Honors World History A Unit 10: The Muslim World and Africa,
The last rank of the Ottoman caste system is______.
"men of husbandry," or farmers and herders who produced food for the community.
The third rank of the Ottoman caste system is _______.
"men of negotiation," such as merchants, tax collectors, and artisans who carried out trade and production
The second rank of the Ottoman caste system is _______.
"men of the pen"—scientists, lawyers, judges, and poets.
The top rank in the Ottoman caste system is______.
"men of the sword"—soldiers who guarded the sultan and defended the state
Shah Abbas the Great
(ruled 1588-1629)He incouraged trade with other nations, and increased the use of gunpowder weapons. He Revitalized the SAFAVID empire.
Ottoman
A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.
mosque
A Muslim place of worship
Sunni
A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
Nubia
A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE
minaret
A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship.
How was Ottoman law interpreted ?
A huge bureaucracy supervised the business of government, and the powerful military kept the peace. Ottoman law was based on the Sharia, supplemented by royal edicts. Government officials worked closely with religious scholars who interpreted the law.
hajj
A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
caliph
A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
Ibn Khaldun
Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.
Muhammad
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
Sharia
Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life
What effect did Abu Bakr have on the spread of Islam?
By uniting Arab Muslims, he enabled them to set out on a campaign of conquest.
Identify the different types of arts for which places in the empire were known.
Cairo was known for carpets, Bursa was known for textiles and silks, and Iznik was known for ceramics.
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon
Tehran
Capital of Iran
Istanbul
Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.
desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
According to Muslim belief, in what way did meditation lead toward Muhammad becoming a prophet?
During meditation, Muhammad heard the call to become a messenger of God, according to Islamic belief.
Abbasid
Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.
janizary
Elite force of the Ottoman Empire
What Europeans attended Muslim universities to receive training in their field?
European physicians
pillar 4: fast during Ramadan
Fasts also show submission to God; not eating is a way to show you are Godly.
What sequence of events led to Muhammad devoting his life to the spread of Islam?
First, Muhammad meditated about problems in Meccan society. According to Muslim belief, he heard the angel Gabriel ask him to serve as a messenger to God. Then he embarked on the hijra from Mecca to Yathrib, or Medina. Muhammad spent the rest of his life spreading the word of Islam.
What did French leaders do to the Ottoman empire?
French leaders tried to take advantage of the situation that the threat of the ottoman empire brought them and tried to weaken the Hapsburg empire, which included the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands.The Ottomans had a peace treaty with the french so they could trade through out the ottomen empire.
How does the meaning of the word Islam ("submission to God") fit Muhammad's life?
He had been a merchant, and after he had his vision, he dedicated his life to God and encouraged others to do so.
What religious title did Suleiman take for himself?
He named himself the caliph of all Islam.
Why was the hijra a turning point for Islam?
In Medina, Muhammad found many people willing to accept him as God's messenger, convert to Islam, and follow his teachings.
Why might women in Arab society have welcomed Islam?
Islam extended many rights and protections to Arab women that they may not have had previously.
How does Islam treat figures from Judaism and Christianity?
It considers Abraham, Moses, and Jesus to have been prophets. It considers Muhammad the most recent prophet.
What was the effect of Shah Abbas centralizing the government and the economy, creating a powerful military, and tolerating non-Muslims?
It enabled him to revive the glory of ancient Persia and establish the Safavid empire to dominate the Middle East.
How did early Islam affect the lives of women?
It forbade the killing of daughters, encouraged women's education, and allowed women to reject marriage offers.
What does this quote suggest about the spiritual role of women in the Islamic faith?
It suggests that men and women are spiritually equal.
Why are Mecca and Medina the most important cities for Muslims?
Mecca is Muhammad's birthplace. Medina is where he fled to when driven out of Mecca and where he created the rules of Islam.
On what geographic feature was the town of Mecca built? How does this relate to the story of Hagar and Ishmael?
