HU 440
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Carboxyl Group
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Gram Atomic Mass
Amount of element in grams equal to the numerical value of its atomic weight
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water usually with the help of enzymes
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides
How is the body organized from simplest to most complex?
Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems
Uracil
Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.
Beta Pleated Sheet
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Thymine
The base that pairs with Adenine in DNA and has a single ring of carbon and nitrogen
Guanine
The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA and has double rings of nitrogen and carbon
Cytosine
The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA and has a single ring of carbon and nitrogen
Adenine
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA and has double rings of nitrogen and carbon
Hydrophobic
Water fearing, molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon are poorly or almost completely insoluble in water because the electrically neutral covalent bonds are not attracted to water molecules
Glycogen
a chain of glucose molecules linked together in long chains
Amino Group
a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
Phospholipids
a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins
Amino Acids
a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.
Homeostasis
a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables such as blood pressure, body temp, oxygen, glucose, sodium ions ect.
Positive Feedback system
accelerates a process, used to counter homeostasis because positive feedback has no way of stopping
Mole (Mol)
amount of the compound in grams equal to its molecular weight
Polar Bond
atoms at each end of the charge have an opposite electric charge
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
atoms that share a similar electrical charge are shared
Atomic Mass
average mass relative to the mass of other atoms,
Peptide Bond
bond formed between the amino and carboxyl group
Feedforward
changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur
Neutrotransmitters
chemical messengers that are released from the endings of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells
Carbohydrates
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Isotope
elements with identical protons but differ with the number of neutrons
Four important elements to the body
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
Proteins
made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, polymers of amino acids
Lipids
molecules mostly made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, nonpolar and have low water solubility
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Four types of tissues
muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective
Covalent Bond
one or more electrons in the outer shell are shared
Amphipathic
polar (hydrophillic) or ionized region at on end and nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions at the other end
Hydroxyl Group
polar covalent bond where the oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogen is slightly positive
Nucleic Acids
responsible for storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information
Monosaccharides
simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Ionic Bond
strong attraction between two oppositely charged ions
Negative Feedback systems
system in which an increase or a decrease in the variable being regulated brings a response that tends to move the variable in an opposite direction
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Atomic Number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Alpha Helix
the spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure
Physiology
the study of how living organisms function
Molecular Weight
the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule
Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Hormone
type of chemical messenger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system
Hydrophilic
water loving, molecules with polar bonds or ionized groups that will dissolve in water
Ion
when atoms gain or lose one or more electrons acquiring a net electrical charge
Steady State
where a system in which a particular variable is must be added continuously to maintain a stable, homeostatic condition