea ended with the capture of, for the point, what Georgia port city?

Betthoven

This composer included movements titled "The Absence" and "The Return" in a piano sonata inspired by his patron Archduke Rudolph fleeing Vienna, Les Adieux. He wrote a set of 33 variations on a waltz he supposedly dismissed as a "cobbler's patch." This composer of the Diabelli Variations also wrote a sonata "quasi una fantasia" that reminded Ludwig Rellstab of an object shining over Lake Lucerne. For ten points, name this German composer of F¨ur Elise and the Moonlight Sonata.

English civil war

This conflict was called a "war without an enemy" by William Waller, who spent most of it fighting against Hopton's Cornish army.

Cuba

This country is of primary interest to the activist group Brothers to the Rescue, which had planes shot down in 1996. Edward Lansdale directed Operation Mongoose against this country, which was also the focus of the Helms-Burton Act. It sent numerous mental patients to the U.S. during the Mariel boatlift. The CIA trained Brigade 2506, which tried to invade this country in April 1961.

Madagascar

This country is referenced as the "Island of St. Lawrence" in early maps, and it was the last stop on a route known as the "pirate round." This island's largest tourist site is its island of Nosy Be, and it contains a large area of karst pinnacles in its Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park. This country is the home of the Merina ethnic group, who introduced a language in the Malayo-Polynesian family to this country.

Iraq

This country's military received an outpouring of foreign aid in the Building Partner Capacity program. This country was the site of the Anbar offensive, which contained Operation Breaking Terrorism and the capture of Ramadi. After participating in a battle in the Sinjar Mountains to aid fleeing Yazidis, the Peshmerga of Massoud Barzani's Kurdistan are currently working with this country's troops to defeat ISIS.

Doc Holiday

This dentist and friend of Wyatt Earp took part in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone. This man died of tuberculosis while avoiding extradition in Colorado.

1992

This election year involved the first instance of a man in a chicken suit harassing a candidate; that instance occurred outside the Detroit Economic Club after that incumbent refused to debate his opponents. During this election, James Carville helped associate one candidate with the phrase "It's the economy, stupid." During this election, a third-party candidate claimed a "giant sucking sound" would result from NAFTA.

Rangers

This elite unit of U.S. Army suffered the heaviest percentage of injuries in the invasion of Panama after heavy fighting at Rio Hato. Their motto is "lead the way."

Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad

This emperor sold the likely precursor to the Hope Diamond to Jean Baptiste Tavernier; he had obtained that diamond after conquering the Kollur Mine during his defeat of the Golconda Sultanate. This man executed Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur for resisting conversion to Islam, which he codified in his empire via the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri. Shivaji sacked Surat as part of his fighting with this man, who reintroduced the jizya tax after Akbar abolished it.

Abbasid

This empire secured power after defeating Marwan II at the river Zab. Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas aided this empire in establishing paper mill at its cap tal, which had been moved from (+) Damascus by Al-Mansur. The mathematician Al-Khwarizmi worked in this empire's House of Wisdom, whose books allegedly turned the (*) Tigris black from ink when Hulagu Khan sacked this caliphate's capital at Baghdad.

Golden Horde

This entity was victorious against Grand Duke Vytautas at the battle of the Vorskla river, though it had prior lost to Lithuania at the battle of the Blue Waters. This entity symbolically disintegrated after a stand-off at the Ugra river. Members of this entity filled 9 sacks full of ears following the battle of Legnica, and its greatest triumph took place against the Hungarians at Mohi.

Dzungars

This ethnic group was divided into four realms upon the death of Dawaji. This group's last ruler, Amursana, was the target of a unification campaign by the Qianlong [chee-ahn-long] Emperor that resulted in its genocide. This ethnic group, one of several descended from the Oirats, is the namesake of a basin between the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, and their namesake "gate" was a key pass along the Silk Road from China into Central Asia. Like the Uyghurs [whee-gurs], this ethnic group was based in modern-day Xinjiang [shin-jee-ahng].

Holocaust

This event inspired a song set to a melody by Dmitri Pokrass, "Zog Nit Keynmol." Rachel, Paul, and Rachella recount their experiences of this event in a piece for string quartet and tape by Steve Reich, Different Trains. An Arnold Schoenberg piece set during this event ends with a quote from the "Shema Yisroel." A Survivor from Warsaw depicts, for ten points, a target of what campaign in which the Nazis killed six million Jews?

Haymarket Riot

This event was preceded by a speech by August Spies [SPEEZ].

Omar Nelson Bradely

This fellow American World War II commanded the largest portion of US troops during the war. He was the last five-star general in US history.

Nasser

This figure separated the university aspect of the al-Azhar mosque and had its ulema issue new rulings to support his policies.

Yingluck Shinawatra

This first female Prime Minister of Thailand was deposed in 2014.

Patton

This general led an invasion of Casablanca during Operation Torch and helped relieve Bastogne.

GSG 9

This group was stopped from raiding the Hansa Stavanger after the intervention of American security advisor James Jones. In one operation, Somali troops lit a large diversionary fire so that this group could neutralize "Captain Martyr Mahmud." After the Palestinian Popular Front hijacked a Boeing 737 to negotiate for the release of Red Army Faction leaders, this group successfully liberated Lufthansa Flight 181. This organization was formed after traditional police units failed to prevent the 1972 Munich massacre.

Spear of the nation

This group's Robert McBride was sentenced to death after detonating an explosive at the Magoo Bar. This group targeted Amanzitomi and Church Street in a series of bombings, actions that were found to be excessive by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This paramilitary group, which was created to avenge the Sharpeville Massacre, was led by a man who declared that he was "prepared to die" during the Rivonia Trial.

Thucydides

This historian included an account of an unsuccessful diplomatic negotiation between emissaries of Athens and Melos in his History of the Peloponnesian War.

Operation Condor

This initiative received aid from foreign intelligence in Operation Charly. Court judges were impeded from ruling against this initiative via Operation Silence, and MIR leaders Edgardo Enriquez and Jorge Fuentes were attacked in this initiative. DINA contributed greatly to this operation, which forced Martin Almada to listen to the torture of his wife over telephone. Archives of Terror in Asuncion recorded the actions of this initiative, which was spearheaded by Augusto Pinochet.

Liberty of Congress

This institution was heavily damaged in a Christmas Eve 1851 fire that destroyed the majority of its holdings. Charles Coffin Jewett competed with this organization while working for the Smithsonian. Ainsworth Rand Spofford wanted to make this institution a "repository of American culture" and lobbied for it to receive two copies of copyrighted items. After this institution was sacked by the British, Thomas Jefferson sold his personal collection to it. For ten points, name this institution, the de facto national library of the United States

Georgia

This is the home state of President Trump's first Agriculture Secretary who, in 2003, became this state's first Republican governor since Reconstruction. A Congressman from this state became Speaker of the House in 1995 after working with Texas' Dick Armey on the "Contract with America." This state was governed by a Democrat in the early 1970s who later beat Gerald Ford to become President. For the point, name this home state of politicians like Sonny Perdue, Newt Gingrich, and Jimmy Carter.

Aquino

This is the surname of Benigno, the rival politician who Marcos ordered assassinated in 1983, and Corazon, his wife who ruled the Philippines for six years after Marcos was toppled.

Sicily

This island's reconquest was led by the Hauteville family, whose Roger II elevated it to a kingdom. Pressing the claim of his wife Constance of Hohenstaufen, Peter III of Aragon was invited to conquer this island during its namesake Vespers. After the War of the Quadruple Alliance, the Habsburgs exchanged Sardinia for this island with Victor Amadeus II of Savoy.

Baekje

This kingdom subsumed the Mahan Confederacy and had its first capital at Wirye Castle. A king of this nation moved the capital to Sabi and attempted to revive the Gaya Confederacy as a buffer state. This kingdom won a fifth-century war against the Northern Wei dynasty. The Seven-Branched Sword was a gift given to Japan by this kingdom, which was legendarily founded by the sons of Jumong who, after fleeing from Goguryeo [goh-goo-ryuh], settled in the basin of the Han River.

Idi amin

This leader allowed Barbet Schroeder to film a candid documentary about his country, titled for this leader and subtitled A Self Portrait

Ashoka Maurya

This leader appointed special officials called dharma mahamatras to propagate morality and relieve suffering. He attemped to convert Antiochus II Theos to his religion, as recounted in an inscription on a pillar. This monarch erected another pillar that features four lions standing on top of a drum, the Lion Capital of Sarnath, one of many inscribed with his rock edicts.

Amin

This leader had his Chief Justice, Benedicto Kiwanuka, murdered shortly after taking power. As a general, this man forced his country's Kabaka people into exile at the Battle of Mengo Hill. This leader took power in a coup while his predecessor was attending a Commonwealth Conference in Singapore. This leader was ousted after he launched a failed invasion of the Kagera region of his southern neighbor, and he infamously gave his country's Asian population 90 days to leave the country. For the point, name this Ugandan dictator for most of the 1970s.

Kwame Nkrumah

This leader lost support after passing the Preventive Detention Act, which legalized arrest without due process.

Mandela

This leader of the ANC opened the Truth and Reconciliation Commission after being released from prison by F.W. de Klerk.

Indira Gandhi

This leader planned Operation Lal Dora, which was a proposed invasion of Mauritius. This leader's passing of the 26th amendment led to the abolition of the Privy Purse. One slogan used by this leader called to "garib hatao," or "abolish poverty." The (+) Allahabad High Court declared this leader's election null and void due to malpractice, which led to a period of rule by decree known as The (*) Emergency. After ordering Operation Blue Star, this leader was assassinated by her Sikh Bodyguards.

Kwame Nkrumah

This leader powered his nation's aluminum smelters by building the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River.

Gaddafi

This leader proclaimed the establishment of the African Union in his hometown of Sirte.

Montezuma II

This leader was captured, and hundreds of his subjects killed, in the Massacre in the Great Temple. Bernal Diaz del Castillo's Historia describes this man, speaking from a balcony, being stoned by his subjects while telling them to retreat from their enemy. Cuitlahuac [kweet lah wok] succeeded this man, whose death caused Pedro de Alvarado and hundreds of Europeans to flee the city in La Noche Triste.

Mugabe

This leader worked with Kim Il-Sung to create the elite Fifth Brigade, which he used to target political opponents in the gukurahundi campaign.

Hannibal

This leader's advance was so quick that his enemies, who had landed in Massilia, were forced to turn around after reaching the Rhone. This leader was opposed by a strategy of delay implemented by the dictator Fabius. This general, who lost to Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama, collected the rings of senators slain at the Battle of Cannae and marched elephants across the Alps.

Evo Morales

This leader's party rose to power after a series of protests against water privatization in the city of Cochabamba. Shortly after being inaugurated, this leader of the Movement for Socialism adopted a (+) "Coca yes, Cocaine no!" farming policy in opposition to American interests. In February 2016, this successor of Eduardo Rodriguez lost a referendum to extend his term limits to allow him to run again in 2020. In 2013, this leader's (*) flight out of Moscow was grounded in Vienna after it was suspected that his plane contained Edward Snowden.

Mugabe

This leader, who won his seventh term as president in 2013, is opposed by the Movement for Democratic Change.

Great Zimbabwe

This location was rediscovered by Adam Render and Karl Mauch, the latter of whom sent press reports to Germany noting he had discovered Solomon's temple. The Eastern Enclosure of this location's Hill Complex is speculated to have held eight carved soapstone birds.

Taj MahaL

This location was the site of a massive gold shield until it was looted by the Jat people. Lapis lazuli from the walls of this location was looted by British regulars, though Lord (+) Curzon later ordered the restoration of this building. The Mahtab Bagh was discovered near this building, giving rise to a myth that it was supposed to be adjacent to a twin building made of (*) black stone. A raised reflecting pool sits in front of this location, which was designed as a burial place for Mumtaz.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man accepted Soviet help to create the world's largest artificial lake by constructing the Akosombo Dam.

Salva Kiir

This man became President of South Sudan after its independence, then made the aforementioned July 2013 Cabinet purge.

Miranda

This man besieged Antwerp while commanding the Army of the North. Alongside Juan Cagigal, this man was imprisoned for participating in the Capture of the Bahamas without the permission of his Spanish superior. This captain of the Leander was inspired by a British organization to found a revolutionary Latin American secret society called Lautaro Lodge. This man toppled his country's colonial administration in 1810, establishing the Supreme Junta of Caracas.

Idi amin

This man bestowed on himself a Doctorate in Law from Makerere University as well as the Victoria Cross.

Nasser

This man built a massive internal intelligence force under the leadership of Salah Nasr

Mobuto

This man built the palace at Gbadolite, and this man mandated that all television broadcasts begin with (*)) his face descending from the clouds.

Mandela

This man called a democratic and free society "an ideal for which I am prepared to die" while he was a co-defendant in the(*) Rivonia Trial.

Mandela

This man called for the sentence of Abdel al-Megrahi, the Lockerbie bomber, to be served in Libya, and for his conviction to be appealed.

Rayburn

This man called to connect the "frost belt with the sun belt" as he supported the construction of Route 66. This man, who refused payment from the Santa Fe Railroad Company, succeeded William Bankhead in his highest post. This politician commonly wore cowboy boots in his district and held meetings among a group of friends that he called the Board of Education. This prot´eg´e of John Nance Garner mentored Lyndon Johnson in the Senate.

Webster

This man claimed New England was not guilty of an intent to dissolve the Union in a speech against James Monroe's conscription plan. Following John Tyler's decision to break with party lines, this man was the only member of Tyler's (+) cabinet not to resign. In a reply to Robert Hayne, this man declared that the US government was "made (*) for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people." For ten points, name this Massachusetts senator who said "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"

Pat Robertson

This man commented that Hurricane Katrina was retribution from God while hosting the 700 Club.

Sigmond Freud

This man conceived of the "death drive" in a book attributing human behavior to sexual drive

Ben Franklin

This man created America's first library and invented the bifocals

Mandela

This man described the Arab League as "subservience to Zionism and Imperialism."

Nasser

This man described the Arab League as "subservience to Zionism and Imperialism."

Nasser

This man described the Arab sphere, the African sphere, and the Muslim sphere in his Philosophy of Revolution.

Ben Franklin

This man drafted the Plan of Union as a delegate to the Albany Conference, and drew the (*) "Join or Die" political cartoon

Fredrick Douglass

This man fled Talbot County and wrote an autobiographical work describing learning to read in the sand.

Mobuto

This man forged an alliance by marrying off his wife's annoying best friend to Holden Roberto.

Nasser

This man launched his Liberation Rally party and imprisoned his predecessor, Mohamed Naguib, a leader of the Free Officers who helped him overthrow (*) Farouk

Nyerere

This man led a one-party state through his Chama Cha Mapinduzi, or Party of the Revolution, and instituted the "parastatal" boards to control trade in each major good

Jp Morgan

This man lent crucial money to the federal government during both the Panic of (+) 1893 and the Panic of 1907

Idi amin

This man lost power following an attempt to annex a neighboring country's Kagera region

Kwame Nkrumah

This man married a woman selected by Gamal Nasser, named Fathia Rizk, and he also enjoyed a close platonic relationship with his secretary Erica Powell

Mugabe

This man met secretly with British Foreign Minister David Owen and US Secretary Andrew Young to sign the Malta Accords as his foremost opponent was signing the Internal Settlement with Abel Muzorewa and Ndabaningi Sithole.

Mao

This man met with Nikita Khrushchev in an outdoor pool and, exploiting Khrushchev's poor swimming, humiliatingly offered him water wings. Pakistan's foreign minister inadvertently caused a mass hysteria by presenting mangoes to this man. Enver Hoxha [ho-cha] was the only leader to support this man in a decade-long political struggle over de-Stalinization. For the point, name this Chinese leader who oversaw the Sino-Soviet split and whose sayings are collected in the "Little Red Book."

Magic Johnson

This man notes how he "will miss the battles and the wars" after thanking a man called "Coop" for "standing side by side." In that speech, this man appreciated the support of "the Commissioner, David Stern," and after affirming that his wife Cookie had "no problem," he pledged "I plan on going on living for a long time." Despite giving that retirement speech, this man was later able to play on the 1992 Dream Team with longtime rival Larry Bird.

Mobuto

This man overthrew Patrice Lumumba and turned him over to Moise Tshombe's Katangese Government for execution.

Henry IV

This man replaced "The False Monk" in the Synod of Brixen, and his son signed the Concordat of Worms. Robert Guiscard forced this man's retreat from Rome. This man beat forces under Otto of Nordheim at the Battle of (+) Langensalza while Rudolf of Rheinfelden revolted against this man in the Great Saxon Revolt. Wearing a hairshirt, this man repented while (*) traveling to Matilda of Tuscany's castle. This man embarked on the Walk to Canossa during a conflict with Pope Gregory VII.

Henry 4

This man replaced "The False Monk" in the Synod of Brixen, and his son signed the Concordat of Worms. Robert Guiscard forced this man's retreat from Rome. This man beat forces under Otto of Nordheim at the Battle of (+) Langensalza while Rudolf of Rheinfelden revolted against this man in the Great Saxon Revolt. Wearing a hairshirt, this man repented while (*) traveling to Matilda of Tuscany's castle. This man embarked on the Walk to Canossa during a conflict with Pope Gregory VII. For ten points, name this Holy Roman Emperor who suffered excommunication during the Lay Investiture Controversy.

Nasser

This man rose to power by continuing an impassioned speech despite being shot at by an assassin.

Horatio Nelson

This man rose to prominence as a subordinate of John Jervis at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. This man's forces intercepted Pierre-Charles Villeneuve after they left Cadiz. This man, who lost an arm while leading an attack on Copenhagen, ordered that the message "England expects that every man will do his duty" be sent aboard his flagship, the HMS Victory.

Atahualpa

This man ruled the Incan empire for a few months before Pizarro captured him, briefly let him rule as a puppet, collected his ransom rooms, and executed him in 1533

Nyerere

This man was instrumental in the coup which brought France-Albert Rene to power in Seychelles, and also in installing Yusuf Lule as president of a bordering nation.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man was named co-President with Ahmed Toure

Kwame Nkrumah

This man was opposed by Dr. Joseph Danquah before leading the Convention People's Party to victory in a parliamentary election held in (*)) 1953.

Nyerere

This man was replaced by Nelson Mandela as chief mediator in the Burundi conflict.

Saddam Hussein

This man was targeted by Dawa Party members in a 1982 assassination attempt; in its aftermath, he ordered hundreds of thousands of acres of date palm orchards razed and signed execution orders for 148 people. This head of state and his cousin oversaw the al-Anfal, or the "Spoils of War" campaign, a genocide in which five thousand people were killed by a gas attack in Halabja. This leader was captured in Tikrit in 2003 and hanged for crimes against humanity in 2006.

Pope Gregory I

This man was the first monk to become pope, and adopted the title "Servant of the servants of God" to contrast with the Eastern title of Ecumenical [ECK-yoo-MEN-ih-cull] Patriarch.

Nasser

This man wrote of a plan to rule 55 million, then 224 million, then 420 million people in his bookPhilosophy of the Revolution.

Mugabe

This man's North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade engaged in the genocidal Gukurahundi against Ndebele supporters of another rival, Joshua Nkomo.

Mugabe

This man's former sports and recreation minister was arrested in late December 2017 after failing to account for 10 tons of beans on his farm.

Mark Antony

This man's general Ventidius [ven-TID-ee-uss] drove the Parthians [PAR-thee-uns] out of Asia Minor.

Malcolm X

This man's grandson was murdered 16 years after he set fire to an apartment, killing his grandmother, this man's widow. This man disputed that his father died in a streetcar accident, instead believing he was killed by the Black Legion, who had burned down their house. In 1995, this man's daughter Qubilah admitted to a plot to kill Louis Farrakhan, who she held responsible for this man's death. This man claimed his ancestors had been imposed on by a "blue-eyed devil" when explaining changing his surname to reflect his lost African heritage.

Vlad the Impaler

This man's half-brother, nicknamed "the Monk," helped build St. Nicholas Church. Hamza, Bey of Nicopolis, died because he failed to capture this man; John Jiskra did capture this man, who was imprisoned in (+) Vysegrad [vish-eh-grahd] on the orders of Matthias Corvinus. This man's older brother Mircea was killed by Janos Hunyadi. After refusing to pay the jizya tax, this man led a (*) night raid on the Ottomans at Targoviste.

Mishima

This man's highly critical work The Voices of the Heroic Dead claimed that a leader's decisions rendered millions of deaths in vain. This founder of the Shield Society asked a gathering crowd "why do you defend a constitution that denies you yourself?" while wearing a headband reading "Serve the Nation for Seven Lives." Masakatsu Morita unsuccessfully attempted to behead this man in the aftermath of a raid on the Self-Defense Force's Ichigaya office.

Yuri Gagarin

This man's whistling of "The Motherland Hears, The Motherland Knows" inspired the tune of a patriotic song titled the "Constellation of" this man. This man's apocryphal claim that he "didn't see any God" was used in anti-religious campaigns by Nikita Khrushchev, who referred to this man as the "New Columbus." This man famously exclaimed "poyekhali" before the beginning of his mission aboard Vostok 1. For the point, name this Soviet cosmonaut who, in 1961, became the first man to enter outer space.

Mugabe

This man's wife became known as "Gucci Grace" because of her expensive shopping trips, and fears over her succeeding to the presidency led to this man's overthrow.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man, whose Convention People's Party led his country to independence, oversaw its renaming for a medieval Sahel kingdom instead of the colonial "Gold Coast"

Ivory

This material makes up a Paleolithic sculpture of a woman's head found in 1892 and called the Venus of Brassempuoy. The Lewis chessmen, discovered in Scotland in 1831, were carved from this material. Along with gold and wood, this material was used to create Phidias' statues of both Zeus at Olympia and the Athena Parthenos.

Iriquois

This nation's custom of "mourning wars" may have led to conflicts with the Anishinaabe [ah-nish-uh-NAH-bee], among others, and it signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with the British following the Royal Proclamation of 1763

Africa

This non-Europe continent's "Character" was described in an 1830 work by Hegel that elucidated the idea of the "Absolute" in philosophy. Jean-Paul Sartre wrote the preface to one work by an author from this country that applied Marxist principles to colonialism; that work was Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth. Edward Said [sai eed] argued against the stereotyping of the northern part of this non-Asia continent in his Orientalism.

Hanseatic League

This organization established the (+) London Steelyard as one of its kontores, or offices, which were also found in Novgorod and Antwerp.

Dutch East India

This organization formed a contingent of mercenaries under Charles-Daniel de Meuron who disastrously defected in exchange for unpaid wages. This organization employed the governor Frederick Coyett, who surrendered Fort Zeelandia to Koxinga [ko-shinga] after a lengthy siege. An officer in this organization, Jan Coen [yan co-en], drove out the native population of the Banda Islands and established the post of Batavia at the site of present-day Jakarta. For ten points, name this organization that controlled the spice trade for the Netherlands in the Colonial era.

Hanseatic League

This organization fought pirates called the Victual Brothers and signed the Treaty of Stralsund with Valdemar IV.

EU

This organization, which guarantees the single market, grew out of an agreement between the "inner six" to trade coal and steel.

Winter Queen

This period of time provides the nickname of the queen Elizabeth Stuart, the eldest daughter of James I. During this period of time in 1947, Manny Shinwell was vilified by the British public for failing to maintain adequate supplies of coal. The headline "Crisis? What crisis?" ran during an instance of strife named after this period of time, during which James Callaghan's government instituted pay caps and lost an election to the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher. For ten points, what period "of discontent" names a blizzard-filled season in 1979?

Rosenthal

This photographer captured the iconic Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima picture.

Noriega

This politician attracted controversy and massive protests for his murder of the activist Hugo Spadafora and his alleged role in the death of his predecessor, Omar Torrijos. After this man claimed sanctuary in a Catholic church, Navy SEALs blasted rock music outside the compound for three days of psychological warfare. Operation Just Cause targeted this man's country, despited his previous service as a CIA ally in the War on Drugs.

Churchill

This politician called Russia "a riddle, wrapped up in a mystery, inside an enigma."

Nasser

This politician decried the forced removal of Ali Maher as an attack on his nation's sovereignty.

Dukakis

This poltician employed the first female campaign manager for a major American party, Susan Estrich. This politician clinched a nomination shortly after the frontrunner was photographed aboard the Monkey Business with Donna Rice, though this man was hurt by his stoic reaction when (+) Bernard Shaw asked him about a hypothetical rape of his wife Kitty. To counteract the public's perception of this man as "soft," he released a (*) disastrous advertisement of him aboard an Abrams tank.

Eisenhower

This president denied IMF assistance to one country to help halt Operation Musketeer.

Obama

This president signed the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which expanded the 1969 federal hate-crimes law and required the FBI to track statistics on hate crimes on the basis of gender. Other major statutes passed under this president include the Ledbetter Fair Pay Act and a repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. This president issued the DACA and DAPA executive orders on immigration and enacted the Dodd-Frank Act.

Opium

This product names a conflict during which the (+) Taku forts were destroyed that was sparked by the boarding of the H. M. S. Arrow.

Opium

This product was blended with more palatable herbs in order to create madak [mah-dokk].

Sulieman the Magnificent

This ruler besieged Esztergom [EZZ-turr-gohm] and defeated Louis II at the Battle of Mohacs [MOH-hotch] to conquer Hungary

Akhenaten

This ruler employed the sculptor Bek, and the blocks used for construction during this ruler's reign were known as talatats. This man's correspondence with Tushratta, king of the Mittani, discussed his marriage with Tadukhipa; those (+) letters were recovered by Jorgen Alexander Knudtzon on clay tablets at Amarna. Thutmose sculpted a bust of this man's wife, (*) Nefertiti, and this ruler was succeeded by his supposed son, Smenkhkare.

Alexander the great

This ruler interrupted a campaign to visit the oracle of Amun [ah-moon] at the Siwa oasis.

Charles Martel

This ruler placed Chlotar IV on the throne of Austrasia after winning the Battle of Vincy. This leader came to power after defeating the Neustrians under King Chilperic II and Ragenfrid at the Battle of (+) Ambl`eve [AM blev]. In this leader's most famous victory, enemy forces believed their loot was being raided and thus retreated; that victory occurred when he came to the aid of Odo, Duke of Aquitaine, against (*) Abd al-Rahman near Poitiers [pwah tee ay].

Mobuto

This ruler promoted the wearing of abacosts as part of his (*)) decolonization campaign, called authenticité, which included the renaming of cities like Leopoldville.

Charlamagne

This ruler repressed the "pride and folly" of Tassilo, the rebellious Duke of Bavaria, and fought battles against the Avars that rendered Pannonia [pann-OH-nee-uh] an uninhabitable wasteland.

