Honors World History Ch. 24

Kristallnacht

"Night of shattered glass", began a more violent phase of the anti-Jewish activity on November 9, 1938. Nazis had burned synagogues and destroyed some seven thousand Jewish businesses in a destructive rampage. At least a hundred Jews were killed, and thirty thousand Jewish males were sent to concentration camps. This night also led to further drastic steps, such as Jews being barred from all public transportation and all public buildings including schools and hospitals. Jews were prohibited from owning, managing, and working in any retail stores, and they were forced to clean up all the debris and damage due to __________. Jews were encouraged to "emigrate from Germany" under the direction of the SS.

Lebensraum

"living space".The Social Darwinism theory highlighted in Hitler's book, Mein Kampf, emphasized the right of superior nations to _____ through expansion. It also upheld the right of superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadership over the masses.

John Maynard Keynes

A British economist, and political leaders in Britain largely ignored his ideas. He published General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in 1936. He condemned the theory that, in a freed economy, depressions should be left to resolve themselves without governmental interference. He argued that unemployment came not from overproduction, but from a decline in demand. Demand then could be increased by putting people back to work building highways and public buildings. The government should finance such projects even if it had to engage in deficit spending. (deficit spending).

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

A Democrat who was able to win in a land-slide victory in the 1932 presidential election in the United States. He believed in free enterprise, and realized that capitalism had to be reformed if it was to be "saved". He pursued a a policy of active government intervention in the economy known as the New Deal. His administration was also responsible for the new social legislation that began the US welfare system. In 1935, the Social Security Act created a system of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance.

Weimar Republic

A German democratic state that was plagued with problems. The republic didn't have outstanding political leaders, faced series economic problems, series social problems, and it was struck by the Great Depression. Paul von Hindenburg was elected as president in 1925 at the age of 77. The Imperial Germany of Emperor William II came to an end in 1918 due to Germany's defeat in WWI. Plagued by many problems: economic (inflation, depression), social (middle class is hostile to the new republic b/c of economic problems), and no outstanding political leader to unite people.

Joseph Stalin

A Politburo member, who had an intense personal rivalry with Leon Trotsky. Trotsky held the post of commissar of war in 1924, while _____ held the bureaucratic job of party general secretary. The general secretary appointed regional, district, city, and town party official, which made it the most important position in the party. Stalin used his position to gain complete control of the Communist Party, and by 1929 he had eliminated the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary era from the Politburo. He also established a powerful dictatorship. Trotsky was expelled from the party in 1927, and eventually made his was to Mexico, where he was murdered in 1940, probably on ______'s order. He also appointed thousands of officials who supported his bid for power, ended the NEP and set up his first Five-Year Plan in 1928, which would create a modern, industrialized Russia. (Soviet Union).

Salvador Dali

A Spaniard, who was the high priest of surrealism. He painted everyday objects, but he separated them from their normal contexts. When he placed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships, He created a strange world in which the irrational became visible. The Persistence of Memory was his famous painting.

Politburo

A committee that had become the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party. When Lenin died in 1924, a struggle began among the seven members of the _____. It was severely divided over the future direction of the Soviet Union. One group, led by Leon Trotsky, wanted to end the NEP and launch Russia on a path of rapid industrialization, chiefly at the expenses of the peasants. This group also wanted to spread communism and believed Russia couldn't survive without it. Another group in the _____ rejected the idea of worldwide communist revolution. Instead, it wanted to focus on building a socialist state for Russia and to continue Lenin's NEP. This group believed that rapid industrialization would harm the living standards of the Soviet peasants.

The New Deal

A deal that included an increased program of public works, including the Works Progress Administration. The WPA was a government organization that employed about 3 million people at its peak. They worked on building bridges, roads, post offices, and airports. ______ provided reforms that perhaps prevented a social revolution in the US. It didn't solve the unemployment problems of the Great Depression though. Policy of an active agreement intervention in economy. Social Security Act. WWII and the growth of weapon industries brought US works back.

The Triumph of the Will

A documentary of the 1934 Nuremberg party rally. The Propaganda Ministry supported the making of both documentaries and popular feature films that carried the Nazi message. This movie was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl, an actress turned director, and it forcefully conveyed to viewers the power of National Socialism. Hitler produced it.

totalitarian state

A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. This was a new form of dictatorship in 1939 (only Great Britain and France remained democratic), and it pushed the power of the central state far beyond what it had been in the past. These states wanted more passive obedience, and conquer the minds and hearts of their subjects which they achieved through mass propaganda techniques and high-speed modern communication. These states were also normally led by a single leader and a single party. They rejected the ideal of limited government power and the guarantee of individual freedoms. Instead, individual freedom was subordinated to the collective will of the masses.

