History Test
John Wesley Powell (Identify the historical significance) In 1878 promoted that agriculture would be easy with extensive rain beyond the 100th meridian. Geologist and explorer of the Colorado River's Grand Canyon and later director of the U.S. Geological Survey. As he predicted, with the good weather and rain, Western Kansas doubled its population between 1888 and 1892. Farmers ignored his favorable prognosis for agriculture in the West and stayed in the East.
Geologist and explorer of the Colorado River's Grand Canyon and later director of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Which of the following was a cause of the Battle of Wounded Knee? . The Sioux refused to give up their practice of the "Ghost Dance." The Arapaho were forced on to a reservation. The book A Century of Dishonor inspired sympathy for Native Americans. Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho formed an alliance. The U.S. government was breaking up Cheyenne land.
The Sioux refused to give up their practice of the "Ghost Dance."
This is an image of a famous battle between the Sioux and the U.S. Cavalry, known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Without knowing the reasons for the battle, the participants, or the result, a curious viewer can nevertheless discern many details about what happened and how. Analyze this image and answer the question that follows. What can be inferred about Sioux battle culture by looking at the image? Women fought alongside men. The Sioux used war paint to intimidate the enemy. The Sioux scalped their victims.
The Sioux used war paint to intimidate the enemy.
All of the following is true about the Battle of Little Bighorn except: The advantage gained by Native Americans after the battle did not last long. The battle marks Colonel George Custer's last victory against Native Americans. A combined force of 2,500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians faced off against U.S. soldiers. It was also know as "Custer's Last Stand." More than 250 U.S. soldiers were killed.
The battle marks Colonel George Custer's last victory against Native Americans.
Which of the following developments helps to explain the change in agriculture depicted in the graph? CB The growth of an internal slave trade provided an enlarged workforce whose labor helped increase agricultural production. Farmers' cooperative organizations reduced consolidation in the agricultural markets in order to increase production. Increased migration from the West for industrial jobs in eastern cities led to increased consumption of agricultural goods. The extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded agricultural goods.
The extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded agricultural goods.
Where was the real "safety valve" provided by the late nineteenth century? The populist political movements spreading from the Great Plains to California. Alaska, the last frontier. The Great length of the Missouri River. The mining industry. Western cities like Denver and San Francisco.
Western cities like Denver and San Francisco.
During the late nineteenth century, the reduction in price of American agricultural products led to farmers being compelled to increase production. farmers experiencing greater profit. farmers facing less of a debt burden. more workers shifting to agricultural work. less land being cultivated.
farmers being compelled to increase production.
All of the following contributed to the decline of open-range cattle ranching at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT CB a drop in cattle prices at stockyards excessively cold winters production of crops for distant markets federal recognition of American Indian land claims overgrazing
federal recognition of American Indian land claims
In 1887, the Dawes Severalty Act was passed to move Native Americans onto western reservations. compensate Native Americans for prior illegal land contracts. force Native Americans to adopt Western culture and farming practices. extend constitutional protections to Native American males. help Native Americans retain their cultures.
force Native Americans to adopt Western culture and farming practices.
During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, farmers complained about all of the following EXCEPT CB large middleman profits rising commodity prices high interest charges high storage costs high freight rates
rising commodity prices
In its report for 1890, the United States Census Bureau indicated that CB infant mortality was no longer a serious problem the United States had more Catholics than Protestants industrialization was closing the gap in wealth between rich and poor the American frontier could no longer be distinguished from settled areas Boston was the second largest city in the United States
the American frontier could no longer be distinguished from settled areas
According to historian Frederick Jackson Turner, a key factor in the development of American individualism and democracy was CB the frontier Puritan theology the Civil War the American Revolution transcendentalism
the frontier
100th Meridian (Identify the historical significance) The longitudinal line dividing Arizona and California. The latitudinal line dividing the United States and Canada. A geographical, north-south line that bisects the United States from the Dakotas through West Texas, marking off the more humid, or well-watered eastern part of the North American continent from the arid landscapes of the West. Traditionally, the meridian was where Americans imagined that the "West" began. A geographical, east-west line that bisects the United States from the Dakotas through West Texas, marking off the more humid, or well-watered eastern part of the North American continent from the arid landscapes of the West. Traditionally, the meridian was where Americans imagined that the "North" began.
A geographical, north-south line that bisects the United States from the Dakotas through West Texas, marking off the more humid, or well-watered eastern part of the North American continent from the arid landscapes of the West. Traditionally, the meridian was where Americans imagined that the "West" began.