Kublai Khan

This ruler sent a punitive expedition against the Singhasari Kingdom on the island of Java. Though he managed to establish suzerainty over the Kingdom of Pagan, he was repulsed at the Battle of Bach Dang by Tran Hung Dao. After the death of his older brother, this ruler waged a destructive civil war against his youngest brother Ariq Boke in the Toluid Civil War. The remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty were defeated by this man at the Battle of Yamen.

Elizebeth 1

This ruler was denounced as illegitimate by Pope Pius V in the bull Regnans in Excelsis after refusing to persecute minority religions. The use of fireships at Gravelines [grah-vel-een] allowed this ruler to stave off enemy invasion. While preparing for an imminent attack from the Spanish Armada, this ruler inspired the troops at Tilbury by claiming to possess the "body of a weak, feeble woman" but the "heart and stomach of a king." Anne Boleyn was the mother of, for ten points, what Virgin Queen of 16th century England?

Franco

This ruler's government was challenged by the Green March. The Vertical Syndicate was the only labor union allowed in this ruler's country. The Valley of the Fallen was commissioned by this man as a symbol of reconciliation. This ruler's prime minister was killed in Operation Ogre by Basque separatists. The death of Jos´e Sanjurjo helped propel this man to power.

Sulieman the Magnificent

This ruler's successor was given the Shahnama [SHAH-nuh-mah] of Shah Tahmasp [TAH-mosp].

Sulieman the Magnificent

This ruler, who allied with Francis I and sponsored Piri Reis [PEER-ee RAY-iss], was the first ruler served by the Grand Vizier Mehmed Sokullu Pasha [soh-KOOL-uh POSH-uh] and was married to Hurrem Sultan [HOOR-em SOOL-tahn].

Sulieman the Magnificent

This ruler, who was nicknamed for his law-giving abilities, seized Baghdad.

Lister

This scientist's father developed achromatic lenses to perfect the optical microscope.

Angor Wat

This site's inner gallery, or Bakan, is speculated to have been flooded as a form of art depicting the supposed center of the universe. The Preah Poan, or Hall of a Thousand Gods, within this complex, once contained numerous images of the Buddha. This complex was built in Yasodharapura [yaso-dara-pura] as a depiction of Mount Meru during the reign of Suryavarman II, a ruler of the Khmer Empire.

New jersey

This state was the only one of the original thirteen states not to restrict voting by race or gender until 1807, when it restricted the vote to white, property-owning men. The legend of Molly Pitcher originated from a battle in this state, which names the William Paterson-proposed small state plan for the legislature at the Constitutional Convention. Johann Rall was killed after George Washington crossed the Delaware River into, for the point, what state where the Battle of Trenton was fought

Manchukuo

This state's creation was opposed by peasant brotherhoods like the Red Spear Society and the Big Swords Society. After this state captured Rehe, it signed the Tanggu Truce, creating a demilitarized zone to its south. A border dispute between this state and Soviet Mongolia erupted at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. The Lytton Report denounced a staged explosion on a railway near Mukden that caused the invasion creating this state.

Mugabe

This successor of Canaan Banana refused to yield power after losing to Morgan Tsvangirai in a2005 presidential election.

GameCube

This system used a popular wireless controller called the (*) WaveBird, though it was criticized for its proprietary miniDVD format.

Aristotle

This thinker's concept of the "efficient cause" in the natural world was continued by his successor, Theophrastus. A graded scale of perfection established by this man to classify living organisms is known as his "Great Chain of Being." This philosopher, who was exiled by Eurymedon the Hierophant, was accused by Hagnothemis of poisoning his most famous pupil, Alexander the Great. For ten points, name this Ancient Greek founder of the Lyceum and student of Plato.

First Iraq War

This war included the Battle of Norfolk, a tank battle fought the day after the Battle of 73 Easting. The health effects of this conflict were investigated in the Riegle Report, which concluded that soldiers were exposed to chemical weapons. A stretch of road in this conflict was named the "Highway of Death," as many soldiers were killed trying to retreat to the Euphrates. Norman Schwarzkopf led coalition troops in, for ten points, what early 1990's war in response to an invasion of Kuwait?

Horse theft

This was the first crime for which the outlaw John Murrell was imprisoned. Doc Middleton was one of the most notorious committers of this crime, which inspired the creation of a society in Dedham, Massachusetts aimed at cracking down on it. This was the only crime for which Belle Starr was ever arrested. Migrants heading westward were often victims of this crime at the hands of Great Plains Indians who were looking to improve the speed at which they could track buffalo. For the point, name this crime, the speciality of a gang called the "Pony Boys."

Osirak

This was the nuclear reactor targeted in Operations Scorched Sword and Opera. Its name was inspired by an Egyptian god.

EU

This winner of the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize was created by the Treaty of Maastricht [mass-strict], but is currently threatened by the possible "Grexit."

Julia Howe

This woman served as the first president of the New England Woman Suffrage Association, and her husband Samuel was a member of the Secret Six. A pacifist Mother's Day Proclamation was issued by this woman, who wrote a work that describes a figure who "loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword;" that work adopted the melody used in "John Brown's Body" and repeats the line "glory, glory, hallelujah!" For ten points, name this lyricist of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic."

Mugabe

Thisman addressed protesters during the March of Seven Thousand

Kenyatta

Thisman promoted nation-building with the slogan "Harambee" and in 1969 arrested his rival andone-time vice president, the (*)) Luo chieftain Oginga Odinga.

texas

Thomas Van Orden sued this state in 2002 to take down a display of the Ten Commandments; the case was argued at the Supreme Court by this state's Attorney General, who became Governor after defeating pro-choice State Senator Wendy (+) Davis in 2014. The previous governor of this state currently serves as head of the Department of Energy, a department that he proposed to eliminate in his 2012 presidential bid. Another former governor of this state promoted the (*) No Child Left Behind Act after he was elected president in 2000. For ten points, name this state that has been governed by Greg Abbott, Rick Perry, and George W. Bush.

Rommel

Though this general was pushed back to Gazala during Operation Crusader, he managed to capture Tobruk from Claude Auchinleck shortly after. This man's strategy of setting wooden poles to block glider landings led the logs to become known as this man's "asparagus." This man was put in charge of defending the Atlantic Wall during D-Day two years after he lost to Bernard Montgomery at the First Battle of El Alamein.

Indian National Congress

Three generations of politicians from this party have been (*) prime minister, beginning with Jawaharlal [juh-wah-har-lull] Nehru

Alamo

Three months prior to this battle, its central location was seized from troops under Martin Perfecto de Cos. Immediately after this battle, the losing side launched a massive retreat called the Runaway Scrape. Susanna Dickinson was one of the few survivors of this battle, which was a two-week siege that claimed the lives of James Bowie and Davy Crockett. For the point, name this 1836 battle in which a San Antonio mission was captured by Santa Anna's army, inspiring a rallying cry to "Remember" it.

Japan

Three works of art from this country appear in the background of a painting of the art supplier P`ere Tanguy ["pear" tan-ghee]. A work from this country showing plum branches was copied in an oil painting that added an orange border with nonsensical characters. A wood-based art form from this country was introduced to van Gogh and other European artists after trade with the Dutch was opened on the artificial island of Dejima.

Mexico City

Two sprinters made a salute to "Black Power" at the 1968 Summer Olympics held in this city

Hotel

Type of building where Paul Rusesabagina hid over 1,200 refugees of the genocide.

Quasi war

Unofficial war between the U.S. and France that was ended by the Conventions of 1800.

Kwame Nkrumah

Unrest derived from this leader's attempts to control the rapidly rising price of cocoa led to the creation of the National Liberation Movement opposing him.

South Sea bubble

Walpole made his fortune by wisely getting out at the top of this financial event, then came to power in the wake of its collapse and creating a sinking fund to reduce England's national debt.

Eisenhower

Was re-elected President of the United States? 1956

Battle of Hattin

Was the 1187 crushing defeat for the Kingdom of Jerusalem that prompted the launch of the Third Crusade?

Marion

Was the South Carolina "Swamp Fox" who led guerrilla warfare against the British?

Constantinople

Was the city, notably not in the Holy Land, was the capital of an Empire led by Alexius I?

Isreal

Was the country that joined France and Britain in briefly seizing control of the Suez Canal in 1956?

Cromwell

When this man's son used the pseudonym John Clarke, the confusion led the Prince of Conti to insult him. George Monck fought alongside this ruler at the Battle of Dunbar and was made commander-in-chief of Scotland. John Lambert wrote the Instrument of Government during this man's rule. After the siege of Drogheda, this man ordered the New Model Army to spare no one.

Cahokia

Where Monks Mound was built? Once of the largest cities in the Americas, it is currently next to St. Louis.

Nazi Germany

While working for this government, an orphaned radio specialist aids in the hunt for the Sea of Flame jewel in Anthony Doerr's Pulitzer-winning novel All the Light We Cannot See. Annemarie Johansen fools a canine unit employed by this government using a basket laced with cocaine in a novel in which a group of refugees flee to Sweden from this government's reach.

Machu Picchu

Whose ruins are on a peak overlooking Peru's Urubamba [ooh-roo-BAHM-buh] Valley?

Colombia

country with whom the U.S. wanted to sign the Hay-Herran Treaty regarding ownership of Panama.

Kwame Nkrumah

first prime minister and president of an independent Ghana.

Nasser

founder of the Non-Aligned Movement

Chittagong

second largest Bangladeshi city whose armory was raided in 1930 by independence seekers?

Waterberg

was where Lothar von Trotha decisively defeated the Herero, forcing them to escape through the Omaheke Desert.

Meshad

Shortly after the 1921 coup, Reza Pahlavi's troops massacred people in the Goharshad Mosque, part of the Imam Reza Shrine Complex in this second-largest Iranian city.

Guiteau

Stalwart assassin who killed Garfield.

Rosetta Stone

Stone dedicated to Ptolemy V that was used to decipher hieroglyphics

Russia

Successor state to the Soviet Union whose capital is Moscow.

Milligan

Supreme Court case that Garfield argued, concerning five Hoosiers who were improperly tried in a military tribunal.

Solar cell

Swanson's Law states that the price of these items falls 20 percent for every doubling of industry capacity. The Shockley-Queisser limit gives the theoretical maximum efficiency of these devices, which operate when absorption results in electron-hole pairs. In 2017, a hoax claimed that lobbyists made it illegal to use these devices in the aftermath of Hurricane Irma; in reality, safety laws require their disconnection from the grid to protect repair crews and linemen. A start-up company that built these devices, Solyndra, went bankrupt in 2011. For the point, name these photovoltaic devices that convert sunlight into electricity.

Churchill

Taking office after Neville Chamberlain resigned, this politician led his country through the Battle of Britain.

Five Civilized Tribes

Tecumseh journeyed West in a failed attempt to ally with this five member tribal group. This group, composed of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw and Chickasaw, received its name because it adopted Western customs.

Gaddafi

Telex messages relayed by agents of this successor of King Idris to his embassy in East Berlin resulted in his implication in the 1986 Berlin disco bombing, which led to the death of his infant daughter Hanna in ensuing airstrikes.

Stonewall Inn Riot

Tensions leading up to this event were heightened due to similar events at the Tele-Star, the Checkerboard, the Snake Pit, and the Sewer. In the aftermath of this event, Maria Ritter stated her second biggest fear was being shown in the newspaper (+) wearing her mother's dress. This event was described as the "Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World" by the Mattachine Society. This event took place at an establishment owned by the (*) Genovese crime family that operated without a liquor license. For ten points, name this 1969 riot in Greenwich [gren-itch] Village, New York that began with a police raid on the namesake gay bar.

Embargo

Term for ceasing trade to a foreign nation, as the U.S. did to France with an 1807 act.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular

Yom Kippur War

UN Security Council 338 called for an end to this war. The decisive Operation Gazelle altered the course of this war. Fort Budapest was attacked early on in this war, which begun with Operation Badr. The battle of Chinese Farm was fought in order for one side to establish a canal bridgehead in this war. The Agranat Commission noted that Golda Meir was not responsible for being caught off guard in this war, which began with a surprise Syrian attack on the Golan Heights.

Enigma

Under this project, Gordon Welchman invented the bombe ["bomb"] at Bletchley Park with the help of (*) Alan Turing, and its success meant accurate tracking of U-boat movements

Juan Peron

Under this ruler, Juan Pistarini served as Minister of Public Works and built a massive international airport. After this man mysteriously lost his secretary general Jose Rucci to assassins, he ordered Jose Rega to fund the Triple A death squad to counteract left-wing extremists. In 1973, this man planned a massacre of leftist Montoneros who had come to an airport to welcome this man from exile. This man, who was supported by the descamisados, or the shirtless ones, died in 1974 and was succeeded by his third wife, Isabel.

1848

Year in which Austria and Hungary gave up serfdom and revolutions occurred all over Europe during the "Spring of Nations."

Mugabe

Yet another rival of this man led the Congress of Trade Unions out of his party in 1999 and founded the Movement for Democratic Change, becoming prime minister in 2009, despite possibly beating this man in the 2008 presidential election; that politician is Morgan Tsvangirai.

Nyerere

An article by Bonny Ibhawoh about "Deconstructing" a concept developed by this man suggests that that concept was unique because it completely rejected the concept of class struggle.

Idi amin

An early public relations victory in this man's reign was providing a royal burial for the Kabaka Mutebi II.

Chichen Itza

An early recorded name for this location translates as "Seven Lines of Abnal." D´esir´e Charnay provided a modern survey of this site, which was conquered by Hunac Ceel. A road called a sacbe connects this site to a location at which (+) Chaac was worshiped; that sinkhole, north of this city, is the Sacred Cenote [sen-OH-teh]. Thirteen ballcourts can be found at this site, where the deity (*) Kukulcan is the dedicatee of a large step pyramid.

Gideon v. Wainwright

An expanded public defender system was set up as a result of this case's holding

California

An influx of (*) immigration led this state to pass laws limiting the rights of Chinese to hold property.

Agincourt

An initial cavalry charge in this battle failed miserably and churned the field with mud, thus impairing subsequent advances on foot by forces led by the Constable of France

Aouzou Strip

An observer group to oversee the withdrawal of an army from this region was established in United Nations Security Council resolution 915. At an ad hoc conference held by the OAU regarding possession of this territory, one nation claimed that President Tombalbaye conceded it. Land Cruisers were used in this uranium-rich region during an offensive that expelled a bordering nation's army from this region during the Toyota War.

Indus River Valley

An old name for one of this civilization's cities may have been "the place of the cockerel," where chickens were bred for religiously motivated fights rather than food. The world's first sewer systems may have been built by this civilization, whose artifacts include a bearded soapstone man dubbed the "Priest-King" and a bronze "Dancing Girl."

Aluminum

An ornament found in the tomb of Zhou Chu from the 3rd century mysteriously consists almost entirely of this metal. The first recorded extraction of this metal was in 1825 by Christian Oersted, who heated its chloride with potassium. In industry, this metal is usually extracted by using the Hall-H´eroult process. Karl Bayer discovered a way to refine this metal's oxide from bauxite. For ten points, name this most abundant in the Earth's crust, a metal often used in soda cans.

Islamic ban on alcohol

Anas ibn Malik noted that some of the fallen at the Battle of 'Uhud had broken this practice; he noted that Allah revealed that no blame would be attached if "they fear Allah and believe and do righteous deeds." The caliph Umar criticized "the Sword of God," Khalid ibn al-Walid, for breaking this practice while (+) taking baths. The "joy of all Rus" [roose] would have violated this practice, and so Vladimir the Great chose not to (*) convert his people to a certain religion.

North Sea

At a battle in this body of water, the Mainz was sunk by a fleet under Reginald Tyrwhitt. That first naval battle of the First World War was held in a bight of this body of water. In this body of water, Admiral Rozhestvensky failed to offer lifeboats after attacking a trawler fleet that was mistakenly thought to be part of the Japanese Navy. In a 1916 battle in this body of water, John Jellicoe defeated a German fleet. The Dogger Bank incident took place in, for ten points, what sea bordering the United Kingdom and Scandinavia?

Mitt Romney

At an Iowa state fair, this man told a protester "corporations are people, my friend." In November 2016, Donald Trump was photographed having dinner with this former "never Trump"er, who was hoping to be Trump's pick for Secretary of State. Rick Perry called this man a "vulture capitalist," attacking him for causing job losses while he led Bain Capital. A relatively popular health care reform bill was passed in 2006 while this man served as Governor of Massachusetts.

Gaddafi

At the World Food Summit, this leader gave a lecture to 500 Italian girls in an attempt to convert them to Islam.

Mugabe

At the funeral of one of his Cabinet officers in March 2003, this man stated that he is the "Hitler of the time."

Hajj

Augustine Podmore Williams scandalously abandoned a group of participants in one of these events to die on an abandoned ship in a hurricane, inspiring Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim. Iranian diplomat Ghazanfar Roknabadi died during this event in the 2015 Mina Stampede. During this event, participants throw pebbles at the jamarat, representing the Devil. Travelers walk around the Kaaba seven times counter-clockwise as part of, for ten points, what Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca?

Medina

Burial place of Muhammad and ancient capital of his empire, the second-holiest city in Islam.

Kelly

Bushranger whose gang robbed banks and trains until a final shootout at Glenrowan in 1880.

Buddhists

Cable 243 authorized a coup after a government's suppression of these people. Journalists covering the persecution of these people included Peter Arnett and Malcolm Browne, both of whom were targeted by secret police on Double Seven Day. The term (+) "barbecue" was derisively used by Madame Nhu to describe the actions of one of these people, (*) Thich Quang Duc [thik kwang dook], who had self-immolated to protest the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem [no din dee-em]. For ten points, name this religious group whose pagodas were often raided by South Vietnamese police.

Buffalo Soldiers

Camp Bettens was created by this organization. After Philip Clarke told Frederick Ryder of a dead cow, this group engaged the Yaqui in Bear Valley, Arizona. At the Battle of Ambos Nogales, this group was led by Frederick Herman. Charles Young and Benjamin Grierson were leaders of this group. Over 100 of these people were dishonorably discharged in 1906 after evidence was planted against them in the Brownsville affair.

Dallaire

Canadian force commander who warned the UN of the genocide and wrote Shake Hands With the Devil about it.

Kigali

Capital city of Rwanda, where some of the first outbreaks of genocide began.

Doha

Capital city on the Persian Gulf where Al Jazeera was launched in 1996.

Canberra

Capital of Australia, a planned city designed in the early 20th century.

Mandela

Captured in an iconic photo of its main participant with his fist raised together with his wife Winnie

Arbil

City in Iraqi Kurdistan whose namesake citadel was sieged by the Mongols for 6 months in 1258?

Caen

City on the Orne River that was liberated by the Canadians on July 9th, more than a month behind schedule?

Paris

City where an 1871 socialist "Commune" was suppressed following its country's loss to Prussia.

Italy

Clive Caldwell praised an "undervalued" aircraft produced by this country, a plane nicknamed Folgore that was developed from the C200 Saetta. This country formed the CAI to fight in the Battle of Britain, and one of its ships later became the Yugoslavian presidential yacht Galeb. After this country's naval signals were intercepted by the Allies, it lost the Battle of Cape Matapan in 1941, and one of its Littorio-class battleships was sunk by German Fritz-Xs after it signed an armistice with the Allies in 1943. For the point, name this country whose Regia Marina was led by Admiral Angelo Iachino.

Nasser

Eighteen years later, he sparked international controversy through a secret arrangement with Czechoslovakia for weapons.

Quakers

Elizabeth Harris was one of the first preachers of this religious group in America. Diary-writer John Woolman convinced many members of this religious group to free their slaves. Mary Dyer was one of three people from this group executed in Massachusetts called the Boston Martyrs. A leader of this group signed a treaty with the Lenape under a white oak tree, established a colony dubbed the "Holy Experiment," and founded the city of Philadelphia. For the point, name this religious group once led by William Penn that is also known as the Society of Friends.

Tobacco

Commodity that was banned with gambling in 1848, triggering the "Five Days of Milan."

2008 Recession

Credit default swaps and institutions like commercial paper conduits and investment banks which make up the "shadow banking" system failed during this period, during which AIG took the largest bailout in government history.

Iran-iraq war

Critics of American coverage of this war note that the media believed that one side's soldiers held plastic keys that would grant them instant access to paradise. The USS Stark was hit by two (+) Exocet missiles launched by one side during this conflict. This conflict was ended by UN Resolution 528, which restored pre-war boundaries according to the Algiers Agreement. Operation (*) Scorch Sword was an unsuccessful attempt by one side in this conflict to destroy the other's Osirak reactor.

Naseby

Cromwell won this decisive June 1645 battle against Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a year after the Battle of Marston Moor. The Parliamentarian victory at this battle allowed the recovery of Leicester

Erdogan[air-doh-wan]

Current President of Turkey.

Netenyahu

Current Prime Minister of Israel.

Nouri al-Maliki

Current Vice President of Iraq, who served as Prime Minister for 8 years after the end of the Transitional Government in 2006.

Wilmot Proviso

Failed law that would have prevented the extension of slavery in newly-acquired territory from Mexico.

Battle of Hastings

Feigned retreats lead to the thinning of the shield wall at this battle, although the death of one commander was the deciding factor.

Guano

Fertilizer whose presence on an island allowed U.S. citizens to seize that island, according to an 1856 law.

Tel aviv

Financial center of Israel from which the US embassy is slated to be moved

Mugabe

Fireforce tactics were used against this man's forces in one war by a force partially supported by John Vorster.

Victor Emmanuel 2

First King of united Italy, known as the "Father of the Fatherland."

David Ben-Gurion

First Prime Minister of Israel, who led it through the war

Lee Kuan Yew

First Prime Minister of an independent Singapore

Enigma

For 10 points, identify this project which allowed the Allies to read Axis encrypted communications by deciphering a certain machine.

Spain

For 10 points, much of the fighting during the Peninsular War occurred in what country that borders Portugal?

Chariot Races

For 10 points, name these contests that involved carts pulled by horses

schism

For 10 points, name these events, including a "great" one during which anti-popes were elected.

Battle of Hastings

For 10 points, name this 1066 victory for William the Conqueror that lead to the Norman conquest of England.

English civil war

For 10 points, name this 17th century conflict in which the Long Parliament defeated Stuart royalists

Liberia

Independent country with capital Monrovia that was founded by the American Colonization Society as a country for former slaves.

Indira Gandhi

Indian prime minister in 1971 who supported the independence of Bangladesh?

Torture

Lynn Hunt argues that empathy surrounding this practice led to the formation of human rights. Frederick the Great immediately banned this practice upon assuming the throne, although he kept the decree secret to preserve this practice's deterrent effect. Discipline and Punish opens with an account of Damiens publicly undergoing this practice before his death. A 1764 essay entitled "On Crimes and Punishments" denounces the death penalty and this "irrational" practice.

Pol Pot

Malcolm Caldwell was murdered hours after meeting with this man. Nate Thayer, one of the few foreign journalists to interview this man, theorized that he killed himself to avoid being handed over to America. In 1985, this man selected a successor: Son Sen, who had earlier overseen S-21. Nuon Chea, who briefly interrupted this man's term as Prime Minister, was this man's second-in-command and known as "Brother Number Two." For the point, name this first prime minister of Democratic Kampuchea, the leader of the Khmer Rouge.

Gaddafi

More recently, he lambasted Switzerland for arresting his son Hannibal and welcomed back al-Megrahi, the Lockerbie bomber.

Mugabe

Morgan Tsvangirai, the head of the Movement for Democratic Change who ran against this man in 2000, called on him to resign after army raids on November 15, 2017 placed him under (*) house arrest.

Chariot Races

Participants in these events used the biga [BEE-guh] or the quadriga [quod-REEG-uh].

Christopher Wallace

Policeman Greg Kading alleged that this man was killed by a man nicknamed "Poochie." Shaquille O'Neal has claimed that his presence at an after-party might have prevented this man's death. The Police's "Every Breath You Take" was sampled in "I'll Be Missing You," a song written in memory of this man. A man in a blue suit and bowtie opened fire on this man's Chevrolet Suburban in 1997, just six months after his rival was similarly shot and killed in Las Vegas. For the point, name this rapper behind the album Ready to Die, an East Coast rival of Tupac Shakur.

PAP

Political party that has ruled Singapore since its independence.

inca empire

Precise masonry practiced by this culture allowed them to build a wall containing a stone cut with twelve angles and sides. A city built by this culture was possibly laid out in the shape of a puma. This culture built a large sundial-like structure known as the intihuana in another city built for Emperor Pachachuti; that site was was discovered by an expedition led by Hiram Bingham. For the point, name this Andean empire that built Machu Picchu.

Nile

Primary Egyptian river that flooded during the season of Akhet

Tenochtitlan

Prior to its foundation, the residents of this city journeyed from the Place of Herons to Grasshopper Hill, where they got in trouble for flaying a princess of the Culhua people. This city's sacred precinct was centered around a double temple to deities of war and rain, the Templo Mayor. This city was founded in a marsh at the spot where an eagle atop a cactus was eating a snake, supposedly a sign sent by Huitzilopotchli [h'weet-zee-loh-pock-t'lee]. For the point, name this Aztec capital city.

Tombstone

Prospector Ed Schieffelin founded this city, which quickly became the seat of the newly created Cochise County. Sadie Marcus worked for a time as a prostitute in this city, where she met Johnny Behan and her eventual common law husband. An 1882 "Vendetta Ride" began in this city and was carried out by the Earp family, several members of which had earlier killed Tom and Frank McLaury in a shootout here. For ten points, name this Arizona frontier town, the site of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

Mugabe

Emerson Mnangagwa took office after this man was toppled in a military coup.

Islamic ban on consuming alcohol

'Anas ibn Malik noted that some of the fallen at the Battle of 'Uhud had broken this practice; he noted that Allah revealed that no blame would be attached if "they fear Allah and believe and do righteous deeds." The caliph Umar criticized "the Sword of God," Khalid ibn al-Walid, for breaking this practice while (+) taking baths. The "joy of all Rus" [roose] would have violated this practice, and so Vladimir the Great chose not to (*) convert his people to a certain religion. Khamr is the subject of, for ten points, what religious proscription that Jahangir often broke, as he was fond of brandy?

Portugal

(1) European power that cooperated with the Mughals and governed its overseas ports from Lisbon.

Sharia

(1) Fundamentalist Islamic law that the Mahdists sought to install.

Ethiopia

(1) empire which successfully repulsed an Italian invasion in 1896 at Adowa under Menelik II.

Sudan

(2) Modern African country where the Mahdist Revolt occurred, ruled by the British with its northern neighbor, Egypt.

Zulu

(2) nation decisively defeated by the British at their capital in the Battle of Ulundi.

Khartoum

(3) Capital city of the Mahdist state on the confluence of the Blue and White Nile.

Bismarck

(3) German chancellor who organized that conference.

Taliban

(3) Government overthrown in the 2001 invasion; it's now an insurgent group.

Nile

(3) battle in which a French navy was defeated by Admiral Horatio Nelson at Aboukir Bay.

