Human Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 Final

Embolism

A blood clot that does not retain its vessel wall location becomes an

Plexus or ganglia

A complex interwoven network of nerves is called a?

Diaphragm is controlled by the cervical plexus

A diver sustains an injury to the brachial plexus. This is less devastating than one sustained to the cervical plexus because the?

unequally, with most lying on the left side

A midsagittal section through the trunk would divide the heart

Vagus

A nerve associated with the motor activities of swallowing is called the _________ nerve

Facial

A nerve that innervates some of the salivary glands is called the blank nerve

ECG

A recording of the electrical events in the heart is a?

Posterior pituitary

ADH (Vasopressin) is synthesized by the

ADH; increased

Alcohol consumption inhibits _______ release and results in ________ urine production

Aorta

All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the

Tachycardia

An accelerated heart rate above 100 beats per minute is called?

The connection of normally separate parts. An anastomosis may be naturally occurring or it may be created during embryonic development, surgery, or trauma, or by pathological means

Anastomosis means

Iron

Anemia can result from inadequate

the hemes carry oxygen

Arterial blood is bright red because

Dilating

As alveolar oxygen levels increase, arterioles serving the capillaries surrounding those alveoli react by

Increases

As vessels become smaller, peripheral resistance

Falling; vasodilation

Baroreceptor stimulation is caused by blood pressure ______ and results in ______

Carotid arteries and the aorta

Baroreceptors are located in

Right Primary Bronchus

Because it has larger diameter and steeper slope, more foreign objects become lodged in the ________ during choking

Left Side

Bicuspid Valve is on which side of the heart?

Whole blood

Blood that has an unaltered composition is called

Air is warmed on inhalation

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because

Parasympathetic rest and digest activity

Bronchoconstriction is expected during

stroke volume and heart rate

Cardiac output depends on

Diencephalon

Contains thalamus and hypothalamus

Atrial Systole

Contraction of the upper chambers of the heart is called?

Spinal Cord

Cranial nerves are to the brain what spinal nerves are to the?

Second-order neurons

Crossovers occur in?

Dermatomes

Damage to spinal nerves can be detected as characteristics loss of sensation in skin patches called?

Vestibulocochlear

Damage to which of the following nerves can be medically treated with cochlear implants

When the testicles become cold

Dartos muscles will retract

Pia Mater

Delicate innermost layer, directly attached to the brain

Potassium ions diffusing to the outside of the cell membrane

During an acton potential, depolarization occurs as a result of?

Contract to increase the force of expelled air

During coughing the tracheal muscle will

Substance flow out of cell

Efflux means

Gyri

Elevated, finger-like ridges

Penis

Erectile tissue is located in the

1. Chemicals stimulate neurons 2. Axons collect into bundles 3. First synapse in olfactory bulb 4. Travels olfactory tract 5. Reaches olfactory cortex

Events happening in the olfactory pathway

Decrease; Increase

Exhalation causes the thoracic cavity volume to _______ and air pressure inside the lungs to _________

Auricles

Expandable extensions of the atrium are called

Uterine tubules

Fertilization normally occurs in the

Iodine and tyrosine

For hormone production, the thyroid gland requires?

Decrease

General digestive activities during the alarm phase of the stress response will

LH and FSH

GnRH induces the release of the anterior pituitary hormones

Anterior Pituitary

Hormones that are made by the hypothalamus are secreted by the

break down (a compound) by chemical reaction with water

Hydrolyze means

Hypocapnia

Hyperventilation will result in

AV bundle

If the normal pacemaker of the heart fails, the job will be taken over by the?

unchanging over time or unable to be changed

Immutable means?

Posterior

In relation to the thyroid, the parathyroid glands are located

Dura mater and arachnoid mater

In the case of a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between the blank and blank.

Oligodendrocytes

In the central nervous system myelin is formed by?

Arbor Vitae

Inner white matter of cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata

Integrative centers for the autonomic nervous system are located in the

Between Cells

Intracellular means?

Same side

Ipsilateral means

No

Is abducens a nerve that includes a sensory function?

No its not

Is optic nerve a cranial nerve involved in eye movement?

NO

Is the nissel cell a type of neuroglial cell?

Types B and AB

Jennifer has type A blood. What blood type(s) would cause agglutination or cross reaction with her blood?

Inhibit sympathy activity to the heart

Julie's baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure. Which represents a normal homeostatic response?

