HU 440

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Carboxyl Group

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Gram Atomic Mass

Amount of element in grams equal to the numerical value of its atomic weight

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water usually with the help of enzymes

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides

How is the body organized from simplest to most complex?

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems

Uracil

Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.

Beta Pleated Sheet

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Thymine

The base that pairs with Adenine in DNA and has a single ring of carbon and nitrogen

Guanine

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA and has double rings of nitrogen and carbon

Cytosine

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA and has a single ring of carbon and nitrogen

Adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA and has double rings of nitrogen and carbon

Hydrophobic

Water fearing, molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon are poorly or almost completely insoluble in water because the electrically neutral covalent bonds are not attracted to water molecules

Glycogen

a chain of glucose molecules linked together in long chains

Amino Group

a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins

Amino Acids

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

Homeostasis

a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables such as blood pressure, body temp, oxygen, glucose, sodium ions ect.

Positive Feedback system

accelerates a process, used to counter homeostasis because positive feedback has no way of stopping

Mole (Mol)

amount of the compound in grams equal to its molecular weight

Polar Bond

atoms at each end of the charge have an opposite electric charge

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

atoms that share a similar electrical charge are shared

Atomic Mass

average mass relative to the mass of other atoms,

Peptide Bond

bond formed between the amino and carboxyl group

Feedforward

changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur

Neutrotransmitters

chemical messengers that are released from the endings of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells

Carbohydrates

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Isotope

elements with identical protons but differ with the number of neutrons

Four important elements to the body

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

Proteins

made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, polymers of amino acids

Lipids

molecules mostly made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, nonpolar and have low water solubility

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Four types of tissues

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Covalent Bond

one or more electrons in the outer shell are shared

Amphipathic

polar (hydrophillic) or ionized region at on end and nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions at the other end

Hydroxyl Group

polar covalent bond where the oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogen is slightly positive

Nucleic Acids

responsible for storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information

Monosaccharides

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Ionic Bond

strong attraction between two oppositely charged ions

Negative Feedback systems

system in which an increase or a decrease in the variable being regulated brings a response that tends to move the variable in an opposite direction

Circadian Rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Atomic Number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Alpha Helix

the spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure

Physiology

the study of how living organisms function

Molecular Weight

the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Hormone

type of chemical messenger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system

Hydrophilic

water loving, molecules with polar bonds or ionized groups that will dissolve in water

Ion

when atoms gain or lose one or more electrons acquiring a net electrical charge

Steady State

where a system in which a particular variable is must be added continuously to maintain a stable, homeostatic condition