What frontier towns were at the end of cattle trails from Texas? Abilene, Kansas; Sedalia, Missouri; and Cheyenne, Wyoming Topeka, Kansas; Omaha, Nebraska; and Casper, Wyoming Kansas City, Kansas; Pueblo, Colorado; and Laramie, Wyoming Tulsa, Oklahoma; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Denver, Colorado Atchison, Kansas; Greeley, Colorado; and Bozeman, Montana
Abilene, Kansas; Sedalia, Missouri; and Cheyenne, Wyoming
Mining Industry (Identify the historical significance) These metals were not essential to U.S. industrial growth and were never sold into world markets. All choices are correct. After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the west to dig. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from under the ground, leading to the development of the panning technique.
After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the west to dig.
Battle of Wounded Knee (Identify the historical significance) All choices are correct. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues, one of which was the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues, one of which was the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed. A battle between the U.S Army and Dakota Sioux, in which two hundred Native Americans and twenty-nine U.S. Soldiers died.
All choices are correct.
Chief Joseph (Identify the historical significance) All choices are correct. Leader of a band of Nez Perce Indians in northeastern Oregon who fled from U.S. authorities in 1877 when and attempt was made to herd them onto a reservation. Surrendered some seven hundred Indians after as seventeen-hundred mile, three-month trek accross the Continental Divide toward Canada. Failed in an attempt to lead his people safety in Canada.
All choices are correct.
Sand Creek Massacre (Identify the historical significance) . On November 29, 1864, militia under the command of John C. Chivington assaulted a Cheyenne villiage in southeastern Colorado Initially hailed as a military triumph, it was later found that Chivington's men had attacked the villiage without provocation. All choices are correct. . Over 100 women and children were killed in the massacre.
All choices are correct.
borderlands (Identify the historical significance) All choices are correct. Places where two or more nations or societies border each other, and where power is dispersed among competing actors, resulting in fluid social relations, hybrid cultures, and the absence of firmly agreed sovereignty. Examples of borderlands could include the vast territory from Texas to California where Hispanic and Anglophone cultures have intermingled for centuries. During the colonial era in North America, borderlands were often places where European empires and Native American societies engage with each other, including the Great Lakes and Missouri Valley Regions.
All choices are correct.
Battle of Little Big Horn (Identify the historical significance) The battle came as a result as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend terrritory from white oil seekers. Also known as "Custer's Last Stand," in two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of 2500 Apache, Cheorokee, and Navajo Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. Also known as "Custer's Last Stand," in two days, June 15 and 16, 1976, the combined forces of 2500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. Also known as "Custer's Last Stand," in two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of 2500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer.
Also known as "Custer's Last Stand," in two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of 2500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer.
Which of the following was a result of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ? CB Most American Indians were relocated to the west of the Mississippi. American Indians in the West led attacks on United States forts. It encouraged cooperative landownership among American Indians. American Indians lost control of millions of acres of land. American Indians and Whites challenged each other over landownership in range wars.
American Indians lost control of millions of acres of land.
Dawes Severalty Act (Identify the historical significance) An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to white settlers from the east. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "imprison" Native Americans. An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to the railroad industry. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "educate" Native Americans. An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans.
An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans.
The mining frontier played a vital role in which of the following? Reducing the bitter conflict between the Indians and whites in the West Bringing law and order to the West. Enabling the government to go off the gold standard Ensuring that the mining industry would remain in the hands of independent, small operations. Attracting the first substantial white population to the West
Attracting the first substantial white population to the West
Sitting Bull (Identify the historical significance) Chief of the Sioux Indians who had surrendered his people to the U.S. Army after the Battle of Little Big Horn. Chief of the Nez Perce Indians who had led his people to safe refuge north of the Canadian border after the Battle of Little Big Horn. Chief of the Apache Indians who had led his people to safe refuge north of the Canadian border after the Battle of Little Big Horn. Chief of the Sioux Indians who had led his people to safe refuge north of the Canadian border after the Battle of Little Big Horn.
Chief of the Sioux Indians who had led his people to safe refuge north of the Canadian border after the Battle of Little Big Horn.
The following questions refer to the given excerpt. ... Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike—brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands from the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people. —Chief Joseph, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," 1879 Which of the following was the most significant source of the conflict described in this excerpt? Nativism. The growth of industry. The rise of segregation. Competition for land and resources.
Competition for land and resources.
Which one of the following factors played the largest role in increasing the settlement of the Great Plains? Increase in foreign demand for agricultural foods. Increase in price of agricultural goods. Extended period of economic inflation. Construction of railroads. Removal of the Great Plains Indians.
Construction of railroads.