Enabling Act

A law that gave the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years while it issued laws to deal with the country's problems. This was passed on March 23, 1933, with a two-thirds vote in the Reichstag. It was also the crowning step of Hitler's "legal seizure" of power. It gave Hitler's actions a legal basis, letting him become dictator, appointed by the parliamentary body itself, and he no longer needed the Reichstag.

New Economic Policy

A modified version of the old capitalist system. In March 1921, Lenin pulled Russia back from the abyss. He abandoned war communism in favor of his NEP. With the NEP, peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly, retail stores and small industries could be privately owned and operated, but heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hands of the government. The NEP saved the Soviet Union from complete economic disaster, but Lenin and other leading Communists only intended the NEP to be a temporary retreat from the goals of communism.

depression

A period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. The brief period of prosperity that began in Europe in 1924 ended an economic collapse that came to be known as the Great ______. In the 1920s-1930s a major depression went on. It was partially caused by individual nation's economic downfall.

Photomontage

A picture made up of a combination of photographs. Dadaists were artists who were obsessed with the idea that life has no purpose, and they were revolted by what they saw as the insanity of life. They tried to express this feeling in their art. One Dada artist, Hannah Hoch, used ________ to comment on how women's roles in the new mass culture. Her work was part of the first Dada show in Berlin in 1920.

Collectivization

A system in which private farms were eliminated. Instead, government owned all the land, and the peasants only worked on it. With rapid industrialization came an equally rapid ______ of agriculture. Resistance came from peasants hoarding crops and killing livestock. This resistance caused Stalin to step it up. By 1934, 26 million family farms had been collectivized into 250,000 units.

Aryan

A term linguists used to identify people speaking Indo-European languages. The Nazis misused the term and identified the ____ with ancient Greeks, Romans, twentieth-century Germans, and Scandinavians. Hitler also had a larger goal- the development of an ______ racial state that would dominate Europe and possibly the world for generations to come. Nazis had thought the Germans were the true descendants and leaders of the _______ and would create another empire like the one ruled by the ancient Romans. Blonde hair and blue eyes.

Adolf Hitler

After WWI he joined the German Workers' Party (1919) which was one of the right-wing extreme nationalists parties in Munich. He took complete control of it, and renamed in National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or Nazi for short. Served on the Western front of WWI. Made a militia called the SA, Storm Troops, or the Brownshirts, for the NSDAP. Overconfident, he stages an uprising at Beer Hall in Munich in 1923. It fails, and he's sent to jail, where he wrote Mein Kampf.

James Joyce

An Irish writer who published Ulysses in 1922. This novel was the most famous of the approach "stream of consciousness". It tells the story of one day in the life of ordinary people in Dublin by following the flow of their inner thoughts. Stream of consciousness- technique to write innermost thoughts of characters.

Uncertainty principle

An idea that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based in uncertainty. This idea was put forth by Werner Heisenberg in 1927. The theory's emphasis on randomness challenges Newtonian physics and thus represents a new worldview. It is unlikely that many non-scientists understood the implications of Heisenberg's work. Nevertheless, the principle of uncertainty fit in well with the uncertainty in the inter war years.

Surrealism

Artistic movement that sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious. This was a more important art movement than dadaism. ______ sought to show the greater reality that exists beyond the world of physical appearances by portraying dreams, fantasies, and even nightmares. Salvador Dali, the Spaniard, was the high priest of _______. He painted everyday objects, but he separated them from their normal contexts. By placing objects in unrecognizable relationships, he created a strange world in which the irrational became visible.

Francisco Franco

General of Spain. He led Spanish military forces in revolting against the democratic government in 1936. A brutal and bloody civil war began, but foreign intervention complicated the war. The Fascist regimes of Italy and Germany aided ______'s forces with arms, money, and men, and military advisors from the Soviet Union. Hitler used the Spanish Civil War as an opportunity to test the new weapons of his revived air force. Spanish civil war comes to an end when ______'s forces capture Madrid in 1939. Franco establishes a dictator ship.

Hermann Hesse

German writer who dealt with the unconscious in a different fashion than Joyce. _____'s novels reflect the influence of both Freud's psychology and Asian religions. The works focus on the spiritual loneliness of modern human beings in a mechanized urban society. He used Buddhist ideas to show the psychological confusion of modern existence in two of his novels. ______'s novels also had a big impact on children of Germany in the 1920s, and he won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1946. Siddhartha and Steppenwolf, are two of his novels.