Mecca was built on an oasis. This relates to the story where Hagar and Ishmael found a spring on the site.
sultan
Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country
social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
hijra
Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)
al-Khwarizmi
Muslim mathematician who pioneered the study of algebra
Ibn Rushd
Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam
pillar 3: charity
Muslims are supposed to help others and donate part of their income to charity
Why did trade play such an important role in the Muslim empire?
Muslims had high regard for the merchant profession. Trade was also an ideal way to earn money, gain access to resources and products not in the local community, and collect knowledge and new ideas.
Omar Khayyám
One of the most famous Sufi poets
Find details in the online textbook supporting the statement that new weapon technology allowed the Ottomans to successfully expand their empire
Ottoman cannons blasted gaps in the defensive walls of Constantinople. Muskets gave greater firepower to foot soldiers reducing the need for mounted warriors.
What was Ottoman culture like?
Ottomans ruled the largest, most powerful empire in both Europe and the Middle East for centuries. At its height, the empire stretched from Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia and across North Africa.
Isfahan
Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today.
Why is Ramadan considered an important holy month?
Ramadan is an important and holy month because it is the month in which the Quran was revealed to Muhammad.
Safavid
Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries.
pillar 5- Hajj
Simple garments do away with class distinctions; it's long and can be difficult; a way of proving you are Godly
How was Ottoman society organized?
Society was organized into a hierarchy based on profession: "men of the sword," "men of the pen," "men of negotiation," and "men of husbandry."
Who was Suleiman?
Suleiman felt justified in claiming to be the rightful heir of the Abbasids and caliph of all Muslims. To the title of "Emperor," he added the symbolic name of "Protector of the Sacred Places" (Mecca and Medina). Suleiman was a wise and capable ruler. He strengthened the government of the rapidly growing empire and improved its system of justice. As sultan, Suleiman had absolute power, but he ruled with the help of a grand vizier and a council.
Why did boys and girls receive elementary education in the Abbasid empire?
The Abbasids provided for elementary education for boys and girls to enable them to read and study the Quran.
How did the Abbasid empire differ from the Umayyad empire?
The Abbasids treated Arab and non-Arab Muslims equally. This made Islam more diverse and enabled Muslim culture to flourish.
Who was Suleiman the Magnificent?
The Ottoman empire enjoyed a golden age under the sultan Suleiman, who ruled from 1520 to 1566 His People called him the law giver He was a great general and conquered eastward toward the middle east In 1529, his armies besieged the Austrian city of Vienna, sending fear through the kingdoms of Western Europe- failed they did threaten to divide up the kingdoms of western europe.
What was Ottoman trade like?
The Ottomans controlled the major trade routes through the Europe and Africa and Asia. The Ottomans strenghend their trade by bringing merchants to istanbul- European Jewish traders mostsly. Eventually, the Portuguese and other European navies commanded new trade routes around Africa and ended Ottoman control of both land and sea routes.
The Ottomans ruled people of many religions. How did Islam grow in the Ottoman empire?
The Ottomans required Christian families to turn over their young sons for government service and often converted them to Islam.
How do you think the revelation of the Quran to Muhammad has affected the lives of Muslims?
The Quran issues guidelines for how Muslims can be righteous. As a result, Muslims have a clear sense of distinguishing right from wrong and of what they need to do to be faithful and devout.
Sufi
The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.
Access The Rise of the Safavids in World History. Refer to the map showing the boundaries of the Ottoman empire and find Vienna on the map. Why would it be difficult to stage an assault on Vienna from the Ottoman capital of Istanbul, and why was Vienna a strategic position for the rest of Europe?
The eastern border of Europe was far from Istanbul and the sources of power and wealth. Vienna was at the edge of the empire, and it would have been difficult to transport the necessary equipment to Vienna. The Ottomans had to conquer Vienna to gain the wealth and supplies necessary to continue any attack on the rest of Europe.
Ibn Sina
The famous Islamic scientist and philosopher who organized the medical knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into the Canon of Medicine
How did the early Muslim leaders help Muslims deal with Muhammad's death?
The leaders kept the Muslims unified and made them focus on worshipping God, not Muhammad.