Mujahideen

(4) Arabic term for guerrilla fighters that came from around the Islamic world to fight for Afghan independence

quinine

(4) Medicine derived from cinchona bark that allowed Europeans to resist malaria and venture deeper into Africa.

El Alamein

(4) World War II battle in which Rommel's Afrika Corps was defeated by Bernard Montgomery.

Lord Kitchener

(5) British field marshal who put down the Mahdist revolt in an 1898 battle.

Saur Revolution

(7) Communist revolution in 1978 that overthrew the dictator of Afghanistan, Mohammed Daoud Khan.

Tel-el Kebir

(7) battle where the revolt of 'Urabi was successfully crushed, leading to the British occupation of Egypt.

Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah

(8) Original leader of the Mahdist revolt, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi in 1881.

Zollverein

Customs union proposed by Friedrich List as a forerunner to a unified German state.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 tariff that enraged the South and inspired Calhoun's Exposition and Protest.

Bar lev Line

: Fort Budapest was a part of this defensive line built by the Israelis. It was placed along the edge of the Suez Canal following the War of Attrition, and named for an Israeli chief of staf

Brennus

: Roman-Gallic tension existed long before the Gallic Wars; during the 390 BC sack of Rome, this Senone leader legendarily shouted "woe to the vanquished" while demanding more tribute.

Harem

A Japanese version of this institution called the Ooku was created by Tokugawa Hidetada. Leaders of another of these institutions held either the title of Haseki or Valide. According to a probably fabricated legend, the Yongle Emperor killed 2800 members of one of these institutions to suppress a scandal. This term generally refers to a reserved domestic space, but has taken on the connotation of a brothel.

Fashoda

A Punch cartoon shows an organ grinder with the name of this location being shooed away from John Bull's house. An expedition bound for this location dismantled the steamer Faidherbe and dragged its boiler through miles of (+) jungles and deserts. Christian de Bonchamps aborted his expedition to this location, where Jean-Baptiste (*) Marchand and Herbert Kitchener peacefully agreed to let their foreign ministers settle a boundary dispute near the White Nile.

Nigeria

A child soldier named Mene [meh-nay] appears in a novel from this country written in "Rotten English" by an activist who criticized Royal Dutch Shell and was executed as a member of the "Ogoni Nine."

Tours

A chronicle that describes this battle was composed 22 years later by Isidore of Beja. In the leadup to this battle, Odo's forces were soundly defeated near Bordeaux in the Battle of the River Garonne. In this battle, Abdul Rahman was killed during the losing side's retreat, in which they were pursued by Frankish infantry. For the point, name this 8th century battle in which Charles Martel's army defeated an Umayyad invasion of France.

Basque

A city in this region contains a Frank Gehry-designed Guggenheim Museum

Mount Carmel

A city on this ge graph cal feature is home to the heavily Ahmadi neighborhood of Kababir. A book alternately titled for the "Ascent of" this place was written by St. John of the Cross. A re gious leader once stated that God would (+) "sail his Ark" at this location, which prompted Shoghi Effendi to promulgate various Baha´ai buildings at this place. Mental prayer was associated with a member of the (*) Discalced, or barefoot, variety of a sect named for this mountain range.

Alexander 1

A close confidant of this tsar was a liberal reformer named Mikhail Speransky. This tsar's forces were commanded by Levin August von Bennigsen at the Battle of Eylau. This tsar rose to power after the assassination of his predecessor, Paul I. Supporters advocating for the succession of this man's brother Constantine led a revolt in Saint Petersburg after this man's death in 1825. The Treaties of Tilsit were signed during the reign of, for ten points, what early nineteenth century tsar who clashed with Napoleon?

Tang

A collection of artifacts from this dynasty was discovered after an Arab dhow carrying its namesake "treasure" shipwrecked off the coast of Be tung. Li Jiancheng was assassinated in coup during this dynasty called the (+) Xuanwu [shu an wu] Gate Incident. During this dynasty, a member of the Four Beauties, Yang Guifei, adopted a famous rebel whose insurrection led to possibly over 30 million deaths.

Russian Empire

A company from this country built the Phoenix, led by James George Shields. George Simpson helped negotiate an agreement with an official from this country over clashes at Redoubt Saint Dionysius. After a treaty with the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Langley and Fort Victoria produced wheat that was sold to this nation. Fur traders from this country were based at Fort Ross in California. Ferdinand Wrangel was an administrator from this country, whose colonial possessions included a capital city at Sitka.

Australia

A composer from this country rejected foreign tempo markings in his arrangements of folk songs like Lincolnshire Posy. Percy Grainger was from this country, where clapsticks sometimes accompany a wooden trumpet-like instrument played using circular breathing. A folk song by Eric Bogle about a soldier from this country who participated in the Battle of Gallipoli quoted a Banjo Patterson song from this country about a "swagman" who drowns in a billabong. "Waltzing Matilda" is from, for the point, what nation where the didgeridoo is played by Aborgines?

Nigeria

A conflict in this country was depicted in the 2006 novel Half of a Yellow Sun.

Sam Adams

A document written by this man was ordered revoked by Francis Bernard.

Afghanistan

A girl from this country named Malalai [ma-la-LIE] became a flag-bearer and inspired her side to victory in the Battle of Maiwand against a British/Indian force. An invasion of this country ended with only the surgeon William Brydon returning across the Hindu Kush range. This country was ruled by the Durrani Dynasty until 1826, and then was the site of three British invasions as part of the "Great Game."

Afghanistan

A girl from this country named Malalai [ma-la-LIE] became a flag-bearer and inspired her side to victory in the Battle of Maiwand against a British/Indian force. An invasion of this country ended with only the surgeon William Brydon returning across the Hindu Kush range. This country was ruled by the Durrani Dynasty until 1826, and then was the site of three British invasions as part of the "Great Game." For ten points, name this nation where the British were forced to make an 1842 retreat from Kabul.

Christian

A king of this name was wounded by shrapnel while fighting the Swedish navy in the Torstensson War. Prime Minister Carl Zahle's disobedience toward a ruler with name sparked the dismissal of his country's cabinet in the (+) Easter Crisis. Another king of this name dug up and burned the body of Sten Sture the Elder after a massacre in Stockholm. By signing the November Constitution, the (*) ninth king of this name provoked Bismarck's occupation of Schleswig-Holstein. For ten points, name this common name of Danish kings, the tenth of whom helped evacuate Jews from his country to Sweden.

Spain

A king of this nation became known as "the desired" by his supporters after he and his father were forced to abdicate at Bayonne and were replaced by Joseph (+) Bonaparte.

GameCube

A launch title for this system featured the first appearance of Professor E. Gadd and allowed the player to stun enemies with a flashlight before sucking them up with the Poltergust 3000.

Ireland

A leader of nationalist resistance in this country was nicknamed "The Big Fellow" and employed a hit squad nicknamed the "Twelve Apostles." The Croke Park and Phoenix Park massacres occurred in this country, where British irregulars known as the "Black and Tans" were deployed to crush nationalist resistance. The leaders of this country's independence movement included Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera. For the point, name this country where in 1920, British soldiers murdered spectators at a Gaelic football match in Dublin.

Jericho

A man from one city of this name promises to pay back fourfold for anything he had defrauded. That man, Za chaeus, was the chief tax collector of that city, which is also the destination of the man who is helped by the (+) Good Samaritan. A curse killed the first two sons of anyone who tried to rebuild another city of this name. The prostitute Rahab was spared from the destruction of this city by (*) hiding two spies under bundles of flax on her roof.

Prime minister of canada

A man in this political position wrote a letter to Rajiv Gandhi apologizing for the Air India Flight 182 bombing. Hugh Allan bribed a man with this position in the Pacific Scandal. A man in this position said, "Just watch me," while facing a terrorist incident in the October Crisis. Kim Campbell was the only woman to hold this position, which was first held by Sir John A. MacDonald. For the point, name this highest position in Canada's government, currently held by Justin Trudeau.

Babylon

A now-ruined building in this city named Etemenanki may have been destroyed by Sennacherib. A set of remains decorated with aurochs and blue bricks that was relocated from this city was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. While drinking from vessels stolen from the first temple, a king of this city stares at a disembodied hand and illuminated Hebrew letters in Rembrandt's painting of Belshezzar's Feast.

Babylon

A now-ruined building in this city named Etemenanki may have been destroyed by Sennacherib. A set of remains decorated with aurochs and blue bricks that was relocated from this city was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. While drinking from vessels stolen from the first temple, a king of this city stares at a disembodied hand and illuminated Hebrew letters in Rembrandt's painting of Belshezzar's Feast. The Ishtar Gate led to the inner part of, for ten points, what city that contained a temple to Marduk and was led by King Nebuchadnezzar?

St petersburg

A palace in this city is filled with paintings commemorating victory over the Ottomans at the Battle of Cesme [chez-mah]. The largest stone ever moved by man, the Thunderstone, was transported to this city, where it now serves as a pedestal for a bronze equestrian statue of this city's modernizing founder. Swamps on the Neva River were cleared out to construct this "window to the west." For the point, name this city that was built to replace Moscow as the capital of Russia.

voting

A paradox about this process named for Anthony Downs notes that, for certain people, the cost of doing this outweighs the benefits because the impact of doing this is probably irrelevant. Systems for carrying out this process are often evaluated by the Condorcet criterion, and race-based discrepancies between its projected and actual results are described in an effect named for Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley. For the point, name this decision-making method commonly used in democracies.

Maria Theresa

A physician who worked for this woman wrote Discourse on the Existence of Ghosts, which explained that lack of oxygen could cause failure for corpses to decompose. This woman's husband lost the Duchy of Lorraine but was given the Grand Duchy of Tuscany instead. Marshal Neipperg lost the Battle of Mollwitz in a war that broke out after this woman gained the throne. In the Treaty of Breslau, this leader ceded much of Silesia to Frederick the Great. For the point, name this queen whose rise to power in 1740 triggered the War of the Austrian Succession.

Iwo Jima

A plaque on this island commemorating the Reunion of Honor claimed that the sacrifices on it "will always be remembered and never be repeated." Bernardo de la Torre was the first European to reach this member of the Bonin Archipelago, which he named after the Spanish word for sulphur. Michael Strank, Franklin Sousley, and Harlon Block died on this island days after being recorded in a Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph.

Iwo Jima

A plaque on this island commemorating the Reunion of Honor claimed that the sacrifices on it "will always be remembered and never be repeated." Bernardo de la Torre was the first European to reach this member of the Bonin Archipelago, which he named after the Spanish word for sulphur. Michael Strank, Franklin Sousley, and Harlon Block died on this island days after being recorded in a Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph. For ten points, name this island whose Mount Suribachi was the site of a 1945 flag raising by American Marines.

Napoleonic Wars

A poem criticizing British involvement in these conflicts ruined Anna Barbault's public reputation and career. The lines "The boy stood on the burning deck / Whence all but he had fled" open a Felicia Hemans poem inspired by one of these conflicts titled "Casabianca." A novel that fictionalizes these conflicts includes a chapter set at the Duchess of Richmond's ball in Brussels, after which George Osborne is killed at Quatre Bras.

Louis 14

A popular portrait of this man in a blue robe and light blue tights was painted by Hyacinthe Rigaud [ree-GOH]. Andre-Charles Boulle's inlay work was prized by this king's court. This king commissioned the muralist Charles Le Brun to paint scenes of embassies to his court on the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors. This man commissioned the architect Louis Le Vau to oversee the expansion of the gardens and Palace of Versailles. For the point, name this Bourbon "Sun King."

Populist Party

A predecessor to this party articulated its goals in the Ocala Demands, which this party incorporated in its (+) Omaha platform

Kenyatta

A reward offered by Governor EvelynBaring prompted Rawson Macharia to testify that this man had administered illegal oaths to revolutionaries

California

A riot targeting a certain group in this state began in the "Sand Lot" and was put down by the Pick Handle Brigade.

Albania

A ruler in this modern-day nation sided with Naples in the Treaty of Gaeta and formed the League of Lezh¨e. Ismail Qemali [ish-mail kem-ah-lee] helped this nation gain independence at the Assembly of Vlor¨e [v'lor-uh]. In the 15th century, a historical region that became this nation fought off the Ottomans with the help of Skanderbeg.

Babylon

A ruler of this city has a dream in which he sees a statue with a gold head, a bronze belly, and clay feet. A Biblical figure partially named for this city is described as sitting on top of a scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns. The Book of Ezekiel was composed while Ezekiel was in this city, which names a ***** encountered in the Book of Revelation. The Book of Daniel tells of Nebuchadnezzar II, the ruler of, for ten points, what city where the Jews were held in a namesake period of captivity?

Lithuania

A ruler of this country formally became its king at the Congress of Lutsk, but died before the crown could physically reach him. A leader of this country defeated Skirgaila before signing the Astrava treaty with Jogaila, allowing him to replace Skirgaila as regent of this country. Vytautas ruled this country, which joined with its southwestern neighbor in the Union of Krewo and the Union of Lublin. For ten points, name this Grand Duchy that formed a commonwealth with Poland.

Joseon

A ruler of this dynasty launched the Oei [oh-ay] Invasion, attempting to rid Tsushima Island of Japanese pirates. After this dynasty weathered 16th and 17th century invasions from the Manchus and the Japanese, its resulting isolationism earned it the name "the hermit kingdom." During its waning years, this dynasty's independence from China was secured by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. This dynasty's most prominent ruler created an alphabetical system called hangul.

Nile river

A sculptural personification of this location shows a bearded man pulling a cloth from his head. Another depiction of this location found in the remains of Rome's Campus Martius shows sixteen babies to represent its (+) yearly floods. This river appears with representations of the Ganges, Rio de la Plata and Danube in the (*) Fountain of the Four Rivers by Bernini and in another sculpture in the Vatican collection with crocodiles and hippos on its pedestal. A statue dedicated to Isis in the Temple of Peace showed, for ten points, what Egyptian river?

Idi amin

A section of troops mutinied against this man when they suspected that a car accident was an attempted assassination of his vice president, Mustafa Adrisi

Victor Hugo

A self-portrait done as one of this author's characters includes a portrait of the painter Emile Bernard in the background and was dedicated to van Gogh, who called it "ill and tormented." A nude sculpture for this man's memorial shows him beneath waves off the isle of (+) Guernsey. While in exile for his Republican views, this man wrote pamphlets against Napoleon III and a novel that includes a lengthy description of (*) Waterloo. Paul Gauguin painted himself as one of this man's creations, the convict Jean Valjean. For ten points, name this French author of Les Miserables.

New Zealand

A site-specific sculpture installed in this country at Gibbs Farm is a horn shaped steel skeleton with fabric stretched over it that runs through a hill. Anish Kapoor's Dismemberment is located in this country, as was a "cardboard" cathedral meant to replace a building that was damaged in a 2011 earthquake. Gottfried Lindauer left Bohemia to work in this country, where he painted Paratene Te Manu, a man with distinctive spiral facial tattoos.

Cherokee

A sitting Chief Justice once compared the relationship between the government and this Native American people to that of a "ward to its guardian." Elizur Butler was a missionary who was arrested for living on this people's lands, breaking a state law. Andrew Jackson refused to abide by a Marshall Court ruling regarding these people that established the doctrine of Native American sovereignty. Worcester v. Georgia concerned the lands of, for the point, what people who were relocated to Oklahoma in the final portion of the Trail of Tears?

Libya

A southwestern region of this modern day country was home to the Garamantes tribe and has its cap tal at Sabha. A Greek colony near this nation's present day city of (+) Shahat lent its name to another of this country's three historic regions. This country gave up its claim to the Aouzou Strip after the Toyota War. Fezzan and (*) Cyrenaica are part of this country, whose internationally-recognized House of Deputies meet in Tobruk instead of its official capital.

North Korea

A sports minister from this country received copies of The Art of the Deal and Where's Waldo? while meeting with an ambassador in 2017. James Clapper's visit to this country helped secure the release of Todd (+) Miller in 2014. Government authorities from this country claimed that botulism, not torture, led to the death of a visitor who had stolen a propaganda poster, (*) Otto Warmbier. Journalists Laura Ling and Euna Lee were arrested in this country in 2009, but pardoned after a visit by Bill Clinton.

Confederacy

A spy working for this country gained information about American troops by romancing US Senator Henry Wilson. This country utilized the spies Rose Greenhow and Belle Boyd. Because this country's only major arms manufacturer was the Tredegar Iron Works, it employed blockade runners to bypass ships enforcing the Anaconda Plan. For the point, name this country whose Secretary of State, Judah Benjamin, managed its covert operations from its capital of Richmond, Virginia

THC

A study about this chemical in cannabis showed it to treat symptoms of multiple sclerosis. It is also responsible for the increase in appetite and food consumption in humans.

Roman religion

A symbolic defeat for this religion occurred when the "bora winds" redirected one side's arrows back at the archers during the Battle of the Frigid River. Members of this religion, who twice had their "Altar of (+) Victory" desecrated, faced new restrictions after the Theodosian Decrees were issued. As the last (*) emperor to follow this religion, Julian was known as the Apostate. This religion was overshadowed by a monotheistic faith after the Edict of Milan. For ten points, name this ancient religion that, before it was supplanted by Christianity, officially honored Janus, Jupiter, and Mars.

Siege of Sarajevo

A tunnel built in this city connected Dobrinja [doh brin ya] and Butmir, allowing civilian escape and the inflow of humanitarian aid. The Markale [mar kah lay] massacres occurred in this city, where a battle was triggered by protests in front of a Holiday Inn. Stanislav Gali´c [gall itch] was convicted of crimes against humanity for his actions in this city. The attacking forces of the Republika Srpska replaced those of the Yugoslav People's Army in this city, where fighting was ended by the Dayton Accords.

Vitamin C

APX enzymes use this compound as an electron donor. James Lind pioneered the use of clinical trials with a study on a key use of this compound. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and Walter Haworth were awarded a Nobel Prize for the discovery of this compound, which was the first ever vitamin to be manufactured. Use of this vitamin to combat cancer and the common cold was promoted by Linus Pauling. A lack of this vitamin causes collagen instability, which led to many sailors developing scurvy. For the point, name this vitamin found in citrus fruit like oranges.

Ardennes

According to legend, the four sons of Aymon fled to this region on the magical river-jumping horse Bayard. Charlemagne is said to have dreamed of this region the night before the disaster at Roncevaux Pass. The Dinant region in this forest was targeted by Heinz Guderian at the end of the Phony War, since it was undefended by the Maginot Line. This forest was also exploited by panzers in the Battle of the Bulge. For the point, name this largely Belgian forest that provided a route for the Nazi invasion of France.

Ali

According to legend, this man lifted up a door as a bridge to allow his men to cross a moat in the Battle of Khaybar. This man reluctantly ordered Malik al-Ashtar to pull back his forces, most of whom refused to fight when enemy soldiers placed the Quran on a spear. This man, who led forces against Mu'awiyah at the Battle of Siffin, was killed by Ibn Muljam, a Khajirite at the Great Mosque of Kufa.

Chandragupta Maurya

According to legend, this man's advisor realized he made a mistake in tactics after hearing a woman scolding her son for eating hot gruel. The satraps Nicanor and Philip may have been killed by this man's forces. A thousand mile road built during this man's rule from Pataliputra to Bihar was recorded in history by Megasthenes. This man, who was succeeded by Bindusara, overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. For the point, name this grandfather of Ashoka and founder of the Mauryan Dynasty.

Mahmoud Abbas

According to the Mitrokhin Archive, this man allegedly worked under the name "Krotov" for the KGB in 1980s Damascus. This man endorsed the unsuccessful Prisoners' Document, which would have established his country with a capital at al-Quds al-Shareef. At the Sharm El Sheikh Summit in 2005, this man and Ariel Sharon [sha-rone] called for an end to the al-Aqsa Intifada; this man also agreed to the Road Map for Peace with Sharon, which endorsed a two-state solution.

Rama

According to tradition and some recent archaeological finds, Babur's mosque in Ayodhya was built after the destruction of a temple to this Hindu god, who was born in Ayodhya.

Arusha Accords

Accords drafted in 1993 to end the Rwandan Civil War, which fell apart due to the aforementioned plane crash.

Saint Augustine of Hippo

After Garry Wills translated a work by this man, he published a 2011 "Biography" of the work, arguing to read it as it was read in the 5th century. A book by this man recounts how he heard the command "take up and read" while meditating in a garden and how he needlessly stole some pears from a neighboring orchard in his youth. This man's mother Monica died in the port city of Ostia shortly after this man converted to Christianity in Milan under the patronage of Saint Ambrose; thereafter, he became a bishop in Hippo Regius in north Africa. For the point, name this 5th-century theologian who wrote the Confessions.

Haymarket Riot

After Joseph Gary presided over the trial of people involved in this event, John Altgeld pardoned some of the defendants.

Wafd Party

After a leader of this party was exiled, his wife proclaimed herself a "mother to all those who came out to face bullets for the sake of freedom" from the steps of her home, which became known as "the house of the Umma." The leader of this party was exiled with Mostafa el-Nahas to the Seychelles in 1921. This party, which led a 1919 revolution against the government of Reginald Wingate, was founded by a follower of Ahmen Orabi, Saad Zaghloul. This party lost popularity after it cooperated with the British in opposing King Farouk, and was banned with all other political parties by Nasser in 1953.

NYPD

After criticizing this organization for inaction during the Hard Hat Riot, John Lindsay was called a traitor

Myanmar

After taking power in 2011, this country's current leader reached cease-fire accords with Shan and Karen insurgents. The supposed expansion of Islam in this country is opposed by the Buddhist monk Ashin Wirathu, and by its (+) 969 Movement. This country is home to a rebel group called the Kachin Independence Army and a Rohingya Muslim minority. It is currently led by (*) Thein Sein, and its opposition National League for Democracy is led by Aung San Suu Kyi [ang san soo chee].

Nasser

After the conclusion of the Bandung conference in Indonesia, this man signed a treaty of friendship with India.

Nyerere

After the end of this person's tenure, the Nyalali Commission recommended the adoption of a multi-party system.

Battle of yorktown

After this battle, Sir Charles Asgill was captured and supposedly mistreated. According to separate legends, this battle's opening cannon shots destroyed both the ship Guadeloupe and a dinner table where enemy officers were eating. One side in this battle lost control of Redoubts 9 and 10 after their supply lines were cut by a naval defeat at Chesapeake. The song "The World Turned Upside Down" allegedly played after the surrender at, for the point, what 1787 battle where Cornwallis surrendered to Washington, the last major battle of the American Revolution?

Sparta

After this city's forces lost the Battle of Arginusae, the winning city sentenced six of their eight winning generals to death. The Mothax Lysander was a famous admiral from this city, which lost power after losing the Battle of Leuctra to an echelon formation fielded by Thebes. Xerxes' advance was slowed by King Leonidas and a group of 300 soldiers from this city at the Battle of Thermopylae. For the point, name this militaristic Greek city state that was the main enemy of Athens in the Peloponnesian War.

2010 Haiti Earthquake

After this disaster, Senegalese president Abdoulaye Wade offered its victims free land. Missionaries from the New Life Children's Refuge were accused of kidnapping for attempting to arrange for the adoption of children affected by this crisis. Cholera outbreaks after this disaster were blamed on (+) Nepalese peacekeepers. Rapper Wyclef Jean tried to run in the presidential election held in the year of this disaster, and (*) Michel Martelly became president a year later.

Yuan

After this dynasty's Emperor Taiding died, it suffered the War of the Two Capitals. This dynasty, which gained power after winning the Battle of Yamen, built its capital at Dadu. The Red Turban Revolt, which included the future Hongwu emperor, successfully overthrew this dynasty. The founder of this dynasty had previously won the Toluid Civil War after Mongke Khan died.

Gaddafi

After this leader bombed the La Belle disco in Berlin, a common hangout for US soldiers, he was targeted by Operation El Dorado Canyon.

Ibrahim Lodi

After this man lost one battle, a courtier said "It is a hundred pities that 30,000 horsemen should have been defeated by so few Hindus." This man, who was defeated at Dholpur by Rana Sangha, also lost a battle commemorated by the (+) Kabuli Bagh Mosque. This man, who rose to his highest post following the death of his father Sikandar, died at a battle in which his (*) elephants trampled his own troops after they were frightened by the firing of the other side's artillery pieces.

Kwame Nkrumah

After winning the first elections under the Coussey Constitution, he appointed as an advisor lifelong friend George Padmore, whom he met while a student at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania.

2008 Recession

Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornholt [BYORN-holt] argued that a feminist worldview would have avoided this event.

Stamp Act of 1765

Andrew Oliver was tasked with implementing this act, after which he was burned in effigy by the Loyal Nine. Thomas Hutchinson's mansion was ransacked in response to this act. Isaac Barre coined the term "sons of liberty" during a debate over this act, which prompted Samuel Adams to found the Sons of Liberty. When this act was repealed alongside a reduced Sugar Act, Britain also passed the 1766 Declaratory Act. For ten points, name this colonial tax on printed material.

Vishnu

Angkor Wat was originally dedicated to this Hindu god. Depictions of this god often show him resting on Shesha, the king of the nagas.

Ireland

Another legendary hero of this country gained wisdom by tasting the (*) salmon of knowledge.

Gaddafi

Another member of this family had his book deal dropped after his thesis at the LondonSchool of Economics was revealed to have been plagiarized.

Gaddafi

Another member of this family invented"Jamahiriya," and gave a February 2011 interview under a large white umbrella.

Gaddafi

Another of its members was arrested inGeneva in 2008 after being accused of assault by two servants, prompting a boycott of Swiss goodsand the expulsion of Swiss companies from his (*)) country.

Confederation of the Rhine

Antecedent to a unified Germany established by Napoleon after conquering states along a namesake river

Bill Clinton

As governor, this man stirred controversy with an unpopular vehicle registration tax, and he was known as the "Boy Governor."

Alcatraz

As head of this institution, James Johnston was assaulted by Burton Phillips. William Miller and Harold Stites were killed during the "Battle of [this location]," which resulted in the execution of Miran Thompson and Sam Shockley. Edward Wutke committed suicide using a pencil sharpener while at this location. Frank Morris and the Anglin brothers briefly lived at this location, where Robert Stroud was sent in his transfer from Leavenworth.

Kenyatta

As president, this man wrote Suffering without Bitterness.

information

Bayesian games model this value as a probability distribution. Michael Spence identified education as a "costly signal" of this value in a job market model, which described one method of its transmission. George Akerlof's 1970 paper "The Market for Lemons" used the example of used car dealerships to discuss the asymmetry of this value. For ten points, name this economic concept that is "perfect" if both actors have complete knowledge.

Tr

Both Richard Nixon's victory and resignation addresses quoted this orator's "Citizenship in a Republic" speech, which notes "It is not the critic who counts," but rather "the man who is actually in the arena." At Carnegie Hall in 1915, this man attacked "Hyphenated Americans" and argued for assimilation of immigrant cultures. After a speech for the Progressive Party in Milwaukee, this president was shot by John Schrank. For the point, name this politician who, after that shooting, claimed "it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."