As the country began to recover from the Civil War, thousands of Americans looked to the Great West as an area of opportunity. Though the area was home to several tribes of native peoples, by the end of the nineteenth century, settlers had conquered or driven out most in hopes of making their own fortunes off the land. Examine the following map, which shows the average annual precipitation and major agricultural products of 1900 America. Then answer the question that follows. Based on the map, which of the following statements is true? Dairy was a major product of the Northeast. Most of the country's corn was produced in the South. Wheat was only grown along the coast.
Dairy was a major product of the Northeast.
As the country began to recover from the Civil War, thousands of Americans looked to the Great West as an area of opportunity. Though the area was home to several tribes of native peoples, by the end of the nineteenth century, settlers had conquered or driven out most in hopes of making their own fortunes off the land. Examine the following map, which shows the average annual precipitation and major agricultural products of 1900 America. Then answer the question that follows. What steps did farmers take to adapt to ecological conditions west of 100th meridian line depicted on this map? Dry farming, new strains of plants, and drainage Dry farming, new strains of plants, and irrigation
Dry farming, new strains of plants, and irrigation
African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as CB The Colored Farmer's National Alliance Scalawags . Homesteaders .Exodusters . Jayhawkers
Exodusters
Why is the closing of the frontier dated to 1890? In that year, the census bureau declared that there was no longer a discernible line of advancing pioneer settlement. Unsettled areas still remained, which were closed off to American settlement. The secretary of the interior forbade settlement past the 100th meridian. In that year, the secretary of war had prophesied that five hundred years would be needed to fill the West. In that year, land was set aside for Yosemite National Park.
In that year, the census bureau declared that there was no longer a discernible line of advancing pioneer settlement.
Which of the following describes the Homestead Act? It allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land (a quarter-section) by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30. It was taken advantage of by only about ten thousand families. It proved highly successful in the arid West once appropriate irrigation techniques were discovered. It marked a continuation of previous government policy. It changed the way land was distributed. Before the act, public land had been given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces; now it was sold primarily for revenue.
It allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land (a quarter-section) by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30.
Which of the following was true of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ? CB It created American Indian reservations for the first time. It eliminated most tribal land ownership in favor of ownership by individuals. It led directly to the Battle of Wounded Knee. It indicated that the federal government had abandoned the goal of American Indian assimilation. It was intended to recognize the contributions of American Indian peoples.
It eliminated most tribal land ownership in favor of ownership by individuals.
Which of the following statements was not true of the 1862 Homestead Act? It made land available to citizens and to immigrants who planned to become citizens. It provided a system for the federal government to provide land directly to settlers. Farmers were given ownership of land after living on it for five years. Land speculators were effectively kept from abusing the act. To claim land, farmers had to build a dwelling and cultivate the land.
Land speculators were effectively kept from abusing the act.
"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt? CB Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast The building of new roads and canals
Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land
The chart above supports which of the following conclusions regarding economic conditions in the United States during the last third of the nineteenth century? CB Americans with relatively stable incomes found it increasingly difficult to make ends meet. Many American farmers struggled financially. Wheat farming became more lucrative. Cheap foreign goods were the primary cause for the decline in prices. Industrial workers refused to demand higher wages due to declining prices.
Many American farmers struggled financially.
Peace Policy (Identify the historical significance) a The policy failed and was terminated in 1891. Refers to President Ulysses Grant's successful attempt in 1868 to end the Plains Indian Wars by enlisting Christian missionaries to supervise Indian reservations. Refers to President Ulysses Grant's failed attempt in 1868 to end the Plains Indian Wars by enlisting Christian missionaries to supervise Indian reservations. None of the choices are correct.
Refers to President Ulysses Grant's failed attempt in 1868 to end the Plains Indian Wars by enlisting Christian missionaries to supervise Indian reservations.
What ended the reservation system? . The Dawes Severalty Act. The alliance of several Native American groups. The war between the Sioux and the U.S. Army. The Battle of Wounded Knee. The Battle of Little Bighorn.
The Dawes Severalty Act.
Red Cloud (Identify the historical significance) The Cherokee Indians famed strategist responsible for the ambush of Captain William Fetterman's command of eighty-one soldiers and civilians in the Battle of Wounded Knee. The Cherokee Indians famed strategist responsible for the ambush of Captain William Fetterman's command of eighty-one soldiers and civilians in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains. The Lakota Indians famed strategist responsible for the ambush of Captain William Fetterman's command of eighty-one soldiers and civilians in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains. The Lakota Indians famed strategist responsible for the ambush of Colonel George Custer's command of eighty-one soldiers and civilians in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains.
The Lakota Indians famed strategist responsible for the ambush of Captain William Fetterman's command of eighty-one soldiers and civilians in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains.