Suleiman
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)
Kaaba
The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca
What is significant about the name Islam?
The name Islam comes from the Arabic word meaning "to submit." Muhammad asked Arabs to give up their old beliefs in many gods and to submit to one god.
Bantu
The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.
Why do you think the Ottoman and Safavid rulers allowed some religious tolerance?
The rulers may have recognized that non-Muslims made important economic and cultural contributions to their empires.
How do the Pillars of Islam help unify Muslims?
They all stress submission to God and hold Muslims accountable for their actions; Sharia and the Five Pillars apply more to daily life, giving Muslims a common expectation of behavior, law, and religious duties; the Quran is the sacred text, and many Muslims learn Arabic to study it in the original language, thus giving Muslims a shared language.
Why did non-Arab Muslims support al-Abbas, and what was the result of their support?
They did not enjoy the same rights and status as Arab Muslims, and they were unhappy with this inequity. Through this support, al-Abbas was able to overthrow the Umayyad dynasty and start a new dynasty—the Abbasids.
How did Muslims treat Christian and Jewish peoples in conquered lands?
They generally tolerated conquered peoples who followed monotheistic religions, but they taxed them and did not provide equal rights or opportunities.
What did Muslim physicians have to do to practice medicine?
They had to pass tests.
How did the Umayyads treat people who practiced religions other than Islam?
They permitted non-Muslims to practice their religious beliefs and participate in civic administration. Non-Muslims were not pressured to convert; they just had to pay a special tax.
Why were Europeans interested in the ideas of mathematician al-Khwarizmi and physicians Muhammad al-Razi and Ibn Sina?
They relayed the ideas of the ancient Greeks to Europeans of their time and made their own advances in mathematics and medicine, which the Europeans borrowed.
Why did the Abbasids make changes to the Arab Muslim empire?
They wanted to appeal to all classes of Muslims, to people of different religions, and to conquered Persians.
Islam has five pillars, or primary obligations: profession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca. How does this excerpt from the Quran support the Five Pillars?
This passage details how Muslims can fulfill several of these pillars. It emphasizes the importance of almsgiving and instructs Muslims to give wealth to others. It also explains the importance of Ramadan, charging the devout to fast during this month.
At its greatest extent, the Ottoman empire stretched across three continents, while the Safavid empire controlled most of what is today Iran. Into what regions did the Ottoman empire expand under Suleiman?
Tripoli, Algeria, Hungary, and lands bordering Persia
Shiite
a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs
Qajar
a member of the dynasty that ruled present-day Iran from the late 1700s until 1925
shah
a title of the former monarch of Iran.
calligraphy
art of beautiful handwriting
Meroe
center of the kush dynasty from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150; known for its manufacture of iron weapons and tools.
Pillar 2: daily prayer
daily contact with God; being washed and "pure" when praying to God
Which aspects of Islam would have appealed to the poor, enslaved, and isolated?
equality of all believers, importance of charity, being able to commune directly with God
Yathrib
final destination of Muhammad's hijra and the home of the first community of Muslims; later renamed Medina; located in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia
Abu Bakr
first caliph after death of Muhammad
Muhammad al-Razi
head physician at Baghdad's chief hospital
pillar 1- declaration of faith-
identifies a person as a Muslim; God is declared "one true God," as opposed to many gods; Muhammad is declared as Prophet
Bedouin
member of the nomadic desert peoples of North Africa and Southwest Asia
What where the ranks of the Ottoman cast system?
men of the sword, men of the pen,men of negotiation, men of husbandry
Compare and contrast the events that led to the rise and fall of the Ottoman empire. Reference details from the online textbook to support your answer.
rise of the Ottoman empire: Suleiman was a strong leader, improved system of justice, strong government, powerful military, land acquisition; fall of Ottoman Empire: death of Suleiman in 1566, fear, government corruption, advanced in European military technology and commerce, loss of territory
Umayyad
the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus
Quran
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
cataract
waterfall
Firdawsi
wrote the Shah Namah, or Book of Kings, that told the history of Persia