Adolf Hitler

H was born on April 20, 1889 in Austria, and when he was a failure in secondary school he traveled to Vienna to become an artist. He was reject by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts though, but he stayed in the city. While staying their he developed basic ideas, which he kept for the rest of his life. At the core of his ideas was racism. He was also an extreme nationalist, and knew how political parties could effectively use propaganda and terror.

Benito Mussolini

He established the first European fascist movement in Italy during the early 1920s. He began his political career as a Socialist. He created a new political group in 1919 called the Fascio di Combattimento, or League of Combat. The term fascism is derived from that name. Mussolini formed bands of black-shirted, armed Fascists called squadristi or Blackshirts in 1920 and 1921. These bands attacked socialist offices and newspapers, and used violence to break up strikes. Middle-class industrialists who feared working-class strikes and large landowners who objected to agricultural strikes supported Mussolini's Fascist movements. Italian dictator. He demanded more land for Italy and won thousands of converts to Fascism with his patriotic and nationalistic speeches. He didn't achieve a totalitarian state (he wanted one). Violent as a child. Used violence to break up strikes. He realized nationalism was a powerful force. In 1922, ____ and the Fascists marched on Rome and seized power--he becomes prime minister. New laws gave the government the right to suspend any publications that criticized the Catholic Church, the monarchy, or the state. He created a secret police force, called the OVRA, whose purpose was to watch citizen's political activities and and enforce government policies.

Heinrich Himmler

He set up a secret police in Germany for Hitler. Under Himmler's direction, the SS (Schutzstaffel) came to control not only the secret police forces, but also the regular police forces. The SS was based on two principles: terror and ideology. Terror included the instruments of repression and murder. Including secret police, criminal police, concentration camps, and later execution squads and death camps (concentration camps where prisoners were killed). For Himmler, the chief goal of the SS was to further the Aryan master race.

Both Dadaism and Surrealism were art movements in 1920s. Both movements were also a result from WWI. The realities of warfare had seemed irrational, so art became irrational.

How did Dadaism compare to Surrealism?

Dadaists were obsessed with the idea that life had no purpose. The were revolted by what they saw as the insanity of life, and tried to express that feeling in their art. Surrealism sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious.

How did Dadaism differ from Surrealism?

Ended New Economic Policy that Lenin set up, and launched his First Five-Year Plan. The Five Year Plan set economic goals for five-year periods. The purpose was to transform Russia from an agricultural into an industrial country. It emphasized maximum production of capital goods and armaments. The plan quadrupled the production of heavy machinery and doubled oil production. Steel production in Russia increased from 4 million tons to 18 million tons.

How did Stalin change economic aspects of the Soviet Union?

Social and political costs of industrialization were huge. The population increased in the cities were the factories were, and the cities weren't set up for that many people (not enough housing, food, or other supplies). The number of workers increased by millions, but total investment in housing declined, resulting in millions of workers and families living in horrible conditions. With rapid industrialization came rapid collectivization of agriculture. Collectivization was a system in which private farms were eliminated, and instead the government owned the land and the peasants worked it. Peasants tried to resistance Stalin's plan by hoarding crops and killing livestock. However, Stalin just just stepped up the program, and millions of family farms were collectivized. This also caused a famine to spread.

How did Stalin change political and social aspects of the Soviet Union?

Most dictators wanted a totalitarian state, a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of citizens. They wanted more than passive obedience, they wanted to conquer the minds and hearts of their subjects. They did this through mass propaganda techniques and high-speed modern communication. The totalitarian states that emerged were led by a single leader or party. Hitler, dictator of Germany, believed that Germany could be a great civilization, but that it needed more land to support the population. This lead to WWII (Hitler trying to gain control of the Soviet Union and other land--breaking the Treaty of Versailles). Other dictators wanted to expand land too, and some of them joined Hitler in alliances (Mussolini for example. Also Stalin/Soviet Union and Hitler made an agreement not to attack each other, but Hitler broke the agreement once he gained control of Poland and other land).

How did the rise of dictatorial rulers set the stage for the second world war?

Concentration Camps

Large prisons set up for people who opposed the new regime. With the new source of power, the Nazis acted quickly to bring all institutions under Nazi control. The civil service was purged of Jews and democratic elements. Trade unions were dissolved, and all political parties except the Nazis were abolished. Nazis created ______ to bring more power under themselves.