Aorta

Left Ventricle blood from here goes through which vessel

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium where does the blood in here come from

Capillary exchange

Low pressure and slow flow rates are characteristics of favorable

Capillary Exchange

Low pressure and slow flow rates are characteristics of favorable?

White

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

Average, towards

Medial means

Brain Stem

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, full of tracts that carry spinal cord to brain and brain to spinal cord, controls many reflexes that regulate life sustaining functions

Pineal Gland

Melatonin is produced and secreted by the

process that jumps from one stage to the next.

Non-linear progression

Follicular; Luteal

Ovulation separates the ________ phase from the ________ phase in the ovaries

Two oxygen molecule and a heme

Oxyhemoglobin consists of?

Vagus Nerve

Parasympathetic innervation travels to the heart via the?

Cardiac output and/or peripheral resistance

Pressure gradient adjustments can be generated by changing

Estrogen

Primary follicles make and secrete

Deoxygenated

Pulmonary Artories

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary Artories contain which valve

Oxygenated

Pulmonary Veins

Inferior and Superior Vena Cava

Right Atrium where does the in here come from?

Pulmonary Artery

Right Ventricle where does the blood go from this structure

tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive

Sedentary means?

Referred

Sensation of pain in an area of the body other than its actual source is called?

Longitude fissure

Separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

Sulci

Shallow depressions

Chemoreceptors

Specialized neurons that can detect small changes in concentrations of specific compounds are

Seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenesis occurs in the

Baroreceptors

Stretch Receptors that monitor pressure changes are called

Reduce surface tension in alveoli

Surfactant acts functionally to....

Hypoxia; erythropoietin

Sylvia is pregnant and experiencing anemia. As a result of her __________, her kidneys will attempt to re-establish homeostasis by releasing

Chemotaxis

Th chemical characteristic that guides white blood cells toward damaged tissue is called

superior to the kidneys

The adrenal glands are located

Venous Return

The amount of blood arriving at the right ventricle each minute is?

Diaphragm

The apex of the heart lies superior to the

Superior

The base of the heart is the portion that is most

Sternum

The bone lying anterior to the heart is the?

Pulmonary

The circuit that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs is the _________ circuit

Preserve homeostasis

The common goal of the endocrine and nervous system is to

larynex

The common pathway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

Perineurium

The connective tissue covering fascicles in a nerve is called?

Dendrites

The cytoplasmic extensions that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are

Phrenic Nerve

The diaphragm is innervates by the?

hormones

The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the chemical messengers of the endocrine systems are

Scrotum

The external genitalia that encloses the testes is called the

Vagina

The female reproductive organ that opens to the exterior is the

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

The final step in the coagulation phase is

Erythroproietin

The hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia is called

Sympathetic neurons

The hypothalamus exerts control over the adrenal medulla through

Ventricles

The interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain are called?

Skin

The largest diversity in general sensory receptors are found in

Inferior

The location of the thyroid gland in relation to the thyroid cartilage is

Vagus

The mixed cranial nerve that innervates visceral organs is called the ______ nerve

Vagus

The mixed cranial nerve that innervates visceral organs is called the blank nerve

Testicular

The most common cancer fatality in men ages 15 to 35 is

Walk to contract leg skeletal muscles

The most effective way to aid venous return in lower limbs following any surgery is to

Nasopharynx

The most superior portion of the pharynx is the?

Cremaster

The muscle that can contract to withdraw the testes close to the body is the

Cervical Plexus

The muscles of the neck and thoracic cavity are innervated by the?

Vestibulocochlear

The nerve associated with hearing and balance is called the blank nerve

Trigeminal

The nerve associated with motor activities of chewing is called the ______ nerve

Olfactory

The nerve associated with the sense of smell is the blank nerve?

Vagus

The nerve that controls the muscles of the pharynx and larynx is called the blank nerve.

Hypoglossal

The nerve that controls the tongue muscles is called the ________ nerve

Hypoglossal

The nerve that controls the tongue muscles is called the blank nerve

Glossopharyngeal

The nerve that detects pH, blood pressure, and carbon dioxide levels is called the ________ nerve

Glossopharyngeal

The nerve that detects pH, blood pressure, and carbon dioxide levels is called the blank nerve

Trigeminal

The nerve that detects sensation of the face, lips, and tongue is called the blank nerve

Facial

The nerve that detects taste on the front of the tongue is called the blank nerve

glossopharyngeal

The nerve that innervates the parotid salivary gland is called the blank nerve

Optic

The nerve that innervates the retina is called the blank nerve

Epineurium

The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is called

SA node

The pacemaker of the heart is normally the

Cerebellum

The part of the brain that functions your balance and coordination?