Raffles

British statesman who conquered Java and established British Singapore.

doctors

Carl Batecchi wrote about his experiences as one of these people in a Dustoff helicopter unit during the Vietnam War. After his experiences in Biafra, one of these people named Bernard Kouchner founded an international group of them that won the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize. Fictional examples of these people named BJ Hunnicut and Hawkeye Pierce worked in the 4077th during the Korean War in the T.V. show M*A*S*H. For the point, name these professionals who work "without Borders" in warzones to heal the wounded

New Zealand

Catherine Fulton organized a protest during this country's 1893 election after Walter Carncross purposefully doomed a suffrage amendment. The first female mayor in the British Empire, Elizabeth Yates, served in this country's city of (+) Onehunga. Two politicians in this country changed their vote on suffrage in protest of Richard Seddon's underhanded tactics. (*) Kate Sheppard fought for women's suffrage in this country and replaced Elizabeth II on the 10-dollar note.

Whitney

Catherine Green may have fixed design flaws in an invention by this man, but was given no public credit. Fones McCarthy created an updated version of an invention by this man that would handle long-staple resources. Despite no experience and the recent loss of his factory to a fire, this man agreed to make 10,000 muskets for Congress. The boils and lint were separated by a device created by, for ten points, what proponent of interchangeable parts and inventor of the cotton gin?

string quartet

Charles Ives's first piece in this genre, based on hymn tunes, was subtitled "From the Salvation Army." One of these pieces, part of a set dedicated to the Hungarian count Joseph Erd˝ody, includes a set of variations on "God Save Emperor Francis," a melody that would become the German national anthem. Mozart's Opus 10 is a set of these chamber music pieces dedicated to the "father" of this non-symphonic genre, Joseph Haydn. For the point, name this chamber music ensemble that consists of two violins, a viola, and a cello.

Australia

Charles Sturt led an expedition in this country that disproved the theory that it contained an inland sea in its center. In this country, a depot was established at Cooper Creek to support an expedition whose only survivor was John King. Robert Burke and John (+) Wills led that doomed attempt to cross this country from one of its southern cities to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Lachlan Macquarie was a governor in this country who awarded surveyor George Evans 1000 acres on (*) Van Diemen's Land to its south.

Diamonds

Charles Weir invented a device that uses this mineral to compress materials to extremely high pressures. This mineral is the ideal crystal for ATR infrared spectroscopy. These minerals are often found in kimberlite pipes, which are named for a town in South Africa. For ten points, name this allotrope of carbon, a mineral created under extremely high temperatures and pressure that defines the value of 10 on Mohs' scale of hardness

Oklahoma City Bombing

Dave Paulson was questioned for his role in this event after his business card was left in a police car with a suspicious note on it. Twelve years prior to this event, a group called The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord planned a rocket (+) attack on the same target. Missing license plates prompted Charlie Hanger to arrest the perpetrator of this event, who was inspired to commit it after the (*) ATF siege of the Branch Davidian compound at Waco. Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh carried out, for ten points, what 1968 attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Building?

Zodiac Killer

Description acceptable. It is thought that one of these documents states "my name is" Alfred E. Neuman, the mascot of Mad Magazine. The final one of these documents explains a map with a compass set to magnetic north on Mount Diablo. Many (+) drawings in these documents were inspired by Harvey Balls. The meaning of the first of these documents was identified quickly by the supposition that it repeatedly used the word (*) "kill" and the phrase "I like killing." These documents were signed with a cross and a circle.

Calculus Controversy

Description acceptable. Jason Socrates Bardi wrote a non-technical 2007 book about this "clash." Primary sources relating to this controversy include correspondences between John Collins and its participants. The primary aspect of this controversy notes that Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis was published in 1684 by one participant, while the other's 1666 work wasn't published until 1687 in the Principia.

Mobuto

Emerging over Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba following the Katanga Crisis, for 10 points, identify this quintessential African kleptocrat.

Warring states

Description acceptable. One of these time periods featured the use of Horizontal and Vertical Alliances. An attempt to kill Liu Bang during a sword dance took place during another of these periods, which eventually ended when the Chu lost. The Yellow Turban revolt began one of these periods, whose occurrence often indicated that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn. Confucius lived during one of these periods, which included the Spring and Autumn and Warring States ones.

1989 American Invasion of Panama

Description acceptable. This mil tary oper tion was preceded by series of intim dating troop movements in Oper tion Sand Flea. During this event, the capture of Fort Amador allowed for further action against the El Chorrillo neighborhood, which was defended by the (+) Dignity Battalions. Guillermo Endara rose to power as a result of this event, whose target was psychologically forced out of the (*) Vatican embassy by loud music.

Allende's last speach

Description acceptable. This speech notes that "Other men will overcome this dark and bitter moment when treason seeks to prevail." Two officers criticized in this speech for disloyalty are Jose Merino and Cesar Mendoza, though it praises Rene Schneider for teaching tradition to the armed forces. This speech, which includes the exclamation "I will not resign!," was given in La Moneda Palace via Radio Magallanes before its speaker committed suicide with an AK-47 given to him by Fidel Castro.

John Slidell

Diplomat who negotiated a loan from France to the Confederacy and who was captured along with James Mason in the Trent Affair.

Book of the dead

Document that provides instructions for those being judged by Ma'at

The death of Osama Bin ladin

During this event, a Nightstawker helicopter entered a vortex ring state and damaged its tail rotor. Some participants in this event claimed they used "cakebread" or "crankshaft" as a codeword instead of the controversial "Geronimo." Contradictory accounts have emerged about whether or not the central figure in this event used women as human shields in his compound in Abbottabad.

gold

Domitian added the purple faction and a faction named for this material to chariot races. A palace on the future site of the Colosseum built by Nero was known as the house of this material. When Heinrich (+) Schliemann discovered an artifact of this material in Mycenae, it convinced him he found the body of a legendary Homeric king. This material, which is combined with (*) ivory to make chryselephantine sculptures, was used to mint a coin worth 25 denarii [day-NAR-ee-ee] called the aureus. The funeral mask of Agamemnon is made of, for ten points, what yellowish precious metal?

Bill Clinton

During his time as president, this man's personal attorney Vince Foster committed suicide.

Nasser

During that controversy, this leader reacted to John Foster Dulles's withdrawal of funding for a dam project

Ford

During the 1930s, this company ran a plantation in Brazil named after this company's founder.

Joe Biden

During the 2012 election campaign, this politician said that the opposing party's policies on regulation would "put y'all back in chains." In 2008, Christine O'Donnell ran against this man for his Senate seat, which he resigned nine days into his (+) seventh term. This man's son served as state Attorney General and planned to run for governor until he (*) died of brain cancer in May 2015. On January 12th, 2017, this man received a Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction from his boss.

Murder of Emmett Till

During the trial following this event, Mose Wright dramatically identified John William Milam among the crowd. William Huie interviewed the perpetrators of this event for Look magazine in exchange for 4,000 dollars. (+) Carolyn Bryant testified that the victim of this event wolf-whistled at her; the victim's mother, Mamie, remarked that he whistled to overcome his stutter. Mamie insisted on an open-casket funeral for this event's victim after his body was found in the (*) Tallahatchie River, after which a photograph of his body was printed in The Chicago Defender.

Murder of Emmett Till

During the trial following this event, Mose Wright dramatically identified John William Milam among the crowd. William Huie interviewed the perpetrators of this event for Look magazine in exchange for 4,000 dollars. (+) Carolyn Bryant testified that the victim of this event wolf-whistled at her; the victim's mother, Mamie, remarked that he whistled to overcome his stutter. Mamie insisted on an open-casket funeral for this event's victim after his body was found in the (*) Tallahatchie River, after which a photograph of his body was printed in The Chicago Defender. For ten points, name this 1955 murder of a black teenager in Mississippi.

Battle of Endor

During this battle, Arvel Crynyd [are-VELL CRIH-nid] performed a kamikaze attack into the bridge of one side's flagship, the Executor

Saratoga

During this battle, Baroness Frederika Riedesel fled to the Marshall House, where refugees endured hours of bombardment. At this battle, Ebenezer Learned commanded the ineffective 1st Canadian Regiment. Simon Fraser was killed in this battle, whose field is home to the Boot Monument, which was erected to honor Benedict Arnold's sacrifice.

Angolan Civil War (1975-2002)

During this conflict, Operation Carlota brought aid to one side just in time for the Battle of Quifangondo. After the CIA were found to be influencing this conflict through Operation IA Feature, the Clark Amendment barred the United States from further intervention. This conflict was described as (+) "Cuba's Vietnam" thanks to Fidel Castro's support for Agostinho Neto. The death of Jonas (*) Savimbi helped end this conflict, which began shortly after a country gained independence from Portugal.

Third Crusade

During this conflict, a leader's plans were almost derailed by a charge led by Baldwin de Carron and Garnier de Nablus. Forces captured the Sultanate of Rum's capital during this conflict's Battle of Iconium. Prior to this campaign, Guy of Lusignan was captured at the Battle of Hattin. After the Battle of Arsuf in this crusade, an invasion failed to take Jerusalem.

Gallic Wars

During this conflict, the Ariovistus-led Suebi tribe was defeated. Diviciacus [DIV-ik-ee-ah-kus] warned one side of a conspiracy before these wars, though his people, the Aedui [aid-wee], later flipped allegiances. The losing side in this war did not burn Gergovia or Avaricum, despite a scorched earth strategy, and the winning side built bridges over the Rhine, then burned them as a show of force. In the crucial battle of this war, a double wall was built around Vercingetorix's forces in Alesia.

Belgian Revolution

During this event, Jan van Speyk allegedly shouted "I'd rather be blown up!" while blowing up his own ship to kill some of this event's perpetrators. This event resulted in the creation of the Garde Civique, which helped fight off an attempt to suppress this event in the Ten Days Campaign. An opera about a fisherman named Masaniello was intended to cap a celebration of William I, but the performance coincided with, and fueled, the riots that started this event.

Children's Crusade

During this event, William the Pig and Hugh the Iron offered free transport, but took their unwitting passengers to Tunisia. A leader of this event is apocryphally said to have performed miracles at the Cathedral Saint-Denis [sahn deh-NEE]. One leader of this campaign, Stephen of Cloyes [kloy], said he had a letter from Jesus to the King of France. Nicholas of Cologne's prediction that the sea by Genoa would part for this campaign obviously did not come true, and when this crusade ended, most of its participants were sold into slavery. For the point, name this 1212 crusade named for its youthful participants.

Assassination of Kim Jong Nam

During this event, one perpetrator was caught on camera wearing a shirt that said "LOL." The victim of this event had, in 2001, fallen out with his family after using a fake passport to try to visit Disneyland Tokyo. The perpetrators of this event sprayed the nerve agent VX in the victim's face, having been told they were filming a scene for a prank TV show.

Dirty war

During this event, thousands of prisoners were held at the ESMA, a former school for naval mechanics. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo hold annual protests over people who disappeared in this event, many of whom were dropped into the Atlantic Ocean during Death Flights. This event began after the kidnapping of students in the Night of the Pencils, marking the start of the National Reorganization Process. Jorge Videla's government instigated, for the point, what period of violence against perceived leftist insurgents in Argentina?

Vargas

During this man's rule, his country sent an expeditionary force that was mocked as "cannon fodder for the Americans" by Radio Auriverde. This man originally supported the Integralist movement, but cracked down on it after declaring a dictatorship. The system of "coffee with milk" politics was ended by this man's rise to power. The Cohen Plan was a non-existent communist plot to overthrow this man's government, leading him to create an Estado Novo.

Meji Restoration

During this period, a system of five ranks of nobility called the kazoku was created, and the rigid class system was abolished by the Charter Oath. Two southern provinces, Satsuma and Choshu, allied during the Boshin War, whose end solidified the reforms of this period. This period began after the arrival of Matthew Perry's "black ships" and the signing of the Convention of Kanagawa. For the point, name this 19th century period of modernization in Japan, when the namesake emperor was restored to the throne.

Reign of Terror

During this period, accused parties were ordered to prove their innocence by the Law of 22 Prairial, which strengthened the Law of Suspects. This period came to an end when the Battle of Fleurus helped trigger the Thermidorian Reaction against one of this period's leaders. The Committee of Public Safety took control during this period, which ended with Maximilien Robespierre's own execution. For ten points, name this year-long phase of the French Revolution in many political enemies were guillotined.

Bosnian war

During this war, Scott O'Grady was rescued after being shot down while maintaining a no-fly-zone in Operation Deny Flight. One side in this war was supported by the White Eagles and Arkan's Tigers. The Heliodrom prisoner camp was set up in this war, in which Operation Storm became the largest European battle since World War II. Under the leadership of Ratko Mladic [m'lah-ditch], the VRS and the Scorpions perpetrated the Srebrenica [sreh-breh-nee-tzah] massacre in this war.

Peninsular Wars

During this war, William Inglis famously urged "Die hard, 57th, die hard!" while lying wounded at the Battle of Albuera. One leader's triumph at the Battle of Vitoria accelerated the end of this war; that leader had built the secret Lines of Torres Vedras as fort chains to defend a territory. The Battle of Salamanca was a major defeat for the forces of Joseph I during this war.

Peninsular War

During this war, William Inglis famously urged "Die hard, 57th, die hard!" while lying wounded at the Battle of Albuera. One leader's triumph at the Battle of Vitoria accelerated the end of this war; that leader had built the secret Lines of Torres Vedras as fort chains to defend a territory. The Battle of Salamanca was a major defeat for the forces of Joseph I during this war. A revolt that occurred on May 2, 1808 triggered, for ten points, what war between Napoleon and the Spanish and Portuguese?

Pacific War

During this war, the "Red Prince" led a charge of several hundred freed Chinese slaves with Jose Francisco Gana. The winner of this war demanded the Tarapaca Province at the Lackawanna Conference. During this war, captain (+) Miguel Grau sank the Esmerelda at the Battle of Iquique, but lost his ironclad Huascar at the Battle of Angamos. This war, which began over a tax dispute near (*) Antofagasta, was ended by the Treaty of Ancon.

Saltpeter war

During this war, the "Red Prince" led a charge of several hundred freed Chinese slaves with Jose Francisco Gana. The winner of this war demanded the Tarapaca Province at the Lackawanna Conference. During this war, captain (+) Miguel Grau sank the Esmerelda at the Battle of Iquique, but lost his ironclad Huascar at the Battle of Angamos. This war, which began over a tax dispute near (*) Antofagasta, was ended by the Treaty of Ancon. For ten points, name this South American war that pitted Peru and Bolivia against Chile over mineral reserves in the late 19th century.

Chinese Civil War

During this war, the leader of one side only agreed to talks with the other if Patrick Hurley was allowed to attend them. This war is thought to have begun with an incident in which a man nicknamed "The Hewer of Communist Heads" carried out attacks on protesting union workers in the (+) White Terror. The Northern Expedition occurred just before this war, in which one side faced a split that created the (*) Nanjing Faction. The Yangtze River Crossing Campaign was carried out during this war, which ended with the formation of a People's Republic.

Gaddafi

He called Switzerland a "mafia state" after that same son was arrested for one of many bouts of domestic violence, and successfully forced all charges to be dropped after threatening to cut off Swiss (*)) oil exports.

Gaddafi

He coined the term "Jamahiriya" to describe his government in the Green Book and his planes were involved in the Gulf of Sidra incidents

Gaddafi

He demanded an investigation into JFK's assassination in a rambling speech to the UN, and brings an elaborate tent with him on all his foreign trips.

Gaddafi

He described his country as a "state of the masses," or Jamahiriya (jah-muh-HEER-ee-uh), after overthrowing King Idris (EE-driss) in 1969

Mobuto

He died in exile shortly after giving up power to Laurent Kabila.

Mobuto

He faced two conflicts centered around the Shaba province, and rose to supreme power after his major rival and predecessor was captured and executed, likely with the aid of nefarious CIA operative Sydney Gottlieb.

Nasser

He greatly enhanced the power of the General Intelligence Directorate, and earlier, thisman founded a secret organization with (*)) Abd al-Hakim Amir, Zakaria Mohieddine, and his ownfuture successor.

Euler

He had a series of famous arguments about the existence of God with Denis Diderot [deh-nee deed-ur-oh] in the court of Catherine the Great.

Nyerere

He had to explain to Muammar Gaddafi during a meeting of the non-Aligned movement that, even though he is a Christian, his country has three times more Muslims than Libya.

Lister

He himself came out of retirement to consult on the treatment of Edward VII's appendicitis.

Idi amin

He ordered the killing of Dora Bloch in response to an action that also led to the death of Jonathan Netanyahu, and India cut relations with this leader's country after he expelled the entire (*) Asian population.

Mandela

He rose to prominence as the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, and he gave the "I am prepared to die" speech during the Rivonia Trial.

Kenyatta

He testified on the issue of land claims before the 1932 Carter Comission, and in 1928 he founded a newspaper called He Who Brings Together.

Nyerere

He translatedJulius Caesar and The Merchant of Venice into (*)) Swahili, in which language this man was known as"mwalimu" or "teacher."

Mandela

He warned that "no one nation should be complainant, prosecutor, and judge" when offering his country as the site of the trial of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombers.

Patton

He was a key part of Operation Fortitude, which convinced the Germans he was leading a force to invade Calais [cuh-lay].

George III

He was advised early in life by Lord Bute and married Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz [STRAYE-Lits].

Mugabe

He was imprisoned in Sikombela and Hwahwa forhis leadership of ZANU and worked with future rival Joshua Nkomo as a Publicity Secretary of the NationalDemocratic Party.

Kwame Nkrumah

He was the only non-Muslim head of state to be represented in the Casablanca Group,

Kwame Nkrumah

He's not Egyptian, but this member of the Akan ethnic group married a Coptic woman named Fathia Rizk

Yezhov

Head of the NKVD who orchestrated part of that event and was later killed during it.

Quisling

Henrik Bergh defended this client, who was accused of ordering the execution of Gunnar Eilifsen. This man, who was also accused of smuggling rubles with Frederik Prytz, worked with Fridtjof Nansen to alleviate the 1921 (+) Russian famine. This leader worked with the Nazi Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. After King Haakon VII fled, this Nasjonal (*) Samling leader became head of his country with the support of the Nazis. For ten points, name this collaborationist Norwegian leader whose name is now synonymous with the word "traitor."

Nasser

His pact with Shukri al-Quwatli realized the regional ambitions thisman alluded to in his Philosophy of the Revolution

Nasser

His political career began after he met Zakaria Mohieddine and Abd al-Hakim Amir in the Sudan.

Alexander the great

His troops refused to go further after this man's costly victory at the Hydaspes River.

Kenyatta

His widow Mama Ngina and other members of his family smuggled tons of ivory into China.

Royal Air Force

Hugh Trenchard is nicknamed the "father of" this military force, which sustained heavy casualties in Bloody April during the Battle of Arras. The efforts of this military force prompted the declaration "Never was so much owed by so many to so few." This force employed the Sopwith Camel during World War I and the Supermarine Spitfire during World War II. For ten points, name this military force that battled the Luftwaffe to defend cities like Coventry and London.

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian revolutionary who briefly led the country and toured the United States after being exiled

Athens expedition to Sicily

Hyperbolus argued that this campaign should have included an attack on Carthage. This campaign began as a reply to Segesta's request for aid, and it was doomed by the arrival of Gylippus' reinforcements. This campaign received its first setback when the vandalization of the religious hermai statues was falsely blamed on commander Alcibiades [al-kih-bee-ah-deez], prompting him to defect to Sparta. For the point, name this disastrous Peloponnesian War expedition in which Athens attacked an Italian island.

the mind

Idealists assert that reality is ultimately constructed within this entity

Zog I

In 1939, Italy deposed this Albanian leader, who had been made King in 1928.

Nasser

In 1952, Muhammad Naguib and this man lead a military coup against King Farouk.

ASG

In 2000, this group partnered with a Chinese Triad during a raid on a resort, and planned on exchanging the hostages with Ramzi Yousef. This group placed TNT inside a television on Superferry 14. This group, which was responsible for the Dos Palmas kidnappings in 2001, split off from the similar MNLF after being funded by Osama bin Laden. In 2016, this group abducted Indonesian sailors off the Sulu Archipelago

Hassan Rouhani

In December 2016, this leader announced his country's official unit of currency would become the Toman. This leader was elected in 2013 with the slogan of a "Government of prudence and hope" after Mahmoud Ahmadinejad served for two terms. This leader negotiated with the P5+1 countries regarding his country's nuclear program, with a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreed on in 2015.

Pena Nieto

In January 2017, protests erupted against this leader over increases in gas prices known as the "Gasolinazo." The "I am 132" movement was established to protest this leader's 2012 election. This leader was heavily crit cized for inaction over the 2014 (+) kidnapping of 43 students in Iguala. This man's namesake "bots" spread propaganda in favor of him and his party, the (*) PRI. This leader canceled a meeting with Donald Trump after he said his country would refuse to pay for a border wall.

Mugabe

In January of this year, this leader was named Chairman of the African Union and gave a speech justifying his policy of confiscating the land of white farmers.

Bodhisattva

In Japan, one of these figures in the form of a monk safeguards the souls of hell-beings and children and is named Ksitigarbha. Another one of these figures supposedly had eleven faces and names a dharani sutra translated by Xuanzang. One of these figures who is depicted with a (+) thousand arms is named Guanyin in China based on a disputed translation of the name Avalokitesvara. Empress Wu Zetian claimed she was an incarnation of one of these figures named (*) Maitreya, who will teach the true dharma after the disappearance of Gautama's teachings.

Vasco de gama

In March 2016, researchers found thousands of artifacts from this man's ship Esmeralda off the coast of Oman. The Zamorin believed that this man was not a royal ambassador because his gifts contained no gold or silver. He named Natal while passing through on Christmas Day. The Sao Gabriel was the flagship of this explorer, who visited Mombasa and Calicut.

Bin Laden

In a 2004 video, this man spoke of his experience fighting "tyrannical superpowers," having "bled Russia for 10 years." This man funded the Luxor Massacre and was inspired by damage sustained during the Siege of Beirut to plan another attack. (+) Barack Obama told Leon Panetta that this man was a top priority. From the USS Carl Vinson, this man's remains were (*) buried at sea before the May 2, 2011 announcement of his death.

Mark Antony

In a Shakespeare play, this man declares that Brutus "was the noblest Roman of them all."

north sea

In a battle in this sea, the ships Iron Duke and Lion were baited into attacking Reinhard Scheer's fleet. In this sea, the Ariadne was sunk and admiral Leberecht Maas was killed when a naval squadron was ambushed near Heligoland Bight. John Jellicoe and Franz Hipper's Royal Navy and High Seas Fleet faced off at the World War I Battle of Jutland in, for the point, what sea located between Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany?

Ecuador

In a letter to Pope Pius IX [ninth], a leader of this country noted that Masonic Lodges, "instigated by Germany, are vomiting against me all sorts of atrocious insults and horrible columnities;" that leader of this country predicted his own assassination, which came by machete at the hands of Faustin Rayo. Another President of this nation led its (+) Liberal Revolution of 1895. Gabriel Garcia Moreno and Eloy Alfaro were leaders of this country, where Mechor Aymerich lost an 1822 battle to Antonio Jos´e de Sucre on the slopes of the (*) Pichincha Volcano.

Second Opium War

In a major battle of this war, Sengge Renchen's Mongolian cavalry charged at James Hope Grant's forces at the Eight-Mile Bridge. An amphibious landing at Beitang helped one side in this conflict capture the Dagu forts. The USS San Jacinto was dispatched to capture the Barrier Forts during this conflict. The Treaties of Tianjin paused this war, which ultimately ended with Lord Elgin ordering the burning of the Summer Palaces.

Japan

In a novel set in this country, the main character and his companions are held captive in a pit as one of their comrades is boiled alive in front of them. Peter Marlowe is held captive by soldiers from this country in a novel about a tradesman who raises rats for food in a prison camp. In one novel, John Blackthorne arrives in this country on board the ship Erasmus; the character of Blackthorne was inspired by William Adams. King Rat depicts a POW camp run by this country's army in Singapore.

Pelleponesian War

In a play that mocks this war, a farmer disguises his daughters as pigs and trades them for salt, while the main character holds a basket of charcoal hostage while trying to argue for an end to this war. In another play, a man flies a dung beetle to heaven to argue for an end to this war. A cause of this war was an embargo against the colony of Megara, as related in the play The Acharnians. Aristophanes's comedy Peace satirizes the motives of general Cleon's actions in, for ten points, what war between Athens and Sparta?

Machiavelli

In an attack on this man's work, Innocent Gentillet blamed this man for causing the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Voltaire edited and attempted to suppress work by Frederick the Great attacking this man, who drew some of his ideas from the (+) Orti Oricellari, and Rousseau argued that this man satirized one-man rule in a work that often appears with his made-up biography of Castruccio Castracane. This man idolized (*) Cesare Borgia in a work that claims it is better to be feared than loved.

Santa anna

In an attempt to turn back liberal reforms, this man adopted the Plan of Cuernavaca, which culminated in this man gaining dictatorial power. Florencio Villarreal plotted the removal of this man, who surrendered one war via the Treaty of Velasco. After this man was wounded in the Pastry War, he gave his leg a full military burial. This man was thwarted at the Battle of San Jacinto by Sam Houston a month after leading troops against a San Antonio mission defended by Davy Crockett.

Japan

In an epic poem set in this country, group of exiles send message to an old leader by writing their names on thousand pieces of wood and casting them into the sea. While sick, the body of an evil poetic character from this country is so feverish that it turns (+) water to fire. A poem from this country is about a hut that "May change with a new owner / Into a doll's house" and opens the collection (*) Narrow Road to the Deep North. The Taira and Minamoto clans clash in The Tale of the Heike, an epic poem from this country.

The canterbury tales

In an unfinished story from this collection, Canace finds a falcon who was abandoned by her lover and then shows a romantic interest in her brother, who is also Genghis Khan's son. In this collection's first story, Palamon and Arcite fight in a massive battle to win Emily's hand in marraige. Characters in this work include the Squire and his father, the Knight, who tell stories during their pilgrimage to the shrine of Thomas Becket. For ten points, name this story collection by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Crecy

In battle immediately preceding this one, Godemar of Foy was defeated by force that was able to capture the namesake white lined ford; that battle was the Battle of Blanchetaque, in which the Somme River was forded. Aymer (+) Rokesley is the only identified knight among the dead of one side during this battle. A Bohemian nobleman known as "Blind King John" was killed at this battle. A weapon used by the (*) Genoese was unable to load as fast as a similar device that attained prominence at this battle.

Kwame Nkrumah

In opposition to the Coussey Committee, this man convened a People's Representative Assembly, to which he presented plans for general strikes, boycotts, and other forms of civil disobedience that he called "Positive Action".