This is an image of a famous battle between the Sioux and the U.S. Cavalry, known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Without knowing the reasons for the battle, the participants, or the result, a curious viewer can nevertheless discern many details about what happened and how. Analyze this image and answer the question that follows What is a reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the image about the military strategy employed by the Sioux? The Sioux counted on the element of surprise. The Sioux used the terrain to their advantage. The U.S. forces were outnumbered by the Sioux.
The Sioux counted on the element of surprise.
This is an image of a famous battle between the Sioux and the U.S. Cavalry, known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Without knowing the reasons for the battle, the participants, or the result, a curious viewer can nevertheless discern many details about what happened and how. Analyze this image and answer the question that follows. What does this image suggest about who won the battle? The battle was a draw. The U.S. Cavalry won a decisive victory against the odds. The Sioux decimated U.S. forces.
The Sioux decimated U.S. forces.
The following questions refer to the given excerpt. ... Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike—brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands from the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people. —Chief Joseph, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," 1879 Besides the conflict referenced here by Chief Joseph, which of the following other factors was most directly damaging to Native Americans' way of life? The slow growth of the migrant population. The rise of boomtowns in the West. U.S. military enforcement of treaties. The significant decline in the number of American bison.
The significant decline in the number of American bison.
Reservation System (Identify the historical significance) Land on these reservations was individually owned. . The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the West, beginning in the 1850's and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887. The United States government was always kind and understanding to those Native Americans who did not comply. The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the West, beginning in the 1850's and ending with the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934.
The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the West, beginning in the 1850's and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887.
Why did the U.S. government set aside lands for national parks? To encourage westward migration. To create future Native American reservations. To ensure there would always be land for farming. To preserve land in the West. To save land parcels for future settlers.
To preserve land in the West.
As the country began to recover from the Civil War, thousands of Americans looked to the Great West as an area of opportunity. Though the area was home to several tribes of native peoples, by the end of the nineteenth century, settlers had conquered or driven out most in hopes of making their own fortunes off the land. Examine the following map, which shows the average annual precipitation and major agricultural products of 1900 America. Then answer the question that follows. Railways played a role in the development of the agricultural west in the late-nineteenth-century by doing all the following except: Transporting natural resources like timber to the region Making it easier to get crops from the region to market Selling land to Americans and European immigrants
Transporting natural resources like timber to the region
Question 7 What did the events that took place between Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce and the federal government illustrate about U.S. - Native American relations in the late nineteenth century? The government became more active in protecting traditional Native American lands. Native Americans became more willing to accept the reservtion system. Native Americans were willing to abandon traditional practices for sedentary agriculture. Violent conflicts continued to be waged between the Native Americans and the government. New farming innovations decreased the need for encroachment onto Native American lands.
Violent conflicts continued to be waged between the Native Americans and the government.
Frederick Jackson Turner (Identify the historical significance) With the "closing" of the frontier, he was inspired to write one of the most influential essays ever written about American history, The Signigficance of the Frontier in American History. His essay was also referred to as his "Frontier Thesis." New historians emphasize that European and American settlers tamed the West, and did not "conquer" it through suppressing the people who had preceeded them in the region. This is in agreement with Turner's essay. All choices are correct. As the frontier era recedes ever further into the past, scholars are even more persuaded that Turner's essay adequately explains the national character.
With the "closing" of the frontier, he was inspired to write one of the most influential essays ever written about American history, The Signigficance of the Frontier in American History. His essay was also referred to as his "Frontier Thesis."
"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was CB discouraged by the federal government through legislation the source of political divisions over the expansion of slavery motivated largely by the desire to expand Protestant Christianity accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership
accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership
From the 1880s to the New Deal, the dominant United States government policy toward American Indians was to try to CB strengthen tribal authority . assimilate them into White culture encourage migration to Canada preserve native languages and customs relocate all tribes to Oklahoma
assimilate them into White culture
From the 1880's to the beginning of the New Deal, the dominant American Indian policy of the United Stated government sought to CB relocate all American Indians to the Oklahoma territory strengthen traditional tribal authority encourage American Indian emigration to Canada encourage American Indians to preserve their languages and religions break up tribal landholdings
break up tribal landholdings
The following questions refer to the given excerpt. ... Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike—brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands from the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people. —Chief Joseph, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," 1879 Ultimately, the United States would not take the advice of Chief Joseph, but instead would work to enforce existing treaties with the Native Americans. work to encourage Indian cultural autonomy. use government subsidies to support Indian development of the West. confine American Indians to reservations and promoting assimilation.
confine American Indians to reservations and promoting assimilation.