Mein Kampf

My Struggle, was written by Hitler during his stay in jail. It is an account of his movement and basic ideas. In this book, extreme German nationalism, strong anti-Semitism, and anticommunism are linked together by a Social Darwinism theory of struggle. This theory emphasizes the right of superior nations to lebensraum through expansion. It also upholds the right of superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadership over the masses.

The Dawes Plan

Named after the American banker who chaired the commission. It was a plan created by the international commission for reparations, and it first reduced the reparations. It then coordinated Germany's annual payments with its ability to pay. This plan also granted an initial $250 million loan for German recovery. Produced a new plan for reparations in August 1924. This opened the door to heavy American investment in Europe with a brief period of prosperity.

Nuremberg laws

New racial laws that were announced at the annual party rally in Nuremberg by the Nazis in September 1935. They excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens. In 1941, German Jews were also required to wear yellow Stars of David and to carry identification cards saying they were Jewish.

National Socialist German Workers' Party

Originally just the German Workers' Party, but when Hitler gained complete control over it in 1921, he renamed it. Within two years the party had grown to 55,000 people, with 15,000 in the party militia. NSDAP or Nazi for short. Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, and extremist nationalist party, in 1919, and by 1921 he had complete control of it and had renamed in Nazi. 1923- had 55,000 members with 15,000 in the militia, the SA/Storm Troops/Brownshirts.

Treaty of Locarno

Signed in 1925, and it guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium. This treaty was viewed by many as the beginning of a new era of European peace. Signed by Gustav Steseam of Germany and Aristide Briand of France.

Reichstag

The German Parliament. After his release from prison, Hitler expanded the Nazi Party to all parts of Germany. By 1929, it had a national party organization, and by 1932 the Nazi Party had 800,000 members and was the largest member of the _______.

collective bargaining

The right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours. The French New Deal gave workers this right, a 40-hour workweek in industry, a two-week paid vacation, and a minimum wage. The Popular Front started a program, The French New Deal, named after the US New Deal. The policies failed to save the problems of the Depression. By 1938, France had little confidence in their political system.Popular Front- Communists, Socialists, and Radicals in France.

The Five-Year Plan

This set up economic goals for five-year periods. Stalin made a significant shift in the economic policy in 1928 when he ended the NEP and launched his ______. _________s purpose was to transform Russia virtually overnight from an agricultural into an industry country. ______ emphasized maximum production of capital goods (goods devoted to the production of other goods, such as heavy machines) and armaments. Wages went down, but many jobs were created. Propaganda was used to sway people's thoughts of the Plan. Strict laws even limited where workers could move. (Soviet Union)

fascism

This was a political philosophy that glorified the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler. In a ____ state, people are controlled by the government, and any opposition is suppressed. The term ____ is derived from Fascio di Combattimento, meaning League of Combat. The Fascio di Combattimento was a new political group Mussolini created in 1919. Italy is a _____ state

1. Summer of 1921- Hitler takes control of Nazi Party. 2. Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison after Beer Hall uprising- reflected on his thoughts and ideas on how to use propaganda to take over. 3. After he was released from prison he expanded the Nazi Party to all parts of Germany- largest party in 4. Promises to create a new Germany, appeals to national pride, uses speeches and propaganda. 5. Becomes chancellor. 6. Passes Enabling Act- let's him legally become dictator.

What steps did Hitler take to become the sole ruler of Germany?

1. A series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second half of the 1920s.-- By the mid 1920s, for example, prices for farm products were failing rapidly due to overproduction. 2. An international financial crisis involving the US stock market.-- Much of European prosperity between 1924-1929 was built on U.S. bank loans to Germany. After the U.S. stock market crash, American investors pulled their money out of Germany. This weakened banks in Germany and European countries. As trade and industrial production slowed huge numbers of people lost their jobs.

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

1. Increased government activity in the economy.-- The US: the New Deal had the government fund new jobs for people to build roads, public buildings, railroads, and other public works. 2. Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines. 3. Masses of people began to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions in return for dictatorial power.

What were the effects of the Great Depression?

deficit spending

When a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt. John Maynard Keynes argued that unemployment came not from overproduction, but from a decline in demand, and that demand could be increased by putting people back to work building highways and public buildings. The government should finance these project even in if had to engage in ______, or had to go into debt.

Dada- Hannah Hoch (photomontage) Surrealism- Salvador Dali (The Persistence of Memory)

Who were artists from Dadaism and Surrealism?