Burning of Washington DC

In preparation for this event, the Octagon House was converted into a French consulate for its protection; it was later converted into federal housing. This event, a response to the destruction of private homes during the Raid on Port Dover, was preceded by the Battle of Bladensburg and ended in part by a fluke tornado. This event caused an evacuation of a copy of the Lansdowne Portrait, which was legendarily saved by Dolley Madison.

Kenyatta

In response to European colonialism, this man led the Mau Mau Rebellion.

Mussolini

In response to a rebellion led by the Senussi Order, this man ordered the genocidal "pacification" of another country. In a confrontation with Greece, this leader sent troops to bombard and occupy the island of (+) Corfu. This leader formed the one-time Stresa Front with his counterparts, Pierre Laval and Ramsay MacDonald; the Front broke apart after this man declared war against (*) Haile Selassie ["highly" sel-ah-see]. This man rose to power when a march by his Blackshirt paramilitaries forced the hand of Victor Emmanuel III.

Germany

In response to revelations regarding NSA surveillance, this country's leader said that "the Internet is uncharted territory for us all." Former President of European Parliament Martin Schulz announced his intentions to run as the Social Democratic Candidate in October 2017 elections in this country. Recep Erdogan [aird oh wan] accused this country of "Nazi practices" after pro-Erdogan rallies were cancelled in Frechen and Cologne.

9/11

In response to this event, St. Louis Cardinals sportscaster Jack Buck read a poem at Busch Stadium and stated "Should we be here? Yes!" Boston College lacrosse player Welles Crowther was the "man in the red bandana" during this event, which caused (+) Pat Tillman to leave the Arizona Cardinals. Owner Robert Kraft stated "Today, we are all (*) Patriots" after winning the first Super Bowl held after this event.

Tokugawa

In retirement, this man announced a series of articles limiting entertainment expenses and who can ride on palanquins, the "Laws of the Military Houses." Late in life, this man lived in Sunpu Castle, where he had been held hostage as a child. This man abdicated the throne in favor of his son Hidetada [hi-day-tah-da]. This man's victory at Osaka Castle brought an end to the rival Toyotomi clan.

Plato

In that work, this man conceived of a perfect state ruled by philosopher-kings.

Malaria

In the 1970's, a Chinese scientist introduced a new recommended treatment for this disease after reading a traditional Chinese medicine source written in 340 AD. Tu Youyou was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine for her discovery of a medication used to treat this disease named artemisinin.

Dominican Republic

In this country, two rival partiess were nicknamed the Sharks and the Tailless. A revolt among tobacco planters in this country led to the assassination of its president, Ulises Heureaux [you lee zays ay oh rokes], in 1899. The Military Intelligence Service, or SIM, was a secret police force operated in this country by Johnny Abbes. Another leader of this country had three sisters of the Mirabal family assassinated in 1960 and notoriously executed people who pronounced the word "parsley" a certain way.

1980

In this election year, the "Draft Muskie" movement emerged to break a deadlocked convention. John B. Anderson ran as an independent in this election. Controversy from the (+) Chappaquiddick incident 11 years earlier damaged Ted Kennedy's chances of being nominated during this year. Despite the "voodoo economics" attack in this year's primaries, (*) George H.W. Bush was nominated for Vice President. The failure to resolve the Iran Hostage Crisis helped doom a re-election campaign in, for ten points, what year in which Jimmy Carter lost 44 states to Ronald Reagan?

Parthian Empire

In this empire's "dark age," its split territory was ruled by two kings, Gotarzes I and Orodes I. This empire's forces once attempted to depose Tigranes [tig-RAH-nays] the Great by invading Armenia. The Arsacid dynasty ruled this empire, whose (+) cavalry perfected a tactic of feigning retreat only to suddenly turn around and launch a storm of arrows, known as its namesake "shot." That tactic was used by this empire's general, Surena, to deal a devastating defeat to the invading armies of (*) Marcus Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae.

bombing of darwin

In this event, a crash-landed Zero was captured intact, the first time the Allies had done so. Father John McGrath observed incoming enemy forces from his post on Bathurst Island, but because they were mistakenly thought to be allied, the air raid sirens were not sounded until this event had begun. Chuichi Nagumo led this attack to prevent allied opposition to the Japanese invasions of Timor and Java.

India

In this modern day country, Eyre Coote was victorious at the Battle of Wandiwash, leading to the end of France's presence here during the (+) Carnatic theatre of the Seven Years' War. A gunpowder-dampening rainstorm helped Robert Clive gain a victory against Mir (*) Jafar in this modern-day country. For ten points, name this country where the Battle of Plassey enabled the dominance of a British joint stock company and, later, the British Raj?

Macedonia

In this modern-day country, Nikola Karev briefly led the breakaway Kruˇsevo Republic against the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Niˇs [neess] forced Bulgarian Prime Minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski to crack down on the activities of IMRO, a group named for this country; IMRO captured and assassinated him. This country is officially recognized under the acronym FYROM due to a naming dispute with its southern neighbor.

Macedonia

In this modern-day country, Nikola Karev briefly led the breakaway Kruˇsevo Republic against the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Niˇs [neess] forced Bulgarian Prime Minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski to crack down on the activities of IMRO, a group named for this country; IMRO captured and assassinated him. This country is officially recognized under the acronym FYROM due to a naming dispute with its southern neighbor. For ten points, name this southernmost of the former constituent countries of Yugoslavia, a country that shares its name with a region in Northern Greece.

Rif War

In this war, D´amaso Berenguer used "suffocating gas" with "true joy" after a supposed treachery of the indigenous people. One country's monarchy lost political support after this war's Disaster of Annual which helped spark a 1923 coup led by (+) Primo de Rivera. After French outposts along the Oureghla [wear-g'lah] River were attacked in this war, the French intervened on the side of a fellow European nation. The city of (*) Melilla was spared during this war on the orders of Abd el-Krim.

Rif War

In this war, D´amaso Berenguer used "suffocating gas" with "true joy" after a supposed treachery of the indigenous people. One country's monarchy lost political support after this war's Disaster of Annual which helped spark a 1923 coup led by (+) Primo de Rivera. After French outposts along the Oureghla [wear-g'lah] River were attacked in this war, the French intervened on the side of a fellow European nation. The city of (*) Melilla was spared during this war on the orders of Abd el-Krim. For ten points, name this 1920s war in which Spain defeated a breakaway republic in northern Morocco.

Poisoning water

Kathleen Lynch cites the presence of bones of "butchered animals" as evidence that the Persians did not commit this action as a deliberate military tactic. Finnish soldiers committed this action using animal feces during their retreat in the Winter War. In the aftermath of the Kanto Earthquake, Koreans were often attacked after being accused of doing this. Synagogues were attacked during the Middle Ages as Jews were falsely blamed for spreading the plague via, for ten points, what specific type of biological warfare?

Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

Knowledge of this text was greatly advanced with the discovery of the Mawangdui silk manuscripts and the Guodian slips. This text, which compares "ruling large state" to (+) "boiling a delicate fish," was allegedly produced when a guard asked its author to share his wisdom before leaving the country on a water buffalo. It notes that a wise leader practices "inaction, and the people look after themselves" and begins with the assertion that the (*) Way is nameless.

Invasion of Panama

Kurt Muse was rescued during a raid on Carcel Modelo prison in this initiative, which secured Fort Amador and the "Bridge of the Americas." This initiative called for the seizure of the El Chorillo neighboorhood, which was protected by Dignity Batallions. It led to the installment of Guillermo Endara after his predecessor was flushed out of the Vatican City embassy by loud music.

Sitting Bull

Lakota leader who was killed in 1890 by Indian agency police at Standing Rock for fears he would join the Ghost Dance movement.

Mobuto

Larry Devlin helped place him in power and gave him CIA briefings.

Aurangzeb

Last great Mughal Emperor, a son of Shah Jahan who ruled over the empire at its greatest extent.

Nyerere

Later in life, this figure attempted to mediate a civil war in Burundi, and this figure helped bring France-Albert Rene to power in the (*)) Seychelles.

Nasser

Later, he united his country with Syria to form the United Arab Republic.

Fugitive Slave act

Law that criminalized aiding an escaped slave and inspired massive civil disobedience.

Solidarity

Leaders of this organization controversially wore buttons depicting a black Madonna, and some of those leaders ran on a doctrine of "shock therapy." Secretary Kania's lax attitude towards this group, along with the Theses on Hope and Hopelessness, may have led to his downfall. The 21 Postulates of the MKS inspired this group, which engaged in the Round Table Talks with General Jaruzelski [yar-oo-zel-skee] after a strike in the Gdansk shipyards. For the point, name this trade union that was co-founded by former electrician Lech Walesa [vah-wen-sah] in Poland.

Jamestown

Matthew Scrivener briefly led this colony, but drowned with several others on a crossing to Hog Island. A leader of this settlement issued a "Rude Answer" to the Earls of Southampton and Salisbury, who questioned why this colony was a financial disaster. The Godspeed, Discovery, and captain Christopher Newport's Susan Constant landed at this settlement, which was later led by John Smith. For ten points, name this first permanent English settlement established in Virginia.

Robert Moses

Mayor William O'Dwyer appointed this man to a "coordinator" position, from which he developed public authorities to avoid the legislative process. Walter O'Malley's disagreement with this man over the construction of a new stadium for the Brooklyn Dodgers prompted the team's move to Los Angeles. This man, who is often erroneously blamed for the demolition of Penn Station, is the subject of Robert Caro's biography, The Power Broker.

Commander in Chief

Military title assigned to the President in the Constitution as head of the armed forces.

Nero

Militis reported on a conspiracy against this man, leading to the executions of Flavius Scaevinus, the poet Lucan, and more than a dozen others. Verginius defeated a revolt against this man led by Gaius Vindex. This man's general Suetonius Paulinus put down Boudicca's revolt. The Pisonian conspiracy targeted this man, whose death triggered the Year of the Four Emperors. For ten points, name this emperor who legendarily fiddled while Rome burned?

McMullin

Mitt Romney refused to vote for either Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton in 2016; while we don't know who he voted for, it's entirely possible he voted for this Mormon candidate for president. This man received 21.5 percent of the vote in Utah and the fifth-most popular votes overall

Indian Ocean

Ocean reached by European explorers after rounding the Cape of Good Hope.

Atlantic Wall

Oceanic term for the "wall" of German defenses along the French coast?

Dadaism

One artist from this movement painted the f-holes of a violin on a classical Ingres [AHNG] nude and experimented with photograms now named after him. The New York (+) Armory show emboldened another artist in this movement to exhibit everyday objects, such as snow shovels and bottle racks, as (*) "readymades;" that artist from this movement also signed "R. Mutt" on a urinal. Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp belonged to, for ten points, what avant-garde art movement that flourished after World War I?

battle of singapore

One commander in this battle stationed himself at the easily targeted Sultan Ibrahim building, knowing that the other side wasn't brave enough to blow it up. Force Z was destroyed prior to this battle. The Alexandra (+) Hospital massacre took place during this battle, where ANZAC troops were led by Gordon Bennett. After losing the Kranji River, a meeting at Fort Canning convinced one side to surrender, leading to what (*) Winston Churchill called the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" of British soldiers in history.

Brazil

One composer from this country wrote a series of nine suites that fuse Bach-style Baroque harmonies to this nation's folk music. A drought-stricken ranch in this nation's sert˜ao is the setting of Glauber Rocha's film Black God, White Devil, a landmark film in a movement inspired from across the Atlantic by French New Wave called Cinema Novo. Heitor Villa-Lobos is the foremost composer of this country's classical style.

Dulles

One man with this surname was convinced by Edwin Land to override the Air Force and develop the U2 plane. The "Pactomania" period of forming extensive alliances was overseen by a man with this surname who also developed the doctrines of massive retaliation and brinkmanship to counter Soviet strength. One man with this surname served as Eisenhower's Secretary of State, and his brother oversaw the failed Bay of Pigs invasion as head of the CIA. For ten points, give the surname of 1950s American diplomats Allen and John Foster.

Kenyatta

Upon his release from exile in Lodwar, he was placed as head of the KANU Party.

Pahlavi

One member of this dynasty ordered Mohammed Pessian beheaded and his head displayed after he revolted against a coup that installed Ziaeddin Tabatabaee as Prime Minister. That member of this family was appointed head of a Cossack brigade by Edmund Ironside and was the father of a man who threw an elaborate party to celebrate 2,500 years of the Persian Empire.

Kim family

One member of this family was the target of the unsuccessful August Faction incident to remove him from office. Another of this family's members pursued the songun policy and violated an Agreed Framework that he had signed with Madeleine Albright. One member of this family built a cult of personality glorifying Mount Paektu and introduced the state ideology of Juche.

Operation Valkyrie

One of these actions involved the alleged shipment of two bottles of brandy aboard a plane in Smolensk. During one of these actions, the Reserve Army was activated by Friedrich Fromm, who later defected and executed the central planners. A briefcase bomb exploded at the Wolf's Lair but failed to accomplish this action; that plan by Claus von Stauffenberg was the 20th of July plot. Had this action succeeded, Operation Valkyrie would have taken effect. For the point, name this never completed action that would have created a power vacuum in Nazi Germany.

department stores

One of these businesses was established in the Marble Palace at 280 Broadway by A.T. Stewart. Robert Wood, who made his name working at these businesses, was a key financial backer of the America First movement. The Greensboro sit-in began at a lunch counter inside one of these businesses. One of these businesses sponsors New York City's annual Thanksgiving Day Parade. Frank Woolworth and Marshall Field founded, for the point, what type of business such as Sears and Macy's?

Gaul

One of these provinces boasted the largest Roman baths outside of Rome after Constantine renovated Augusta Treverorum. Imperial Roman influence in these provinces began when Domitius Ahenobarbus was summoned to aid the city of Massilia. This region, which was divided into the provinces of Belgica, Aquitania, and Celtica, was conquered when a circumvallation wall helped defeat the Averni tribe at Alesia. Julius Caesar conquered, for ten points, what ancient region in modern-day France?

Ireland

One of this country's culture heroes defends a brown bull from being stolen by single-handedly engaging (+) Queen Medb's [MAYV's] warriors during the Cattle Raid of Cooley.

Nasser

One of this leader's actions was backed by the US thanks to CIA operative Miles Copeland but was opposed by Operation Musketeer.

Litvinenko

One of this man's final meals was with Mario Scaramella at the Itsu sushi bar. After this man's death, a world leader ominously stated "[this man] is, unfortunately, not Lazarus." This man's final public statement was addressed to that world leader, telling him "silence comes at a price." This man's death was due to alpha radiation poisoning from a sample of polonium-210 that had been put in his tea by FSB agents, probably on the orders of Vladimir Putin.

Mandela

One of this man's symbolic acts of unity involved wearing a Springboks shirt while presenting the winners' trophy at the Rugby World Cup.

Louis 9

One of this ruler's defeats inspired a man called the Master of Hungary to launch the Shepherds' Crusade. With James I of Aragon, this ruler signed the Treaty of Corbeil. He suppressed the rebel Hugh of Lusignan at the Battle of Taillebourg. This subject of a biography by Jean de Joinville was defeated at the Battle of Fariskur, part of a campaign in which he captured Damietta but failed to conquer Egypt. For ten points, name this leader of the Seventh Crusade, the only French king to be canonized.

Turkey

One politician from this country insisted that Jan B¨ohmermann stand trial for a poem that implied he has sex with goats and watches child pornography. That politician shuttered the main opposition paper in this country, Zaman. This country shot down a Russian Su-24 after it allegedly encroached on its airspace, and it reached an agreement with the EU where it would receive billions in aid in exchange for taking Syrian refugees from Greece.

Lombards

One ruler of these people donated the town of Sutri to Pope Gregory II for protection against the Byzantine army. The murder of another ruler named Cleph spurred a political interregnum for these people known as the Rule of the Dukes. Rothari names this people's law code which, according to Paul the Deacon, was initially memorized.

Mughal

One ruler of this empire met his end after falling down a library staircase while attempting to heed a muezzin's call to prayer. The Nine Jewels, including Birbal, were advisors to this empire, where the Din-i-ilahi religion was established in an attempt to merge Hinduism and Islam. This empire was established following Ibrahim Lodi's defeat at Panipat in 1526.

Mehmed

One ruler of this name secured his power by having his deaf-mute assistants execute 19 of his brothers. A ruler of this name known as "the Hunter" was overthrown in 1687 and imprisoned in Topkapi Palace. Another ruler of this name was convinced by Candarli Halil to return power to his father, but later retook the throne and ordered Orban to construct the Dardanelles Gun to launch a siege on the Golden Horn. That ruler of this name defeated Constantine XI Palaiologos in 1453, earning the nickname "the Conqueror."

Mehmed

One ruler of this name secured his power by having his deaf-mute assistants execute 19 of his brothers. A ruler of this name known as "the Hunter" was overthrown in 1687 and imprisoned in Topkapi Palace. Another ruler of this name was convinced by Candarli Halil to return power to his father, but later retook the throne and ordered Orban to construct the Dardanelles Gun to launch a siege on the Golden Horn. That ruler of this name defeated Constantine XI Palaiologos in 1453, earning the nickname "the Conqueror." For ten points, give this name shared by the Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople.

Mugabe

One scandal under this man's rule saw officials move their names to the top of lists for cars from the country's only manufacturer, and then resell those cars at exorbitant prices for a profit, the Willowdale Scandal.

Agincourt

One side at this battle had previously besieged Harfleur

the mind

One thinker argued that humans acquire knowledge through this entity rather than the physical senses using the example of a melting ball of wax

Volcanic eruption

Rogier Verbeek studied one of these events, having directly witnessed it from Buitenzorg. One of these events is hypothesized to have occurred in late 1808, based on a peak in sulfate concentration in Arctic ice cores and South American descriptions of atmospheric anomalies. One of these events at Mount Tambora caused 1816 to be a "year without a summer." The red sky in Edward Munch's The Scream was inspired by one of these events that devastated islands in the Sunda Strait. For the point, name this type of event that, in 1883, destroyed the island of Krakatoa and killed tens of thousands of people with pyroclastic flows.

Nigeria

Royal Dutch Shell was sued by people from this country after Ogoniland protesters, including Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Ogoni 9, were killed. In 2009, a group in this country besieged a Bauchi police station, instigating clashes that killed its leader Mohammed Yusuf; that group's current leader, Abubakar Shekau, rebranded that group as the Islamic State in West Africa after pledging allegiance to ISIS.

Jamaica

Samuel Sharpe led a revolt in this country against the UK during the Baptist War. This country's Cockpit Country was the home of the first of the Maroon Wars. An activist born in this country founded the (+) Black Star Line as part of his Back to Africa movement. This country's Port Royal grew via frequent use by (*) pirates like Henry Morgan, but was rocked by a 1692 earthquake. Marcus Garvey was born in, for ten points, what Caribbean island country where earthquake survivors founded the city of Kingston?

Baker

Sara, a person with this surname, invented a recipe for baby formula while working with infants in Hell's Kitchen and twice traced epidemics to Typhoid Mary. A woman with this surname was the only female speaker during the 1963 March on Washington and was the first African-American dancer to get a lead operatic roles in Europe. A man with this last name served as White House Chief of Staff under Ronald Reagan and as Secretary of State under George H.W. Bush.

railroads

Sherman's troops carried out a scorched-earth campaign during the March to the Sea, including making so-called "neckties" out of these objects.

Battle of Fallujah

Scott Helvenston was one of four men killed in an ambush in this city; that killing of Blackwater contractors prompted Mark Kemitt to promise "we will pacify [this city]." Haider al-Abadi's forces recaptured this city in Operation Breaking Terrorism. A documentary subtitled "The Hidden Massacre" focuses on the claim that white phosphorus was used against civilians at the second battle of this city in 2004. It was the first city taken by ISIS during its 2014 invasion of Iraq.

philosophers

Sculptural depictions of one member of this profession are classified as Type A or Type B; Type B works are inspired by a bronze statue made by Lysippos. Another man of this profession wears a white robe and gold, sash-like chain and rests his hand on a bust in a dark portrait by Rembrandt. In a painting by Jacques-Louis David, a member of this profession holds a cup and points upward as his friends and followers lament. For the point, name this profession of the central figure of The Death of Socrates.

Mandela released from prison

Shortly after the occurrence of this event, its main participant delivered a speech which commended a contemporary politician as "a man of integrity who is acutely aware of the dangers of a public figure not honoring his undertakings," but noted that the "reality is that we are still suffering under the policy of the Nationalist government."

Aparthied

Shortly before his death, an opponent of this policy was shackled naked to the back of a Land Rover during an 1100 kilometer road trip. A campaign of "rolling mass action" against this policy led to the Bisho massacre, carried out by the armed forces of the Ciskei (+) Bantustan. The armed group Umkhonto We Sizwe was established to fight this policy after the Sharpeville Massacre. This policy ended after the National Party was defeated in a 1994 election. (*)

Kingdom of Hawaii

Simon Metcalfe massacred inhabitants of this kingdom in Olowalu before his assistants John Young and Isaac Davis went to work for its king. Men and women were forbidden from eating together by this kingdom's kapu system of taboos. This kingdom's founder protected citizens during wartime with the Law of the Splintered Paddle. Lorrin Thurston helped write this kingdom's Bayonet Constitution, and he later overthrew its Queen Liliuokalani. For ten points, name this kingdom that was unified after the conquest of Oahu.

Kwame Nkrumah

Sir Charles Arden-Clarke reached the decision to release this man from prison while shaving at Christiansborg Castle

Thatcher

Sir Patrick Wright, this leader's Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office, detailed this leader's desire for a white South Africa, as it was before 1910. This leader refuted hunger strikes at Maze Prison, saying "crime is crime is crime." Ian Paisley's "Ulster Says No" campaign attacked this leader's deal with Garrett FitzGerald that gave Ireland an advisory role in Northern Ireland. This leader won an election with the slogan "Labour Isn't Working."

Katrina

Some survivors from this event were relocated to the Astrodome when the Superdome became overcrowded.

Tanzania

The British sponsored a failed scheme to plant vast amounts of peanuts in this modernday country to provide much-needed oil. A rebellion in this modern-day country that was crushed by Gustav Adolf von Gotzen was led by Kinjikitile (+) Ngwale, who spread the belief that bullets would turn into water if warriors consumed a "war medicine" called maji. A colony encompassing the territory of this modern-day country was the target of the Allies in the (*) East Africa Campaign, which managed to wrest it from German colonial control.

Nyerere

The Chama Cha Mapinduzi party was founded by this leader, who was succeeded by Ali Hassan Mwinyi.

schism

The Conciliarism Movement arose due to one of these events, while another was triggered by the filioque [fill-ee-OH-kwuh] clause.

Battle of Crecy

The English longbow also played a big role in this 1346 battle, where it prevailed over Genoese crossbows. Shortly after this battle, Calais [cah-lay] fell to England.

London

The European Medical Agency was placed in this city in 1995, along with the European Banking Authority in 2011. This city's Docklands area was revitalized in the 1980s, and its Canary Wharf has since become a major financial center, alongside its more traditional City. Ken Livingstone became this metropolis's first elected mayor in 2000 and promised reforms including "bendy" buses to replace its iconic two-story buses. For ten points, name this economic center of Britain.

Mobuto

The FNLC tried to overthrow this ruler in the two Shaba invasions.

Nehru

The Fazal Ali commission was created by this man to reorganize states. This man used the Forward Policy to fight China over the Line of Actual Control. V. K. Menon served as this man's secretary of defense before resigning after the 1962 Sino-Indian War. In one speech, this man declared "the light has gone out of our lives" after the assassination of his mentor; in another speech, he discussed a "Tryst with Destiny."

Garros

The French Open is held at a complex named for this French aviator, who claimed that he was involved in the "first air battle in world history" and that he flew a plane into a zeppelin.

Cordoba

The Khazar Correspondence was carried out by minister of this state, Hasdai ibn Shaprut, who served as the Jewish court physician. Almanzor guided this state to its height as regent for the young Hisham II. Its re gious toler tion led to the creation of class called the (+) Mozarabs. This state dissolved after a fitna led to the creation of independent taifas. Its Great Mosque, now a (*) Catholic cathedral, was constructed by Abd al-Rahman I, who successfully established this state, which lasted from 929 to 1031.

Sir walpole

The Porteous Riots occurred after the death of an ally of this man, Queen Caroline. This man put forth the requirement that all plays were to be reviewed by the Lord Chamberlain, probably because he disliked his caricaturization as Mr. Peachum in John Gay's The Beggar's Opera. This man was forced to resign from the Parliament after losing the War of Jenkins' Ear.

Purple heart

The Presidential Unit Citation and two of these decorations were given to Sergeant Reckless, a horse. A civilian award analogous to this medal is the Secretary of Defense Medal for the Defense of Freedom. The Badge of Military Merit was the predecessor of this award, whose medal depicts a gold-colored George Washington in profile. While serving as the officer of a Swift Boat during the Vietnam War, John Kerry received three of, for the point, what military decoration given to soldiers who are wounded or killed in service?

Cape to Cairo

The Punch cartoon of Rhodes as a colossus served as a metaphor for this unfinished project that would have followed a metaphorical "red line."

Brezhnev

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan began under this Soviet Premier, who signed the Helsinki Accords.

Havana

The Spanish administrative capital, still the capital of modern Cuba?

Khalid el Islambouli

The Wafd Party was reborn as the New Wafd Party in the aftermath of the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat, planned by this army officer.

Ken Starr

The Whitewater investigation was headed by this man, who later produced a report alleging that Clinton had lied about an extramarital affair.

California

The Workingman's (+) Party in this state was led by Denis Kearney.

Vicksburg

The battle of Champion Hill helped lead to the capture of this location.

FBI

The behavior of this organization was at the heart of the Katz and Olmstead Supreme Court cases. A former employee of this organization, Robert Hanssen, is currently serving fifteen consecutive life sentences in jail. Other employees of this organization included Helen Gandy and Clyde Tolson, who were close advisers of its longtime director.

Kenyatta

The book Dreams from My Father recounts conflicts this predecessor of Daniel Arap Moi had with Barack Obama, Sr.

Egypt

The center of the Place [plahss] de la Concorde contains a monument from this country that was gifted to Louis-Philippe by Muhammad Ali Pasha. Jean Champollion [sham-pole-lee-ohn] became the Louvre's curator of art from this country after he worked on deciphering a script found here. A military campaign to this country discovered a black stone engraved with the same inscription in Greek, Demotic script and hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone. .

Iran Nuclear program

The day after the Benghazi attacks, Sergei Shmatko attended an opening cer mony involving this program. Jeffrey Sterling was arrested for revealing plot to sab tage this program known as Oper tion Merlin. A group known as the People's Mujahideen assassinated members of this program, which includes facility in (+) Bushehr built with Russian assistance. This program suffered a major setback in 2010 when 20% of its productive capability was destroyed by the Stuxnet cyberweapon.