Stretch Receptor

The patellar reflex is activated by a

Hematocrit

The percent of the whole blood volume contributed by formed elements is the

Fibrinogen

The plasma component with a role in blood clotting is called?

Clitoris

The pleasurable sensations during female sexual activity is generated with stimulation to the

Hemocytoblast

The precursor multipoint stem cell for hematopoiesis is called a

Lumbar Vertebrae

The pressure of cerebrospinal fluid is usually measured by introducing a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space between

Testis

The primary gonad in males is the

increases volume and decreases pressure in the lungs

The process of inhalation

Diapedesis

The process of white blood cells migrating out of capillaries to the surrounding tissues is called

Penis

The reproductive organ that conducts urin to the exterior and introduces semen into the vagina is the

Gonads

The reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones are called

deoxygenated blood from the vena cava

The right atrium receives

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

The right atrium receives blood from the

Serous

The scrotal cavity is lined with a ________ membrane that reduces friction

Skeletal muscle; visceral activity

The somatic nervous system controls _______ activity while the autonomic nervous system controls _______

Thyroid

The structure that secrets hormones associated with fat metabolism and appetite regulation is

Hard Palate

The structure that serves as a bony separation between the nasal and oral cavities is called the

Internal Septum

The tissue separating the two upper chambers of the heart is the

Pseudostrafied ciliated columnar epithelium

The tissue type most characteristics of the upper respiratory lumen lining is

Blood

The transmission of endocrine signals occurs through

42%

The typical adult female hematocrit is ________ percent.

Dorsal roots of spinal nerves

The varicella-zoster virus that causes chicken pox can lie dormant for years in the?

Venules

The vessels that collect blood from capillary beds are called

Capillaries

The vessels that exchange nutrients, respiratory gases and waste are

Coronary sinus

The vessels that supply blood to the heart are called the

Neutrophil

The white blood cell that phagocytosis injured and infected tissue is the

Lymphocyte

The white blood cell that provides specific immunity is the

trachea

The windpipe that conducts air toward the lungs is the

Arachnoid mater

Thin, membranous covering between dura and pia mater

the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain

Threshold means?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Through the adrenal medullar, the hypothalamus stimulates release of

Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus

Tracheal cartilage is stucturaly in a C-shaped so that

Right Side

Tricuspid Valve is on which side of the heart?

Tunica Media

Vasoconstriction is accomplished by the

1. Distribution of respiratory gases 2. Delivery of the hormones 3. Temperature regulation 4.Defense against diseases

What are function of the blood?

Filtering incoming air; Warming incoming air; Reabsorbing water from outgoing air; Moving air toward lower respiratory tract

What are functions of the upper respiratory tract?

Secrete FSH

What do the ovaries not do?

are used to treat arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.

What does a pacemaker do?

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

What does not decrease venous return?

Vital Capacity

What has the highest value in healthy adults

External intercostal

What is a Primary respiratory muscle

is an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly (bradycardia)

What is a heart block?

Thalamus

What is closely associated with diencephalon?

Increased urinary function

What is not a product of activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS

Oxygen transport

What is the major role of a hemoglobin protein?

Parasympathetic stimulation

What will not increase heart rate?

Atrioventricular valve is open and the semilunar valves are closed.

When the cardiac cycle begins, the?

5600 mL/min

When the heart rate is 70 beats per minute and the stork volume is 80 mL, what is the cardiac output?

Closed; Open

When the ventricles are relaxed the semilunar are _______ and the atrioventricular valves are _________.

Left superior lobe

Where is the cardiac notch located?

Vagus

Which cranial nerve does not carry gustatory (taste) information

glycogen production

Which of the following does not increase when epinephrine and norepinephrine are released

Preventing entry of large debris into alveoli

Which of the following represents the major function of the respiratory cilla

Subarachnoid Space

Within the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid occupies the?

Medulla oblongata; Chemoreceptors

pH is monitored in the _______ respiratory center by _____________