Prime Minister of Israel

The death of one holder of this position was recorded by Roni Kempler and used as evidence by the Shamgar Commission to force Carmi Gillon to resign. One holder of this position resigned after he was caught having a US Dollar bank account, which he used while serving as an ambassador. (+) Yigal Amir assassinated one holder of this position during a rally in support of the Oslo Accords. The Labor Party's (*) Isaac Herzog lost the most recent election for this position, which was won by the Likud Party.

Indus river valley

The development of Mehrgarh was a direct predecessor to this culture. Deciphering the approximately 400 symbols in this culture's writing system, including a mysterious unicorn, is an important open question in archaeology. The Great Bath was built by this culture, which possessed the most advanced urban planning and sanitation systems of the ancient world. The docks at Lothal were constructed by this culture, as were the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. For the point, name this ancient culture that flourished around a namesake Pakistani river.

First lady

The first holder of this position used it to establish the "Republican Court," which convened parties in New York and Philadelphia. Emily Donelson assumed this position after the sudden death of her aunt, and Harriet Lane fulfilled this role for her legal guardian. A copy of the Landsdowne portrait was legendarily saved from invading soldiers by a holder of, for the point, what position held by Dolley Madison, Martha Washington, and other Presidential spouses?

Inca

The first leader of this empire consolidated the tribes under him with the help of the Ayar brothers. Another man led this empire after his brother, Ninan Cuyochi, died of smallpox. A Dominican named Vincent de Valverde was spared by a man who usurped this empire's throne after ruling over Quito; that man was defeated at the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca and was the half-brother of its earlier leader Hu´ascar.

Indian National Congress

The first meeting of this political party ended with "three cheers for the Queen-Empress."

Sikh Gurus

The first member of this group wrote a poetry collection, Asa di Var, that was compiled by another member of this group, Arjan Dev. The tenth member of this group initiated the five Panj Pyare into the Khalsa. Members of this group include Amar Das and a man born Gobind Rai. The final member of this group is, and will eternally be, the Adi Granth, a religious text.

San Francisco

The first plague epidemic in the U.S. began in this city in 1900. A resident of this city named Joshua Norton issued his own money and declared himself Emperor of the United States. Daniel Burnham proposed a Haussmann-style reconstruction of this city, where Levi Strauss founded his jeans company following the 1849 California Gold Rush. Alcatraz Prison lies in a bay north of, for the point, what California city that was struck by a 1906 earthquake and fire?

Textile industry

The first site to establish this industry in the U.S. was the Beverly Manufactory. A man nicknamed "the traitor" memorized the designs of British equipment used in this industry and recreated it in the U.S.; that man was Samuel Slater. The Waltham-Lowell system placed young girls in this industry in boardinghouses in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The product of Eli Whitney's gin was used in, for ten points, what industry that converted cotton into shirts and pants?

Pat Robertson

The founder of the charity Operation Blessing International, he is also the founder of the Christian Broadcasting (*) Network

Sultanate of Granada

The founder of this kingdom belonged to the Banu al-Ahmar clan in Arjona. This kingdom supported a failed invasion by the Marinid dynasty, which was defeated at the Battle of R´ıo Salado. This kingdom was able to unite the remaining independent cities after defeat at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. A ruler of this kingdom was, after its fall, given an estate in the Alpujarras; that man, Boabdil, ruled from the Alhambra palace.

Persian Gulf wars

The initial invasion of this war may have sought to capture Jaber al-Sabah from Dasman Palace, but he fled and ruled in exile from a Saudi Arabian hotel room. In this war, the (+) Republican Guard was defeated in a vast desert at the Battle of 73 Easting, called "the last great tank battle of the (*) 20th century." Coalition forces in this war were led by "Stormin'" Norman Schwarzkopf, who devised this war's tactical plan, Operation Desert Storm.

Triple Alliance

The leader of the losing side of this war was killed by man known as "Frank the Devil." The Campaign of the Hills was the final phase of this conflict, which included the siege of the Fortress of Humait´a. (+) Rutherford B. Hayes helped lead negotiations in the aftermath of this conflict which included the Battle of Tuyut´ı. Eliza Lynch was the wife of the leader of the losing country, which lost over (*) two-thirds of its adult male population.

Chernobyl

The long lasting effects of this event were studied in the 2006 TORCH report. The first responders to this event were formed into the "liquidators" and given medals of red drops of blood overlapped by (+) alpha and beta particles. A facility in Forsmark, Sweden found evidence of this event the following day. This event created the (*) Red Forest in a 30 kilometer exclusion zone around Pripyat.

Camden

The loser of this battle made the mistake of deploying Richard Caswell's militia against his enemy's strongest flank. It was preceded by the battle of Waxhaws. Johann de Kalb was killed during this battle, which was prompted by Lord Rawdon's calls for aid. This battle was decided when the North Carolina and Delaware regiments were broken by Tarleton's Legion. This victory for Charles Cornwallis led colonial leadership to appoint Nathanael Greene as commander in the South.

Sugar

The main crop of Cuba, whose workers were organized into a revolution by Carlos Cespedes [SESS-pay-dace] and which is used to make rum?

Ostend

The manifesto written by Pierre Soule [soo-LAY] that declared that the U.S. should acquire Cuba?

Of Plymouth Plantation

The original manuscript of this work was taken by British soldiers after they captured the Old South Meeting House's tower, where it was held. Samuel Eliot Morison wrote a preface to this work in which he claimed that it made its central subjects "the spiritual (+) ancestors of all Americans." This work, a series of journal articles made between 1630 and 1651, notably omits any mention of a disembarkation from a (*) rock and ends by listing the passengers of the Mayflower. For ten points, name this text that details the early history of the Pilgrims, written by William Bradford.

China

The other Asian power which Japan defeated in an 1894-5 war?

California

The owner of the Central Pacific Railroad became governor of this state in the 1860s.

Mugabe

The party led by this politician won a 2000 election against Morgan Tsvangirai's MDC party, but the EU said the election was neither free nor fair.

Korea

The peninsular country annexed by Japan in 1910, ending its Choson Dynasty?

Oklahoma city bombing

The perpetrator of this event used a pseudonym based on Star Trek, Robert D. Kling. This event led to the passing of AEDPA. The perpetrator of this event carried an envelope containing pages from the Turner Diaries and cited a passage from John Locke about the right to (+) kill those who take away liberty. This event was supposedly motivated by the Ruby Ridge incident and Waco siege, and it employed an altered Ryder truck. It was the (*) deadliest attack on American soil before 9/11.

Doctors

The phrase "your name is mud" refers to a man with this job.

Prague Spring

The policies of this period were supported by Ludvik Svoboda. To protest the end of this event, Jan Palach committed self-immolation. This event ended with the "Normalization" period under Gustav Husak, and it had begun after the ouster of Antonin Novotny. The initiator of this period, who promulgated an "Action Plan" and "socialism with a human face," was Alexander Dubcek. Soon after Leonid Brezhnev sent Warsaw Pact troops to quell it, he formulated his namesake Doctrine.

Tang

The sancai [san-tsye] technique of three-color pottery glazing dates to this dynasty.

Ottoman

The ships Goeben and Breslau were able to find haven in this nation's waters. The Treaty of Erzincan helped end one conflict that this nation entered after the Battle of Odessa. This nation, which lost control of Jerusalem to Edmund Allenby, was led by the Pashas Enver and Talaat. The Treaties of Sevres and Lausanne brought an end to this empire. It faced a revolt in the Hejaz led by T.E. Lawrence and it perpetrated the Armenian Genocide.

Alexandria

The site of a namesake "lighthouse" as well as the Sarapeum [suh-ROPP-ee-um]?

Mandela

This man announced the formation of the Elders, and is currently the only former member of that group to be (*)) deceased.

Oklahoma City Bombing

The target of this event had, twelve years earlier, been the target of vague plot by Christian terrorist group called the Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord; one member of the CSA, Richard Snell, was ex cuted for double murder on the day of this event in an apparent coincidence. The deaths of (+) Randy Weaver's wife and son inspired this event, which was planned for the second anniversary of the siege of the (*) Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas.

Battle of Endor

The victorious commander realizes that this battle is a trap before its beginning and is a Mon Calamari named Admiral Ackbar

Bulgars

These people reached their golden age under Simeon I, who waged successful campaigns against their Khazar enemies. Scholars belonging to this ethnic group developed the first Cyrillic script. Krum, a ruler of these people, allegedly lined the (+) skull of Nikephoros I with silver and used it as a drinking cup. After losing the Battle of Kleidion, these people were supposedly blinded en masse by the Byzantine emperor Basil II, who then became known as a (*) "slayer" of them. For ten points, name this nomadic European ethnic group, the namesake of a modern country whose capital is Sofia.

Tubman

This activist donated a portion of land to the AME Zion Church to establish a home for the elderly. During one mission, this woman pulled out a revolver and threatened a man "you go on or die." William Lloyd Garrison gave a religious nickname to this woman, who never ran her "train off the track" or "lost a passenger." For the point, name this woman, nicknamed Moses, who assisted dozens of slaves as a conductor on the Underground Railroad.

Fredrick Douglass

This author of "What to The Slave is The Fourth of July?" lived at Cedar Hill and clashed with William Lloyd Garrison

Christopher Marlowe

This author of (*) Edward II and Tamburlaine the Great also had the ghost of Machiavelli deliver the prologue to his play The Jew of Malta

Nyerere

This author of Freedom and Development

Claudius

This author wrote about a watchmaker and a draper who choose to be executed rather than to give up a password to enemy forces in his story "Two Friends." Rachel hides in a bell tower after stabbing a drunken officer to death in this author's story "Mademoiselle Fifi." The prostitute Elizabeth Rousset flees during the Franco-Prussian War in this author's story "Ball of Fat." For the point, name this French author who wrote about a piece of fake jewelry in "The Necklace?"

Maupassant

This author wrote about a watchmaker and a draper who choose to be executed rather than to give up a password to enemy forces in his story "Two Friends." Rachel hides in a bell tower after stabbing a drunken officer to death in this author's story "Mademoiselle Fifi." The prostitute Elizabeth Rousset flees during the Franco-Prussian War in this author's story "Ball of Fat." For the point, name this French author who wrote about a piece of fake jewelry in "The Necklace?"

Lepanto

This battle enabled Marco Barbaro to broker a peace that would not be broken until the War of Candia. The Knights of Saint Stephen legendarily captured the enemy standards during a counterattack by Marcantonio Colonna in this battle. One side found time to gather its forces for this battle after (+) Marco Bragadin's last stand at Famagusta. The flagship Real [ray-ahl] withstood an attack by Ulu¸c Ali [oo-looch Ali] in this battle, where (*) Miguel Cervantes lost his left arm.

Somme

This battle included a clash at Flers-Courcelette [flair cor-seh-lett] where key reinforcements from Canada and New Zealand arrived. As part of this battle, Hubert Gough led an offensive on Thiepval Ridge that was planned by Douglas Haig. The Pals Battalions were dissolved after this battle due to a massive amount of casualties. The tank was first used at, for the point, what inconclusive, months-long World War I battle in which the UK suffered nearly 60,000 casualties in one day in 1916?

Nyerere

This man appointed Ali Hassan Mwinyi as his successor, and he later backed Benjamin Mkapa as president over Jakaya Kikwete.

Levithian

This book states that "that which is not 'body' is no part of the universe," supporting a corporeal view of God. In a feud with its author, bishop John Bramhall published a tract about the "Catching of" this book. This book, which was begun while its author taught (+) mathematics to a young Charles II in Paris, calls ignorance of scripture the "Kingdom of (*) Darkness." This book's first section, "Of Man," argues that the state of nature is characterized by the war of all against all. For ten points, name this book that argues for strong monarchies by Thomas Hobbes.

Taney

This chief justice joined a dissent by Samuel Nelson in holding that only Congress has the power to declare war in the Prize Cases. This justice argued for a narrow interpretation of contracts and for community rights in his majority opinion in a dispute between the Warren Bridge and the Charles River Bridge. This man stated that Article 3 of the Constitution did not give African-Americans citizenship in what is often seen as one of the Supreme Court's worst verdicts. For ten points, name this Chief Justice during the Dred Scott decision.

Tel aviv

This city grew according to plan created by Patrick Geddes, and its Engel House is the first building here to make use of pilotis. A central roundabout here is named for the wife of its first mayor, Meir Dizengoff, and the world's largest collection of (+) International Style buildings can be found in its "White City." This city took its name from the title of a novel by Theodor (*) Herzl and was founded in 1909 on the northern outskirts of Jaffa.

Atlantic city

This city once boasted the 600-room United States Hotel as the country's biggest hotel. In this city, a flood struck a candy shop owned by David Bradley, who then invented salt water taffy. This city's landmarks include the Marven Gardens, one of numerous inspirations for the board game Monopoly. The Steel Pier and the former Trump Taj Mahal are located along this city's boardwalk, the first in the United States. For the point, name this gambling resort city on New Jersey's coast.

Carthage

This city was saved from destruction following a loss at Cape Ecnomus thanks to the arrival of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus [zan-thi-puss]. This city was able to retain its Libyan settlements after putting down a revolt in the (+) Truceless War. A commander from this city had his head thrown into his brother's tent following the Battle of the Metaurus. The (*) Fabian strategy of delay was used against this city, which met its final defeat when loud horns thwarted its contingent of elephants at the battle of Zama.

Rome

This city's Academy of Saint Luke hosted lectures by artists who worked in this city like Federico Zuccaro. A scholarship established by Louis XIV called the "Prix [pree] de" [this place] allowed French architects and painters to study in this city. A statue of a personification of this city sits on a pedestal containing reliefs of a wolf and two infants in Jacques-Louis David's depiction of lictors bringing bodies to Lucius Junius Brutus. The Trevi Fountain is located in, for the point, what Italian city?

Cairo

This city's House of the Cretan Woman is located in a place of worship dedicated to a Turkic slave-soldier. A Sicilian ghulam named Jawhar was tasked with founding this city, which is home to a mosque dedicated to Ahmad ibn Tulun. Soldiers under Saladin made soles for their shoes out of books confiscated from the library of this city's still-existing university at Al-Azhar. The Fustat was burned to prevent this city's capture by Crusaders.

Chicago

This city's artificial Northerly Island was created as part of a namesake "Plan" for this city developed by Daniel Burnham. A series of canal locks developed in this city during the late 19th century reversed the flow of its namesake river. Four red stars are located between two light blue horizontal bars on this American city's flag. This county seat of Cook County contains the "L" rapid transit system and Navy Pier. For the point, name this most populous city in Illinois.

Johannesburg

This city's community of Lenasia is historically home to its Indian population, and its Carlton Centre is the tallest skyscraper on its continent. This city was established following the discovery of gold along the Witwatersrand. A formerly-separate suburb of this city is home to Orlando Stadium, which black students marched to in a 1976 protest against the mandatory teaching of Afrikaans.

Tambo

This colleague of Nelson Mandela authorized the Church Street bombing in his role as President of the African National Congress, a post he held from 1967 until 1991. He spent almost all of that time in exile in London.

Ford

This company developed a program called "The Way Forward" after former Boeing employee Alan Mulally was appointed CEO and became the only one of the Big (*) Three in its industry not to receive a bailout following the 2008 financial crisis.

Microsoft

This company's questionable business tactics were revealed in the Halloween documents. This company managed to avoid paying any royalty fees to Spyglass by giving one of their products away for free. The CEO of this company was said to be (+) "evasive and unresponsive" during a deposition in which he repeatedly said "I don't recall." Thomas Penfield Jackson ordered the (*) breakup of this company in 1999, a ruling that was later reversed and settled.

Golden Temple

This complex houses the "throne of the immortal one," or Akal Takht. Massa Ranghar profaned this structure by performing acts of gluttony and debauchery in it. Reginald Dyer commanded troops that committed a massacre near this structure in the Jallianwalla Bagh garden. This structure is located in a lake whose waters are known as the "pool of ambrosial nectar." In 1984, two bodyguards disgruntled over the fact that this complex was targeted in Operation Blue Star assassinated Indira Gandhi.

Handel

This composer likely hired horn players from Bohemia for the premiere of a piece whose first suite, in F major, includes an "Adagio e staccato" movement. This composer included "La Paix" [la pay] in a suite for wind band written to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle, and he included hornpipes in a piece written for a concert for King George I held on a barge on the Thames. For ten points, name this German-born English composer of Music for the Royal Fireworks and Water Music.

Kieven Rus

This empire was led by a ruler who re-conquered Red Ruthenia and made peace with Casimir the Restorer. The Pechenegs launched numerous raids into this empire and besieged its capital city in 968. After it was invaded by Batu Khan, this empire was put under the so-called "Tatar Yoke." A grand prince who ruled this empire employed the Varangians to reconquer Novgorod in 978.

Tchakovsky

This composer wrote his own libretto for an opera based on Ivan the Terrible's secret police, The Oprichnik. In another of this man's operas, Herman takes his own life after seeing the title object while gambling. The title character of another opera by this composer rejects Tatyana and kills Lensky in a duel. This composer of The Queen of Spades and Eugene Onegin used a celesta for the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" in another work. For the point, name this Russian composer of The Nutcracker

First Sino-Japanese War

This conflict opened with the battle of Pungdo, in which mutineers prevented T.R. Galsworthy from surrendering to the Naniwa. The public display of Kim Ok-gyun's dismembered body helped prompt this conflict. The Kowshing sunk in this conflict that was accelerated by one side's dependence on soy bean imports. The Triple Intervention occurred in this conflict, which opened with a dispute regarding the Donghak Peasant Rebellion and ended with the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki.

Taiwan

This country arrested Peng Ming-min, who spent four years under house arrest before fleeing to Sweden. A leader of this country once declared "the sky is not big enough for two suns." This country was the site of the February 28 incident, which resulted in 40 years of martial law called the White Terror. In 1996, this country held its first direct presidential election, resulting in a Kuomintang victory. Chiang Kai-Shek fled to, for the point, what island, home to the Republic of China?

Pakistan

This country attempted to recreate a Six Day War strategy by launching Operation Chengiz Khan, disabling a rival's air force in retaliation for their support of Mukti Bahini. Under Yahya Khan, this country launched Operation Searchlight to suppress the Awami League, a nationalist movement in a breakaway state. This country fought the Kargil War and frequently contests the region of Kashmir with its eastern neighbor.

Pakistan

This country passed the Objectives Resolution as the basis for its constitution. It fought a nationalist movement in its eastern half with Operation Searchlight and its incursion across the Line of Control started the Kargil War. The Lahore Resolution proposed the creation of this country, which lies on the northwest side of the Radcliffe Line.

Sudan

This country was the site of the Battle of Umm Diwaikarat, where the remnants of Abdallahi ibn Muhammad's rebels were defeated. A rebellion in this country began when fanatics ambushed William Hicks, but it was reconquered by the British after Herbert Kitchener's victory at the Battle of Omdurman. This country was the site of the Mahdist revolt, whose casualties included Chinese Gordon during a battle for the capital. For the point, name this country whose capital of Khartoum fell in 1885

Nazi Germany

This country was the site of the first usage of jamming chaff, where planes used "window" tinfoil strips to block radar during Operation Gomorrah. This country was the target of Operation Chastise, where Barnes Wallis developed an explosive that could jump on water to strike the Eder valley. Arthur Harris was accused of committing an "act of terror" by Winston Churchill after his planes set off a firestorm that killed 25,000 in this country's region of Saxony.

Bolivia

This country's Foreign Minister Mariano Baptista signed an 1874 treaty settling its western border, but this country reneged on the agreement a year later. This country solidified control of its southern valley of Tarija in exchange for giving up control of the (+) Atacama Plateau. The Lacajahuira [lah-kah-h'weera] River is the only drainage of this country's Lake Poop´o [poh-poh]. The remains of (*) Tiwanaku were discovered in this country near the southeastern shores of Lake Titicaca.

Belize

This country's Orange Walk District is home to the ancient city of Lamanai, and a logger discovered Caracol here while searching for mahogany trees. European settlers here known as Baymen fought the battle of St. George's Caye. This country relocated its capital inland in response to 1961's Hurricane Hattie, and was known as British Honduras until 1973.

Ireland

This country's folk heroes include Cuchulain and Finn McCool.

Ireland

This country's lore includes a "plain of joy" called Mag Mell, and a land of youth called Tir na nog.

Japan

This country's post-World War II years are described in the nihilistic novel The Decay of the Angel. A novel set in this country features characters called The Minister of the Left and the Minister of the Right. Father Rodrigues' journal provides much of the action in a novel set in this country called Silence. The customs of this country's court life are detailed in The Pillow Book, as well as a novel featuring Lady Aoi.

KSM

This detainee at Guantanamo Bay is considered the "architect" of the 9/11 attacks, having convinced Osama bin Laden to crash planes into specific targets.

Idi amin

This dictator led a failed invasion of a country led by Julius Nyerere and allegedly ordered the murder of (*) Dora Bloch

Mobuto

This dictator, who was fond of leopard-skin hats, mandated the wearing of a tunic called the abacost.

Calculus

This discipline was criticized by George Berkeley for invoking "ghosts of departed quantities." This discipline initially made use of a quantity denoted by a dot written over a letter called a (+) fluxion, but that quantity was replaced with a reformulation by Augustin-Louis Cauchy [KO-shee]. One important discovery in this discipline was developed by Johann Bernoulli, but first published by the Marquis de (*) l'Hˆopital [LO-pee-TAL]. Ideas in this field were presented in Principia Mathematica.

Hiawatha

This early Iroquois leader co-founded the confederacy with the Great Peacemaker and was memorialized in a Henry Wadsworth Longfellow poem.

Abbasid

This empire was founded by As-Saffah shortly after a military victory at the Zab River. Under Al-Mansur, this empire sent four thousand mercenaries to help put down the An Lushan Rebellion. This empire ceded power to the Seljuks in the 11th century and was eventually destroyed by Hulagu Khan's Mongol armies. Harun al-Rashid, a ruler of this empire, established the House of Wisdom in its capital of Baghdad.

Mandela

This man evaded capture by police by pretending to be a cook and gardener on Liliesleaf Farm, which later led to his imprisonment with 19 others in what became known as the Rivonia Trial.

Cuban Missile Crisis

This event ended shortly after a letter declared "the more the two of us pull, the tighter that knot [of war] will be tied." An earlier diplomatic effort to mediate this event involved Adlai Stevenson demanding, "don't wait for the translation, answer yes or no!" while questioning an ambassador about photographs taken from a U2 plane. The agreement ending this event included the removal of Jupiter missiles in Turkey and the creation of a Moscow-DC hotline. For the point, name this 1962 event in which the Soviets attempted to weaponize a Caribbean island.

Alcatraz

This event led the sitting president to declare an end to the "termination" policy. John Trudell was the spokesperson and radio operator for the perpetrators of this event, which was organized by Adam Fortunate Eagle. Unthanksgiving Day is a memorial dedicated to this event, whose location was used as the starting point for "The Longest Walk" by AIM.

Kobe Bryant Final Game

This event was foreshadowed by a poem that described rolled up tube socks and noted "I'm ready to let you go." A Jordan Clarkson full-court assist punctuated this event, the subject of an eBay auction of a bag of air that reached $15,000 before it was pulled. This event took place on the same day that Golden State won its 73rd game.

1992 Los Angeles Riots

This event was investigated by Hubert Williams, who assisted in compiling the Webster Report. A photograph taken during this event shows two men with handguns taking cover behind a forklift. During this event, Reginald Denny suffered 91 skull fractures after being pulled out of his truck and beaten. In the prelude to this event, George Holliday filmed a man being attacked by Timothy Wind and Lawrence Powell.

Suez Crisis

This event was planned by Maurice Challe and Albert Gazier, who met with a Prime Minister at Chequers. During this event, Charles Keightley commanded an invasion in Operation Musketeer. The Protocol of (+) S´evres was a response to this crisis, which was caused in part by a withdrawal of funding by John Foster Dulles. The failure of the (*) Franco-British intervention in this crisis led to the resignation of Anthony Eden.

Mandela released from prison

This event was preceded by nine days by the legalization of previously outlawed parties, including the Communist party, by a leader who had recently won a presidential election by beating the "verligte," or "enlightended," candidate, Barend du Plessis.

Invasion of Grenada

This event was prominently supported by Paul Scoon, who was liberated from house arrest during it. After a lengthy air assault, Army Rangers seized Port Salines International Airport during this event. Hudson Austin fell from power and the New Jewel Movement dissolved as a result of this event, which was codenamed "Operation Urgent Fury."

Invasion of Grenada

This event was prominently supported by Paul Scoon, who was liberated from house arrest during it. After a lengthy air assault, Army Rangers seized Port Salines International Airport during this event. Hudson Austin fell from power and the New Jewel Movement dissolved as a result of this event, which was codenamed "Operation Urgent Fury." The execution of Maurice Bishop triggered, for ten points, what 1983 military action ordered by Ronald Reagan against a Caribbean island nation?

Hundred flowers

This event was replicated in North Vietnam when two namesake journals were founded during the Nhan Van Giai Pham affair. This event was announced in the speech "On the Correct Handling of the Contradictions Among People." It led to the (+) Anti-Rightist Movement after the establishment of a "Democratic Wall" and the outpouring of thousands of hostile letters prompted (*) Mao Zedong to prosecute its participants.

Mao

This figure issued the "23 Articles" as a follow-up to his "Former Ten Points," which opposed the emphasis on corruption in two other reports. "Bombard the Headquarters" was the name of a big-character poster written by this figure during a campaign in which his successor died in a plane crash while fleeing to the Soviet Union. Lin Biao was condemned as a traitor by this man's government. For the point, name this instigator of the Cultural Revolution and first Communist leader of China.

Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Battuta

This figure met an illegitimate Byzantine princess named Bayalan while visiting an Uzbek ruler. This figure was employed as a judge by both the ruler of the Maldives and the Sultan of Delhi. This man criticized the women of Mali for not covering themselves and documented his expedition to China in his Travels, which began after his first pilgrimage to Mecca.

Nyerere

This figure served under Sir Richard Turnbull before founding the TANU party, and this member of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party picked Ali Hassan Mwinyi as his successor.

Nyerere

This figure's political philosophy was the model of a similar form in the pacific established by Walter Lini, and this figure was victorious at the Battle of Lukuya.

Mbeki

This former President of South Africa ordered Deputy President Zuma's 2005 dismissal. He himself resigned as President in 2008.

Gaddafi

This former leader was protected by an all- (*)) female bodyguard unit called the Amazonian Guard, and he outlined his political philosophy in The Green Book

Log

This function is applied to initial mass over final mass in an equation published in 1903 by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky for the behavior of rockets. Leibniz introduced the modern notation for this function and related it to the integral of 1 over x. This function was discovered and popularized by John Napier, and Henry Briggs compiled a table of these functions and changed them into base 10.

Logarithm

This function is applied to initial mass over final mass in an equation published in 1903 by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky for the behavior of rockets. Leibniz introduced the modern notation for this function and related it to the integral of 1 over x. This function was discovered and popularized by John Napier, and Henry Briggs compiled a table of these functions and changed them into base 10. For ten points, name this function whose "natural" example uses e as its base, the inverse of the exponential function

Gentiloni

This leader passed the Rosatellum law to reform electoral politics and abolished labor vouchers after pressure from the CGIL union. The 2017 G7 summit was hosted by this leader, who faced pressure from the Northern League and Five Star Movement in a recent election. Sergio Mattarella appointed this man to his highest post in December 2016, but dissolved his Parliament just over a year later.

Tokugawa

This government created a service of inspectors called metsuke to investigate corruption. Prior to the rule of this government, its second ruler disobeyed orders and fought the Sanada clan at Ueda Castle [oo AY da "castle"]. It created a policy of alternate attendance between the central court and the domains of each provincial lord. Until the Convention of Kanagawa, this government limited trade with China and Europe to the port city of Nagasaki via the sakoku law.

Hansa

This group formed the Confederation of Cologne and conducted a bombardment of Copenhagen, forcing Valdemar IV to grant them increased privileges. This group was plagued by the forces of Albert of Mecklenburg and the (+) Victual Brothers, and it suffered a setback when Ivan III shut down their operations in Novgorod. This group was prominent in Bergen and Stralsund, but it was dominated by (*) L¨ubeck in its early stages. A series of kontor trading posts was administered by, for ten points, what Northern European merchants guild formed during the Late Middle Ages?

Stasi

This group orchestrated the murder of the university student Benno Ohnesorg in an attempt to sow chaos in an enemy country. This organization quietly provided technical and financial support to the Red Army Faction, and perfected its own gaslighting technique called zersetzung. Prominent members of this organization included longtime leader Erich Mielke and a man who successfully led the infiltration of Willy Brandt's cabinet, Markus Wolf. For the point, name this official intelligence service of East Germany.

Hanseatic League

This group's law code was named after its founder and required the election of a Rat, a council led by four burgomeisters.

Hanseatic League

This group's members included its founding city of (*) Lubeck as well as Danzig and Hamburg.

Nation of Islam

This group's newspaper was the Final Call, and the Italian Muslim Association issued a fatwa against this group because it fails to advocate prayer five times a day. One member of this group taught his followers about the "Mother Wheel," an alleged UFO found in the book of Ezekiel. Wallace Fard founded this group, which holds that all races were creations of the scientist Yakub.

Independent Self-Governing Labor Union Solidarity

This group's predecessors included the ROPCIO and KOR, and its actions led to the amending of its nation's constitution in the April Novelization. This group chose strategically significant dates, such as the signing of the July Manifesto and its country's 1791 constitution, for its protests and strikes. This organization engaged the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski [voy-check yaru-zel-skee] in the Round Table Talks, securing free elections in 1989. For the point, name this group that was founded at the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk, a Polish trade union once led by Lech Walesa [lek vah-wen-sah].

Mugabe

This head of state ordered the forceful clearing of shantytowns in a policy called Operation Move the Rubbish.

Mugabe

This leader asked judges to resign after they opposed violent raids on farms owned by whites.

Kwame Nkrumah

This leader broke off from the J.B. Danquah-led UGCC to pursue a campaign of civil disobedience he termed "Positive Action."

Nyerere

This leader came up as a tossup answer in the 2008 Minnesota Open, 2009 THUNDER, and in Round 2 of the July Crisis.

Mandela

This leader declared that a democratic and free society was "an ideal for which I am prepared to die" as a defendant in the Rivonia Trial, and received a life sentence that was to be served on Robben Island.

Nyerere

This leader established a youth group called the "Green Guards" and forbade his ministers from owning businesses under the Leadership Code.

Nasser

This leader faced off with Anthony Eden during a crisis begun by his nationalization of a canal

Mugabe

This leader feuded with Joshua Nkomo as the leader of ZANU-PF and was elected Prime Minister after Ian Smith lost power.

Kwame Nkrumah

This leader founded the Convention People's Party.

: Tsai Ing-wen

This leader gained power by beating Eric Chu in a 2016 campaign that capitalized on Think Think and Ah Tsai, her cats. This leader, the first of her country with Hakka ancestry, controversially discussed arms sales with Ted Cruz and received a clock from Cruz's delegation, despite the taboo against giving clocks in Chinese culture. This leader's 2017 visit to America and call to President-elect Donald Trump sparked fears of Chinese retribution.

Kwame Nkrumah

This leader headed the Casablanca Bloc, which sought greater international political integration.

Mandela

This leader hid from the government while disguised as a cook and a farm worker at Liliesleaf Farm.

Kwame Nkrumah

This leader imprisoned his long-time rival J.B. Danquah.

Idi amin

This leader imprisoned the Scottish doctor Bob Astles for his support of this ruler's predecessor.

Idi amin

This leader let filmmaker Barbet Schroeder record his cabinet's daily proceedings for a documentary subtitled "A Self Portrait."

Mugabe

This leader ordered a slum-clearing called "drive out the rubbish" and was preceded in his current office by Canaan Banana.

David Ben-Gurion

This leader ordered the creation of Unit 101, which committed the Qibya massacre as a reprisal attack. In his later career, he became minister of defense after Pinhas Lavon was caught planning false-flag bombing attacks on Egypt. This leader authorized Operation Magic Carpet to relocate thousands of Yemeni and Ethiopian Jews. He merged the Irgun militia into the IDF to fight against the Arab League shortly after his country gained independence in 1948.

Idi amin

This leader ordered the killing of Dora Bloch after his harboring of Palestinian

Jp Morgan

This man amalgamated Thomas Edison's firm into General Electric in 1892, in practice for his largest combination which involved Andrew (*) Carnegie and other magnates

Gentiloni

This leader passed the Rosatellum law to reform electoral politics and abolished labor vouchers after pressure from the CGIL union. The 2017 G7 summit was hosted by this leader, who faced pressure from the Northern League and Five Star Movement in a recent election. Sergio Mattarella appointed this man to his highest post in December 2016, but dissolved his Parliament just over a year later. Matteo Renzi was succeeded by, for ten points, what Prime Minister of Italy who announced his resignation in March 2018?

Gaddafi

This leader proposed the idea of Jamahiriya, or the "state of the masses."

Mandela

This leader received a life sentence that was to be served on Robben Island.

William the Silent

This leader refused to appear before the Council of Blood and backed the Watergeuzen [wuh-tur-goy-zen].

Nasser

This leader secured a purchase of Soviet weaponry in the so-called Czech arms deal.

Mobuto

This leader spent $250 million to construct asteel plant in Maluki that after 1978 never ran at more than 4% capacity, and spent even more on ahydroelectric dam at Inga.

Gaddafi

This leader staged a coup when his predecessor was undergoing medical treatment in Turkey.

Mugabe

This leader succeeded a man who wrote a book called The Gospel According to the Ghetto and who fled the country in 1997 after being accused of sodomy.

Idi amin

This leader supplied his army with alcohol through regular "whiskey runs" from Stansted airport

Gaddafi

This leader used his op-ed ghostwriting team to submit his idea for a joint Israeli-Palestinian state dubbed "Isratin."

Mandela

This leader was described as "not a bust made of marble...a man of flesh and blood" in a speech given by Barack Obama.

Mugabe

This leader was opposed by Archbishop Pius Ncube, who in 2007 called for a British invasion to oust him.

Nasser

This leader was prepared to accept the Rogers Plan to end his "war of attrition."

Mugabe

This leader's claim that he was "fit as two fiddles" was recently tested when he fell down some (*)) stairs after returning home from a trip to Ethiopia.

Kenyatta

This leader's country became a one-party state after he outlawed the KPU, founded by his former vice president Oginga Odinga.

Kenyatta

This leader's critic J. M. Kariuki was found dead after entering a Hilton in the company of this leader's bodyguard.

Kenyatta

This leader's early political activities included arguing against the "White Highlands" policy to the Carter Land Commission and founding a newspaper whose name translates as "the reconciler."

Kenyatta

This leader's economic policy was advised by an economist sent by Tom Mboya's "African Airlift" program to the University of Hawaii, whom he later blacklisted, and was built around community self-help events called "Harambee."

Nyerere

This leader's policies of agricultural collectivization, known as (*) "villagization," turned his country from Africa's largest food exporter to its largest food importer

Pinochet

This leader's policies were based on research paper of Emilio Sanfuentes known as El Ladrillo, or "the brick." This leader used car bombing in Washington D.C. to elim nate the ambassador Orlando Letelier. The (+) Rettig Report investigated the excesses of this man and was compiled by his successor, Patricio Aylwin. This man's DINA secret police spearheaded the Operation (*) Condor campaign to disappear political dissidents, and he liberalized his economy with the help of the Chicago Boys.

Kenyatta

This leader's wife, Mama Ngina, amassed great wealth during his time in power, and was thought to be involved in ivory smuggling.

Kwame Nkrumah

This leader, who denounced corruption in his government in the "Dawn Broadcast," was the main inspiration for the protagonist of a Peter Abrahams novel published a year before he took power, A Wreath for Udomo.

Death Valley

This location is home to the Timbisha Shoshone tribe, who use this location's clay to make a red ochre ["oak-er"] paint. Accumulated salts in this location's Badwater Basin have made its water undrinkable. In July 1913, this location's Furnace Creek reached 134 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest temperature ever recorded in the Western hemisphere. For ten points, name this location in the Mojave Desert of California, the lowest point in the US.

Ptolemy

This man added a "crank mechanism" to Hipparchus' notions of (*) deferent and epicycle.

Lawrence of Arabia

This man adopted the name John Hume Ross so that he could join the RAF without fanfare. The Battle of Maysaloun undid the provisional government of the Emir Faisal, which had been set up by this man. He was captured at (+) Daraa while under the command of Edmund Allenby. This man worked with Auda ibu Tayi in seizing Aqaba shortly after being sent to reconnoiter the (*) Hejaz. In 1918, this man captured Damascus from the Ottoman Empire, an event recounted in his autobiographical Seven Pillars of Wisdom.

Augustus

This man agreed to limit his own power in the Second Settlement shortly after he was accused of meddling in a trial involving Marcus Primus. The religious altar Ara Pacis was commissioned by this man to serve as a monument to the period of peace he ruled over, the Pax Romana. This man came to power after his admiral Marcus Agrippa was victorious at the Battle of Actium, ending a struggle with Marc Antony. For the point, name this adopted son of Caesar who was crowned Rome's first emperor.

Cyrus the great

This man allegedly used the foul smell of his camels to scare off enemy horses at the Battle of Thymbra. This king of Anshan consolidated power by defeating Nabonidus, which was recorded on a namesake cylinder that highlighted this man's rule. This ruler's achievements include ending the Babylonian Captivity, allowing Jews to return to their homelands, and creating a new capital at Pasargadae [pass-AR-guh-dye]. For the point, name this founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in Persia.

Idi amin

This man appointed the British "White Rat," Bob Astles, as head of his anti-corruption unit. He renamed the presidential home "the command post" and instituted the State Research Bureau secret police. This man was overthrown after attempting to seize the region of Kagera from Tanzania. Earlier, this successor of Milton Obote and suspected cannibal expelled all Asians from his country.

Engles

This man argued that Robinson Crusoe's enslavement of Friday used force as a means to the end of economic advantage in his work Anti-Durhing. A book by this man was translated into English by Florence Kelley in 1885 and discusses the exploitative practices of the (+) textile industry in Manchester. This man provided support, but far less than half the writing, for a text that begins "A (*) spectre is haunting Europe."

Mobuto

This man created the Division Speciale Presidentielle composed largely ofmembers of his own Ngbendi tribe.

Pierre Trudeau

This man created the National Energy Program in response to the oil shocks of the 1970s. One of his attempts at constitutional reform, the Victoria Charter, was defeated by Robert Bourassa. This man suppressed a terrorist group by invoking the War Powers Act during the October Crisis. This Prime Minister passed the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and promoted equality between French and English.

Mugabe

This man currently shares leadership of his country with fellow party member and Vice President Joice Mujuru and opposition party Movement for Democratic Change Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai.

Mobuto

This man dealt with a troublesome guerrilla force in Kwilu by inviting its leader, Pierre Mulele, to a formal negotiation and then pulling off various parts of Mulele over the course of a day.

Mandela

This man declared "I am the First Accused," while defending his actions as a member of Umkhonto we Sizwe in the "I Am Prepared to Die" speech.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man declared "[f]reedom is not something that one people can bestow on another as a gift. They claim it as their own and none can keep it from them" in his "Motion of Destiny" speech.

Lloyd George

This man declared that "we should not emulate [Germany] only in armaments" in support of the National Insurance Act. This man advocated for war to protect national honor in his Mansion House Speech, given in response to the (+) Agadir Crisis. He heavily increased a land tax to fund welfare programs in his "People's Budget," and this leader's foreign minister advocated for the "establishment...of a national home of the (*) Jewish people" in the Balfour Declaration.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man defeated Joseph B. Danquah to attain his highest post.

Marcus Garvey

This man denounced "one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind" in his speech on the "Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots." This man founded a company that purchased the SS Yarmouth; another of his ships, the SS Shadyside went on the "cruise to nowhere." J. Edgar Hoover sought the deportation of this man, who co-founded a newspaper with Amy Ashwood named the Negro World, which advocated for his group, the UNIA.

Timur

This man designated Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir as his successor before allegedly dying of a fever brought on by drinking too much ice water. The Knights Hospitalier were massacrced in (+) Smyrna on the orders of this man, who consolidated power at the Battle of the Terek River. This man used flaming camels to scare elephants during the siege of (*) Delhi, and he defeated Bayezid the Thunderbolt at Ankara. This enemy of Toktamysh and the Golden Horde died while attempting to attack the Ming Dynasty.

Zheng He

This man did not personally go on a voyage he organized that installed Mana Vikraman as king of Calicut. This man's political interventions included capturing the usurper (+) Sekandar of Semudera and capturing King Alagonakkara of Kotte. On his first voyage, this man captured the pirate Chen Zuyi. On his fifth voyage, this man explored the (*) Arabian coast from Hormuz to Aden before sailing as far south as Mombasa and bringing a giraffe to the Yongle Emperor. .

Euler

This man died after having a brain hemorrhage during a conversation with the astronomer Anders Johan Lexell [AHN-durrs YOH-hahn LEX-ell] about the recent discovery of Uranus

Fidel Castro

This man discussed the two halves of Barack Obama's private and public goals in his book Obama and The Empire. This leader published the newspaper The Accuser while leading a group simply called The Movement, after which he planned an attack on the Moncada Barracks. This leader deposed Fulgencio Batista in a revolution, during which he worked alongside his brother Raul.

Talleyrand

This man dispatched dragoons to kidnap the Duc d'Enghien ["duke" den-gh'yen]. This man, who was prohibited from joining the army due to a foot injury in his youth, was removed from one of his posts after embracing the notorious Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This one-time Bishop of Autun demanded bribes of American diplomats in 1797. For ten points, name this French diplomat who represented France during the Congress of Vienna and instigated the XYZ Affair.

Harry Lee

This man earned respect and a nickname for leading the 1st Continental Light Dragoons, which ambushed John Pyle's Loyalist militia at the Battle of Haw River. This man's legion was forced to retreat to Nathanael Greene's main force at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse after a clash with Banastre Tarleton. George Washington appointed this man to put down the Whiskey Rebellion. For the point, name this Revolutionary War soldier, nicknamed "Light-Horse Harry," who was the father of a Confederate general.

Mandela

This man earned the nickname the "Black Pimpernel" for his ability to evade capture by the government.

Ibn Saud

This man ended revolt of the Mutayr and Ajman tribes after victory at the Battle of Sabilla. This man negotiated with Captain William Shakespear and was finally recognized after signing the Treaty of Darin with the British. This man allowed Standard (+) Oil to utilize his country's petroleum, which had been discovered in Damman in 1938. This man's ascension began after defeating the rival Rashid family in the reconquest of (*) Riyadh. Six of this man's 45 sons eventually ruled, including Faisal, Khalid, and the current king Salman.

Kenyatta

This man vocally criticized the parceling of land in the Kakamega Reserve to gold miners.

San martin

This man executed a plan developed by Thomas Maitland that he discovered at a Masonic Lodge. After returning from the Peninsular War, this soldier was wounded at the Battle of San Lorenzo; he later replaced Manuel Belgrano as commander of the Army of the North. With Bernardo O'Higgins, this leader guided his army in the Crossing of the Andes to victory at the Battle of Chacabuco.

Shi Huangdi

This man executed an entire local populace after nobody confessed to writing a message on a fallen meteor predicting his death. This man standardized his country by introducing the Ban Liang coin and the small seal script. Sima Qian [chee-ahn] accused this man of burying Confucian scholars alive, but he probably only murdered priests and shamans who misled him about immortality. Li Si was employed by, for the point, what proponent of Legalism, the first Emperor of China?

Mandela

This man famously presented a trophy to athlete Francois Pienaar and was succeeded by Thabo Mbeki.

J.P. Morgan

This man founded the Metropolitan Club after John King was blackballed from the Union Club. This man purchased $30 million worth of New York City bonds to save the city from bankruptcy shortly after he locked bankers in his personal library until they agreed to save the Trust Company of America. This stress of being investigated by the Pujo Committee may have contributed to this man's death. The world's first billion dollar company was created when this man merged Carnegie Steel with several smaller holdings.

Idi amin

This man founded the State Research Bureau to persecute the Acholi and Langi ethnic groups.

Nyerere

This man gave a speech at the University of Cairo defending Egypt's role in the OAU

Basil II

This man gave his sister Anna in marriage to Vladimir I in exchange for the Chersonesos military base in the Crimea. This man was ambushed at the Gates of Trajan after successfully relieving Sofia from siege. After his greatest success, this man allegedly blinded 99 out of every 100 prisoners he took, a sight that made rival king Samuel die of shock.

Mobuto

This man had Evariste Kimba publicly hanged after a show trial.

Jp Morgan

This man had no choice but to prop up his competitor, the Tennessee Coal and Iron company, in order to prevent the failure of the Moore and Schley broker house.

Mandela

This man halted a series of negotiations after supporters of a rival party committed the Boipatong Massacre.

Patton

This man helped design the M1913 Cavalry Saber which often bears his name

Nasser

This man imprisoned Sayyid Qutb and othermembers of the (*)) Muslim Brotherhood, and incorporated Syria into his United Arab Republic.

Nyerere

This man instigated the coup that that replaced James Mancham with France-Albert René as the president of an island nation.

Shaka Zulu

This man instructed his warriors to sing an enemy victory chant to lure out his opponent's defenses in the final defeat of his rival, Zwide [zwee day]. This leader instructed his troops to envelop enemies while attacking in a "buffalo horns" formation and introduced the tactic of offensive shield hooking while using a shorter, stabbing spear called the iklwa. Dingane [din gah nay] helped assassinate this chieftain in 1828.

Sigmond Freud

This man investigated views of incest among the Aborigines in the first section of his book Totem and Taboo.

Pope Gregory I

This man is credited with sending the papal mission that evangelized the pagan Anglo-Saxons of post-Roman Britain.

Rockefeller

This man launched a price war against Thomas Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Shortly after ending a partnership with Andrews and Flagler to form his own company, this man absorbed 22 competitors in the "Cleveland Massacre." This man's questionable practices were exposed in McClure's by muckraker Ida Tarbell. The Sherman Antitrust Act eventually broke up his company into branches like Shell and Chevron. For the point, name this American tycoon, the founder of Standard Oil.

Ptolemy

This man names a theorem presented in Book XIII ["eight"] of Euclid's Elements that relates the products of diagonal lengths for a cyclic quadrilateral to products of side lengths.

Ford

This man narrowly lost a senate seat to Truman Handy, who was later investigated for spending irregularities. Harry Bennett was hired by this man to head his Service Department, which actually functioned as internal security. While working for this man, Charles E. Sorensen massively improved productivity at this man's Piquette Avenue plant, and Albert Kahn designed the River Rouge complex for him. This man pioneered the 40 hour work week, which he paired with his $5 per day wage.

Mobuto

This man nationalized the UMHK mining company into Gecamines, for which he built the Citibank-financed Inga dams.

Trotsky

This man negotiated a prison exchange that resulted in the return from England of a man who eventually succeeded him, Georgy Chicherin. Before heading to France, this man lived on a Turkish island for four years under the surveillance of Ataturk's police. The Revolution Betrayed was written by this man. Ram´on Mercader was a Spanish NKVD agent who delivered a fatal blow to this man with an ice-axe during an assassination attempt in Mexico.

Trotsky

This man negotiated a prison exchange that resulted in the return from England of a man who eventually succeeded him, Georgy Chicherin. Before heading to France, this man lived on a Turkish island for four years under the surveillance of Ataturk's police. The Revolution Betrayed was written by this man. Ram´on Mercader was a Spanish NKVD agent who delivered a fatal blow to this man with an ice-axe during an assassination attempt in Mexico. For ten points, name this leftist Russian revolutionary who created the Red Army.

Nasser

This man was a primary force behind the downfall of the Wafd party, and he was an instructor at the Abbassia academy

Idi amin

This man was accused of ordering the murder of the elderly Dora Bloch in reprisal for a military action that occurred in his country.

William Henry Harrision

This man once asked Daniel Webster to read a note that stated John Chambers, not James Wilson, would be governor of Iowa. Following one speech, in which the editor noted that he had "killed seventeen Roman proconsuls," this man went to a (+) ball at Carusi's Saloon. As the Democratic Party cast this person as a man who would "sit in his log cabin drinking hard cider," this man attacked his opponent as (*) "Van Ruin." The longest Presidential inaugural address in history was delivered by, for ten points, what President who was succeeded by John Tyler after he died one month into his term?

Benjamin Franklin

This man once threw his alcoholic friend John Collins into a river when he refused to row a boat. This man founded an intellectual group known as either the Leather Apron Society or the Junto [jun-toh]. In Boston, this man used the pseudonym Silence Dogood to send letters to The New-England Courant; after he moved to Philadelphia, he switched newspapers to work on The Pennsylvania Gazette. For ten points, name this founding father who wrote and published Poor Richard's Almanack

Mandela

This man passed the Land Restitution Act, which reversed the 1913 Natives Land Act.

Kenyatta

This man played a key role in the drafting of a constitution at the First and Second Lancaster Conferences

Kenyatta

This man politically opposed his son Peter Muigai during a time period including Operation Anvil.

Mobuto

This man promised amnesty to and then publically dismembered Pierre Mulele, who fought in the Simba Rebellion against this predecessor of Laurent Kabila.

Nyerere

This man promoted ujamaa in the Arusha Declaration of 1967 and remained chair of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi after he was succeeded by Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Benjamin Mkapa.

Tecumseh

This man rebuked Henry Proctor, saying "I conquer to save, you [conquer] to kill" after their joint army perpetrated a massacre of prisoners at Fort Meigs. The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by locals as a sign to join this man, whose death at the Battle of the Thames led to the dissolution of his tribal confederacy and its alliance with Great Britain. For ten points, name this chief of the Shawnee who fought the United States before and during the War of 1812 but was absent from the disastrous Battle of Tippecanoe.

Red Baron (Manfred von Richthofen)

This man refused a promotion to a desk job by saying "every poor fellow in the trenches must do his duty." Donald Cunnel is credited with inflicting a serious head wound on this man, who attempted to kill Wilfred May but was stopped by Arthur Brown. Propaganda about this man stated the British would automatically award a Victoria Cross to anyone that could kill him. The Flying Circus was led by, for ten points, what World War I German aviator commonly known by a colorful noble title?

Saladin

This man sacked the castle of Jacob's Ford after a bribe of 100,000 gold pieces to stop the castle's construction was turned down. Though this man was defeated at the Battle of Montgisard, he later formed a truce with Baldwin IV. One campaign against this man was called after his victory at Hattin, though he ended that conflict by granting Christians safe pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Tojo

This man said "I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die" after attempting suicide during his arrest. The Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association was created by this man, who suggested not executing the pilots of the Doolittle Raid in fear of American retaliation. After being arrested, this man was given a new pair of dentures which had the phrase "remember Pearl Harbor" written in Morse Code. For ten points, name this politician who served as Japan's Prime Minister from 1941 to 1944.

Alexander Stephens

This man said it is not his place to question God for making one star "differ from another star in glory." This man told the Georgia legislature that, if they are true to their cause, they cannot be conquered by the Northern people in a speech that criticized Jefferson Davis' government. John Campbell, Robert Hunter, and this man led a delegation at the Hampton Roads Conference.

Maximillian I

This man sent the SMS Novara on a scientific expedition that later led to a circumnavigation of the globe; that ship would later transport his body home. In a futile attempt to crush resistance against him, this ruler threatened to immediately execute without trial anyone found in a group bearing arms in the (+) Black Decree. A series of paintings by Edouard Manet [mah-nay] depict this ruler's execution by firing squad, which occurred after his defeat and capture at (*) Queretaro. This puppet ruler of Napol´eon III was installed on the throne after French forces conquered the country he ruled.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man served as General Secretary of the UGCC, an organization set up by his compatriot J. B. Danquah; he'd later pursue "positive action" with the (*)) Convention People's Party.

Eisenhower

This man signed the interstate highway act and ended the Korean War

Mobuto

This man sponsored a fight between Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali and changed his name from Joseph to a Swahili phrase meaning "the invincible warrior who goes from conquest to conquest leaving fire in his wake".

Alfred the Great

This man successfully negotiated his opponents' evacuation of Chippenham in the Treaty of Wedmore [WEDD-more].

Mandela

This man sued lawyer Ismail Ayob to prevent him from selling prints signed by this leader.

Bayezid I

This man supposedly turned down offers of mercy from Mircea before his army was destroyed at Rovine by the Wallachians. The Crusade of Nicopolis was called against this man after he initiated the first siege of (+) Constantinople in 1394. This man allegedly killed himself by smashing his head against a metal cage after he was captured. He took power when Milos Obilic assassinated Murad I at (*) Kosovo Field, though he was later defeated at the Battle of Ankara by Tamerlane.

Nyerere

This man translated both Julius Caesar and The Merchant of Venice into his native language, which were later used as part of a nationwide program to force colleges to adopt that language by the year 2000.

Kwame Nkrumah

This man united trade unions, women's groups, and cocoa farmers into the (*) Convention People's Party.

Hancock

This man was acquitted by Jonathan Sewall in a case in which his crewmen physically resisted the attempts of an inspector to search the Lydia. This man, who allegedly used claims of gout to avoid dealing with political issues, left his successor, James Bowdoin, to deal with Shays' Rebellion after leaving office as the first Governor of Massachusetts. This man, but none of his colleagues, had his name printed at the bottom of the Dunlap Broadside.

Ferdinand Marcos

This man was advised in his waning years by a group known as the Rolex 12, and he previously suppressed a wave of student protests called the First Quarter Storm. This leader, who attempted to create a "New Society" in the model of Suharto, ordered the assassination of a political rival in an airport in 1983; that rival's wife, Corazon, succeeded this man after he was toppled in the 1986 People Power Revolution.

Rasputin

This man was allegedly murdered by Mansfield Cumming's British agents. This man's lifestyle was the subject of the "staircase notes," and controversy arose over his membership in the hedonistic (+) Khlysty sect. He survived a stabbing from Khionia Guseva, an agent of the priest Iliodor. After this enemy of Felix Yusupov grew in power thanks to his ability to stop the (*) bleeding of the hemophiliac Alexei, this man was poisoned, shot four times, clubbed, and drowned in the Neva River.

Bill Clinton

This man was attacked for his involvement in the "travelgate" and "Whitewater" scandals

Kwame Nkrumah

This man was brought back to his country by George Alfred Grant and later founded an "Ideological Institute"at which college students were orientated to his ideologies.

Mandela

This man was censured by his party for a militant speech in Sophiatown.

John Hinckley Jr

This man was deemed not guilty by reason of insanity for shooting Ronald Reagan in 1984

Gustavus Adolphus

This man was granted foreign aid from France through the Treaty of Barwalde. This man invaded Livonia in his early career to fend off a challenge from his Polish cousin Sigismund III, and his country was administered by Axel Oxenstierna after this man was slain leading a cavalry charge at L¨utzen. This man had earlier secured a decisive victory against the Holy Roman Empire at Breitenfeld.

Gaddafi

This man was injured when his guard misthrew a grenade, hitting a wall and falling in front of him. That action came after this man and his son, Mutassim, crawled threw a drainage pipe to escape an attacked convoy. This man's body was showcased in a freezer in Misrata, and a cell phone video depicts people stabbing a bayonet into his rear end. This man's murder was lamented by Mahmoud Jibril, who wished to see him tried for crimes against humanity.

gorbachev

This man was nicknamed the "mineral water drinking" secretary after taxing and restricting the sale of alcohol. This man, who suppressed rebels in Baku during Black January, began a policy of allowing satellite states to manage their internal affairs that earned the nickname "Sinatra Doctrine." After serving as this man's Vice President, Gennady Yanayev led a Gang of Eight coup against him that failed after Boris Yeltsin stood on a tank. The policies of glasnost and perestroika were created by, for the point, what last General Secretary of the Soviet Union?

Nyerere

This man was opposed by his advisor Oscar Kambona on some of his policies, and he formed Chama Cha Mapinduzi, also known as the Party of the Revolution, which he continued to lead for five years after stepping down as president.

Vicente Fox

This man was opposed by the Community Front in Defense of Land after he announced plans to build an airport in San Salvador Atenco. This man's Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Jorge Castaneda, reversed his country's policy of not commenting on the legitimacy of other governments, the (+) Estrada Doctrine. This non-American announced a mock bid for the 2020 US presidency as part of a series of comedic attacks on Donald Trump.

Muhammad Morsi

This man was sentenced to death for his role in a prison break at Wadi el Natroun. He rose to his highest position when he beat Ahmed Shafik in an election. The National Salvation Front opposed this man, who (+) awarded himself unlimited constitutional powers and was then replaced by the military with the transitional leader Adly Mansour. This leader of the (*) Freedom and Justice Party was deposed in a 2013 coup by the current president Abdul al-Sisi.

Sam Adams

This man was succeeded by Increase Sumner in one position, and this author of the Circular Letter often met at the Old South Meeting House.

Benjamin Harrison

This man was supported by William Wade Dudley, who controversially suggested bribing voters in "blocks of five." The Dependent and Disability Pension act was championed by this Ohio Congressman, who later signed it into law. Near the end of his administration, this man's plan to annex Hawaii was blocked by the Senate. The Billion Dollar Congress supported this President and passed the harsh McKinley tariff. For the point, name this president who both succeeded and preceded Grover Cleveland.

Tasman

This man was suspended without salary for 11 months after a drunken incident in which he nearly hung two sailors who had left their quarters. This man was sent on his most famous voyage with the intent of finding "all the totally unknown provinces of Beach." On one voyage, this man stayed for four weeks in Mauritius until the Roaring Forties allowed him to swiftly sail eastward. He was assisted by a Frans Visscher on a 1642 voyage during which he discovered an island that he named Van Diemen's Land.

Alexander the great

This man was victorious at the Battle of Gaugamela [gog-ah-meh-luh] against Darius III, and founded a city (*) named after himself in Egypt

Dallas

This man won a mayoral race on the ticket of the Family Party, which began his lifelong feud with the leader of the rival Amalgamators, James Buchanan. This man cast a tie breaking vote to pass the Walker Tariff, effectively destroying his reputation in his home state of Pennsylvania, though he was popular as vice president for supporting the annexation of Texas. For ten points, name this politician who was James Polk's running mate and who probably is not the namesake of a Texas city founded in the 1840s.

George McGovern

This man worked to distribute Amer can surplus internationally as the first director of "Food for Peace." This man worked with Donald Fraser to establish commission increasing the number of caucuses and primaries. Along with Mark (+) Hatfield, this man attempted to propose legislation ending the Vietnam War. After running mate Thomas Eagleton was discovered to have undergone (*) electric shock therapy, this presidential candidate carried only Massachusetts.

George Washington

This man wrote that the U.S. "gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance" in a letter to the Touro Synagogue in Newport. Lewis Nicola sent this man a letter advocating the styling of a monarchy; that Newburgh Letter was written a year before this man dissolved the mostly unrelated Newburgh Conspiracy. A letter claiming that this man was a "weak general" was sent to Horatio Gates by Thomas Conway, who led a "cabal" calling for this man to be replaced.

Park Chung-hee

This man's 1979 summit with Jimmy Carter ended with Carter unsuccessfully proselytizing to this man. This man briefly became a communist after his older brother died during the Autumn Uprising of 1946. After seizing power in the May 16 coup, this man's administration passed the Yushin constitution and instituted the New Village Movement to modernize the rural economy. This man survived an attempt on his life in the 1968 Blue House Raid, and was later assassinated by Kim Jae-gyu, his intelligence chief, in 1979.

Babbage

This man's On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures describes his namesake principle that labor should be divided such that the skill of a worker corresponds to the difficulty of the task. This man, who broke Vigen`ere's [veezh-nair's] autokey cipher during the (+) Crimean War, designed a machine based on Newton's method of divided differences to approximate trigonometric and logarithmic functions, known as his (*) "Difference engine."

Mobuto

This man's Popular Movement of the Revolution party established its slogan, "Neither left nor right," in the Manifesto of N'Sele.

Mobuto

This man's anti-European program of Authenticité resulted in his characteristic tunic, the abacost.

Mobuto

This man's central banker Erwin Blumenthal drafted a list of over 50 people and businesses in thecountry who should be banned from the import/export trade.

Gaddafi

This man's diplomats shot constable Yvonne Fletcher just outside his country's embassy in London, resulting in a break in relations between his government and the U.K.

Goebbels

This man's election to the Reichstag conveniently made him immune to Bernhard Weiss' [vice's] charges of libel for what this man printed in his newspaper Der Angriff, or The Attack. This man gave a speech at the Sportpalast arena in which the phrase "and storm break loose" was used to prepare citizens for total war. This man, who attempted to keep morale high by promising new "Wunderwaffen," gave his six children cyanide pills and committed suicide with his wife in the Fuhrerbunker.

Mobuto

This man's image descended from the clouds at the beginning of every national television broadcast in his country. Pierre Mulele was promised amnesty by this man, but this man castrated and executed Mulele for his role in the (+) Simba Rebellion. This man paid $5 million to organize George Foreman and Muhammad Ali's "Rumble in the Jungle." This man overthrew his predecessor Joseph (*) Kasavubu in 1965, after which he renamed his country Zaire.

Chandragupta Maurya

This man's most famous advisor broke off his teeth to assure his mother that power would not change him. Though this man may have assassinated the satraps Nicanor and Philip, he received the Greek ambassador Megasthenes and influenced the Battle of Ipsus by giving 300 war elephants to Seleucus. This man allegedly met his end by fasting to death in a Jain ceremony. The Arthashastra was written by Kautilya an advisor to this man.

Idi amin

This man's predecessor released the Common Man's Charter, which spoke of a shift to the political left.

Gaddafi

This man's son paid $2 million for Beyonce to sing at his New Year's Eve party on St. Bart's.

Eisenhower

This man's staff secretary was Andrew Goodpaster.

Pat Robertson

This man's supporters were described as "looking like the bar scene outta Star Wars" in an election in which he surprisingly won the Washington primary and finished behind Bob Dole, but ahead of eventual winner (+) George H.W. Bush in the Iowa Caucus.

Kemal Ataturk

This man's troops killed tens of thousands of Greeks by burning down Smyrna while attempting to restore lost territories during the Chanak Crisis. This man's government rejected the Treaty of Sevres in favor of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. He promoted the Six Arrows ideology, which created a new modern alphabet based on Latin and banned the wearing of the fez in an attempt to westernise his newly formed republic.

Sirhan Sirhan

This man, partially motivated by anti-Israeli sentiment, murdered Robert Kennedy in 1968.

Alfred the Great

This man, who translated the first English versions of Pastoral Care and The (+) Consolation of Philosophy, was the subject of a biography by Asser [ASS-urr].

Kenyatta

This member of the Kapenguria Six preceded Daniel Arap Moi and created the policy of Harambee

Mark Antony

This member of the Second Triumvirate had his forces defeated at the Battle of Actium [ACT-ee-um] during a Civil War against Octavian [ock-TAY-vee-uhn].

Diego Maradona

This midfield striker scored the "Hand of God" and "Goal of the Century," and was ejected from the 1994 World Cup for failing a doping test. In 2005, he protested George W. Bush by wearing a shirt replacing the "s" in Bush's name with a swastika.

Switzerland

This modern day country obtained de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire after the Swabian War. France obtained Burgundy shortly after Charles the Bold died fighting a force primarily from this country at the Battle of Nancy. German Landsknechts imitated pike and halberd-wielding mercenaries from this country, whose neutrality was affirmed during the Thirty Years War. For ten points, name this Alpine country with capital at Bern that remained neutral in both world wars.

Venezuala

This modern day country was briefly mortgaged in the 16th century to a German banking family whose sons wanted to search for the Fountain of Youth. This country's city of Coro is one of the oldest European cities founded in the Americas. This country, which was named for (+) stilted houses in lagoons that reminded Spanish colonists of a European city, is officially a "Bolivarian Republic" to commemorate (*) Simon Bolivar, who was born here. For ten points, name this country where Spanish colonists founded cities like Maracaibo and Caracas.

Bangladesh

This modern-day country's intelligentsia were purged in Operation Searchlight. One politician from this country called for "every house to turn into a fortress" after an electoral victory by the Awami League. This country's independence was guaranteed as part of the Simla Agreement. In 2013, the deadliest collapse due to structural failure occurred in this country after the collapse of the Rana Plaza.

Pikes Peak

This mountain was first scaled by botanist Edwin James. Nikola Tesla built his first functional coil while working on this mountain. The namesake of this mountain was killed while commanding troops at the Battle of York and had previously led a Westward expedition until his capture in Santa Fe. The "Fifty-Niners" were a group of gold miners whose slogan was "[this mountain] or bust." Katharine Bates wrote the song "America the Beautiful" after being inspired by the view from the summit of, for the point, what peak of the Colorado Rockies, named in honor of a 19th-century explorer named Zebulon?

NSA

This organization's "Equation Group" was targeted in 2016 by The Shadow Brokers. The "EternalBlue" exploit was created by this organization and used to launch the WannaCry ransomware attack. In 2015, this organization was sued by the Wikimedia Foundation, who stated its Upstream collection violated the 1st and 4th Amendments. A subcontractor for this organization leaked information to Glenn Greenwald in 2013. For ten points, name this American intelligence agency whose secrets were leaked by Edward Snowden.

Hell

This place is commonly depicted as a "mouth" in manuscript paintings, which often feature depictions of its [+] "harrowing."

Hell

This place is depicted in the right-hand panel of Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights and is usually on the right in paintings of the Last Judgement

Kulturkampf

This policy prompted an assassination attempt by Edward Kullman

Kulturkampf

This policy was accused of being instigated by Freemasons in the Etsi multa [ET-see MOOL-tuh] encyclical of Pope Pius IX ["the ninth"], and it led to the creation of the Centre party.

Prohibition

This policy was largely ignored by Congress as senators flocked to buy from "the man in the green-hat," George Cassiday. Neal Dow became one of the first mayors to implement this policy under the Maine Law. Contraband violating this policy was destroyed by a hatchet-wielding Carrie Nation from the WCTU. This policy became law when the Volstead Act was enacted to carry out the Eighteenth Amendment. For ten points, name this 1920s policy that banned liquor throughout the US.

RFK

This politician advocated for an end to apartheid in the "Day of Affirmation" Speech, and he wrote about his experiences serving as chief counsel for the McClellan Committee and feuding with Teamsters boss Jimmy Hoffa in his book The Enemy Within. Shortly after a meeting with Cesar Chavez, this man announced his campaign to run for President, but after winning the 1968 California primary, he was assassinated.

Wallace

This politician declared that "if any demonstrator ever lays down in front of my car, it'll be the last car he'll ever lay down in front of" and described "work" and "soap" as the only four letter words that hippies didn't know. This man became paralyzed from the waist down after he was shot by Arthur Bremer, which effectively ended his bid against George McGovern in the 1972 Democratic primary. In 1963, this man declared his support for segregation "now," "tomorrow," and "forever." For the point, name this Alabama governor who carried out the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door."

Paul ryan

This politician lamented "generations of men not even thinking about working or learning to value the culture of work" in an interview about his paper advocating welfare cuts, The War on Poverty: 50 Years Later. This man authored the "Roadmap for America's Future," which became the GOP's "Path to Prosperity" budget. This man, who announced his retirement shortly after facing a challenge from Paul Nehlen, ascended to his highest office after the retirement of John Boehner.

Huey long

This politician made headlines when he received a black eye after relieving himself on the leg of a partygoer at the Sands Point Bath Club in Long Island. This man's campaigning helped Hattie Wyatt Caraway win a reelection bid as a senator from Arkansas. This man called for radical caps on individual net worth and income in the Share Our Wealth program, but his presidential ambitions ended when he was assassinated by Carl Weiss in 1935. For the point, name this Louisiana politician nicknamed "The Kingfish."

Barry goldwater

This politician names an informal rule that psychiatrists will not speak about politicians' mental health without analyzing them in person. This politician, who jokingly advocated lobbing a nuclear weapon "into the men's room at the Kremlin," published The Conscience of a Conservative in 1960, four years before his slogan "in your heart, you know he's right" was mocked by his opponent's slogan "in your guts, you know he's nuts." For the point, name this Arizona senator who lost the 1964 Presidential election to Lyndon Johnson.

Disreali

This politician ordered the expensive Napier expedition, which rescued hostages from Ethiopia's Tewodros II. This man's envoy, Louis Cavagnari, was killed during the second (+) Anglo-Afghan War. This man's support of the Ottoman Empire despite the Bulgarian Horrors was denounced in his opponent's (*) Midlothian Campaign. This man, who annexed the Zulu Kingdom, crowned Queen Victoria Empress of India.

Huey Long

This politician secretly profited as a co-founder of the Win or Lose oil company, and largely was able to control the governor of his state, Oscar K. Allen. Dentist Carl Weiss murdered this man, who proposed a net wealth tax to fund redistribution of resources in a plan whose vision was "every man a king."

Disraeli

This politician successfully ordered Sir John Napier to rescue Protestant hostages taken by Tewodros II of Ethiopia. Under his tenure, this man's country suffered a severe defeat in the Battle of Isandlwana by Zulu warriors. This man represented his country with Lord Salisbury at the Congress of Berlin, and he won acclaim for purchasing majority shares in the Suez Canal for his nation. Queen Victoria was a fervent supporter of, for the point, what British prime minister, a rival of William Gladstone?

Kenyatta

This politician was accused of nepotism after appointing many officials from his native Kiambu district, and he was suspected of ordering the Kiambu mafia to gun down Pio Gama Pinto and Tom Mboya

Rankin

This politician's brother Wellington became the attorney general of their home state. "Registration teas" were held during a grassroots campaign for this politician, who derided the other candidates as "seven mediocre men." In 1917, this politician noted "I want to stand by my country" before making a legislative decision that was criticized as "a fit of female hysteria," despite 55 other men also voting against entering World War I.

Mugabe

This politician's wife was accused of beating a model in a Johannesburg hotel.

Obama

This president signed the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which expanded the 1969 federal hate-crimes law and required the FBI to track statistics on hate crimes on the basis of gender. Other major statutes passed under this president include the Ledbetter Fair Pay Act and a repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. This president issued the DACA and DAPA executive orders on immigration and enacted the Dodd-Frank Act. For ten points, name this president, after whom the Affordable Care Act was nicknamed.

Great Leap Forward

This program's effects were first tested at an artificial community in Chayashan, where all wages were replaced by "work points." Sparrows were systematically killed in this program, as the government sought to eliminate the "Four Pests." 30 million people may have perished in the world's deadliest famine as a result of this program, which encouraged farmers to establish backyard steel furnaces. For ten points, name this 1958 initiative in which Mao Zedong attempted to industrialize China

the renovation of Paris under Napoleon III

This project ironically contributed to a concentration of working class socialist supporters in Belleville, an effect of skyrocketing rent. As part of this project, large glass and steel pavilions were designed by Victor (+) Baltard and placed at Les Halles [lay hall]. A map produced for this project featured three dark, straight lines and was presented to a former Prefect of Bordeaux; the maker of that map was partially inspired by (*) Hyde Park in London to complete this project. The Prefect of the Seine oversaw, for ten points, what mid-19th century project that obliterated much of the ˆIle-de-Cit´e [eel de lah see-tay], widened streets, and modernized Napoleon III's capital?

Enigma

This project was originally named BONIFACE to give the illusion that a well-placed spy was responsible for the project.

Basque

This region's independence was sought by the outlawed Batasuna [bah-tah-soo-nah] party

Juarez

This rival of Felix Zuloaga was arrested as part of the Plan of Tacubaya. Shortly after a key victory, the French forced this man to move his capital to San Luis Potosi. Earlier, this man was exiled from (+) Oaxaca [wah-HAH-kah] to New Orleans for his opposition to Santa Anna's insistance on continuing to fight the Americans. Ignacio Zaragoza served this leader at the Battle of (*) Puebla, after which he was able to restore the republic.

Pope Gregory I

This son of Saint Sylvia was described by John Calvin as the last good pope.

Secret Speach

This speech notes that Tito did not fall at the shaking of a finger because it had the support of a state behind him. This oration prompted Enver Hoxha [ho-cha] to condemn the speaker as a revisionist, and audience members at this oration allegedly fell ill and had to be carried out of the room. This oration was read at many meetings of the Konsomol, rendering its nickname somewhat misleading.

California

This state was home to outlaws like Red-Handed Dick and Joaquin Murietta [wah-KEEN moor-ee-AY-tuh].

Alfred the Great

This victor at Edington established the limits of the (*) Danelaw [DANE-law] by defeating Guthrum [GOOTH-rumm].

Aung San Suu Kyi

This woman's father convened the Panglong Conference to assess the status of his country's minorities. Because this woman is the mother of British citizens, she is barred from assuming her elected office. This de facto leader, the head of the National League for Democracy, was not able to accept her Nobel Peace Prize because her country's military regime had barred her from returning if she left the country. This leader has been criticized for her indifference to the plight of the Rohingya. For the point, name this politician who long opposed the ruling military junta of Myanmar.

mary queen of scots

This woman's husband was killed by a gunpowder explosion that leveled a house at Kirk o' Field. This woman's betrothal was provided by the Treaty of Greenwich [gren-itch], and her marriage to Edward VI was the goal of the aggressors in the War of the Rough Wooing. After the suspicious death of her husband, Lord Darnley, this person was imprisoned by her cousin Elizabeth I and held in captivity until her execution. For the point, name this queen whose nickname reflects her rule over a realm north of England.

Queen Victoria

This woman's uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, dissolved the Constitution of Hanover, leading to criticism from the Brothers Grimm. King Leopold I served as the matchmaker for this woman, his niece. Edward Oxford was ruled mentally insane after trying to kill this person. Robert Peel chose not to be Prime Minister because this leader failed to dismiss her Ladies of the Bedchamber. This woman married a man who planned the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition. For the point, name this Queen of England who married Prince Consort Albert and ruled for over six decades.

The Economic Consequences of the Peace

This work's argument may have been inspired by a meeting with Carl Melchior. This work ominously ended by warning that men listen to whatever "hope, illusion, or revenge" is given to them during "economic privation." This book, whose ideas were roughly implemented much later by the Marshall Plan, attacked a so-called "Carthaginian peace" and foresaw the devastating inflation that reparations would create. For the point, name this 1919 work that criticized the strict conditions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, written by John Maynard Keynes

Ubermensch

Thomas Common's translation of this concept built upon George Bernard Shaw's translation and was opposed by Walter Kaufman, the most famous translator of works by this concept's author. The life-affirming nature of this concept is contrasted with the "last man" in one work. While not initially racially conceived, this concept was appropriated by the Nazis to represent the biologically superior Aryan race.

Croatia

Thousands of soldiers fleeing from this country attempted to surrender to the British after World War II, but they were refused and subsequently massacred in the Bleiburg Repatriation. In this country, one ethnic group barricaded the village of Berak to disrupt a 1990 election, leading to the Log Revolution. It was led during its independence war by Franjo Tudman, also its first president.

France

Three members of the GIGN, this country's special forces and counter-terrorism unit, advised the raid on the Grand Mosque.

Holodomor

Timothy Snyder claims that the death toll of this event has been exaggerated by a factor of 3, and that its perpetrators made no class-based discrimination so that it would not be labeled a genocide. As part of this event, "black boards" listing non-conforming enemies of the state were published outside villages. Lazar Kaganovich helped orchestrate this event by ordering collectivization and impossible grain export quotas.

Pharoah

Title given to the rulers of ancient Egypt.

Haymarket Square Riot

To avoid execution for his role in this event, Louis Lingg detonated a blasting cap in his mouth. Though four of this event's participants were hanged by Richard Oglesby, the remainder were pardoned by the newly appointed governor John Peter Altgeld. This event occurred just as Samuel Fielden was approached by police as he finished speaking to a crowd outside the McCormick factory. For the point, name this 1886 event in which a bomb was thrown at police in Chicago.

Australian and new Zealand army corps

To deceive enemy forces into believing this group had not yet retreated, William Scurry invented a self-firing rifle that fired once cans had filled with dripping water. This group encountered fierce resistance on Lone Pine Hill on the 400 Plateau. Future historian (+) Charles Bean reported on the fighting encountered after this group made an amphibious landing at a cove now named for them. A holiday named in remembrance of this group occurs on April (*) 25, during which sprigs of rosemary are worn and the Last Post is played.

Roanoke

Upon its discovery, the Kendall Ring was believed to have been worn by a resident of this location; recent testing suggests that ring is brass instead of gold. The Zuniga Map specifically notes the location of four residents of this location. When John White did not (+) find the shape of a Maltese Cross upon his return to this location in (*) 1590, he was baffled. Sir Walter Raleigh ordered the founding of this colony, whose inhabitants carved the word "CROATOAN" into a post before its abandonment. For ten points, identify this British "lost colony" established on a namesake North Carolina island.

Bunker Hill

Was the 1775 pyrrhic victory for the British, actually fought on Breed's Hill?

Arnold

Was the American general who attempted to betray West Point?

Gates

Was the American general who won at Saratoga but was disgraced at Camden?

Cornwallis

Was the British general who surrendered at Yorktown?

Hungary

Was the European country invaded by the Soviet Union in October 1956 to put down a revolt?

Babylon

Which was home to the Etemenanki Ziggurat [EE-tem-un-ONN-kee ZIGG-ur-ot] as well as according to legend the Hanging Gardens?

Anyang

Which was the last capital of the Shang [shong] Dynasty and the site of a number of Shang royal tombs?

Kwame Nkrumah

While a teacher at Lincoln University, this man was named president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada.

Mandela

While evading the authorities, this leader stayed at Liliesleaf Farm.

Chestur Arthur

While in office, this man vetoed the Rivers and Harbors Act for its high cost. Robert Todd Lincoln finished his service as Secretary of War under this president. This man was initially distrusted for being a (+) "Stalwart" Republican and supporting patronage, but he broke with his old boss Roscoe Conkling by reversing that stance and passing the (*) Pendleton Act to reform civil service. This man served as Vice President under a man who was assassinated by Charles Guiteau. For ten points, name this President who succeeded James Garfield.

Josef Mengele

While on the run, this man used the name Fritz Ullmann before eventually returning to his birth name. One prisoner stated this man "was capable of being so kind to the children" yet "tomorrow or in a half-hour" he would send them to the crematoria. This man combated a typhus outbreak by killing an entire barracks and then having it sterilized. In one role, this man killed numerous people with heterochromia, so that their eyes could be extracted.

Mandela

While president, he made a controversial visit to Libya's Moammar Gadhafi, and would play a key role in bringing the two Libyans involved in the Lockerbie bombing to trial.

Mohandas Gandhi

While representing the cousin of Dada Abdullah, this man left a court after being asked to remove his turban. This man presented a petition with 10,000 signatures to Lord Ripon, convincing him to temporarily suspend the Natal Assembly. Hermann (+) Kallenbach donated the land that allowed this man to establish Tolstoy Farm. In a 1906 article, this man outlined his "loyalty to the truth," an idea that evolved into (*) Satyagraha.

Biden

While serving as a Senator, this man drafted the Violence Against Women Act and oversaw Robert Bork's Supreme Court confirmation hearing as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee. This man was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Labour politician Neil Kinnock during his 1988 Presidential run. In another campaign, this man called a "lecture on embassy security" a "bunch of malarkey" in a debate with 2012 Paul Ryan.

Jonathan edwards

While serving as president of the College of New Jersey, this man agreed to be inoculated with smallpox to convince others to do the same, but died of infection. An oration by this man quotes Deuteronomy to say "their foot shall slide in due time," and compares humanity to a spider being held over a fire. For the point, name this First Great Awakening preacher who delivered the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

Newark

While this city was led for two decades by mayor Sharpe James, crime rates rose along the highly polluted Passaic River. James was the co-subject of the documentary Street Fight with his successor as mayor of this city, a man who took over Frank Lautenberg's Senate seat in 2013. In 2010, Mark Zuckerberg made a $100 million donation to this city's public school system.

Idi amin

While this leader was in power, members of the Lango and Acholi ethnicities were massacred in the Jinja and Mbarara Barracks

Mark Felt

While this man served as Associate Director of the FBI from 1972 to 73, he provided crucial information on the Watergate scandal to Woodward and Bernstein as the anonymous informant Deep Throat.

Pinochet

man who overthrew Salvador Allende [eye-EN-day] in 1973.