Human Bio - Chapter Two Review
molecules
(BLANK) contain more than one atom bonded together by covalent bonds
CH4 H20 H2
give examples of molecules
potassium atom (K) lost one electron
hich of the following is true regarding K+? View Available Hint(s) potassium atom (K) gained one proton considered an anion indicates a molecule of potassium potassium atom (K) lost one electron
dissociation
what process is responsible for breaking ionic bonds releasing ions that interact with polar water molecules? dissociation oxidation sublimation hydrolysis
glycogen
which is a polysaccharide? sucrose glucose glycogen fructose
it must have carbon and hydrogen
what must be true for a compound to be considered organic? it must have oxygen it must have carbon and hydrogen it must have saturated carbon chains it must include a water molecule
adenosine triphosphate
which of the following is the most important high-energy compound in the body? adenosine triphosphate phosphoric acid adenosine monophosphate adenosine diphosphate
6 neutrons
If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 14, then an electrically neutral atom of this element contains
number of protons
The atomic number of an atom is determined by the
polar covalent Because the electrons are shared unequally, they spend more time around one atom than the other, causing a slight negative charge where they tend to hang out the most, and a slight positive charge where they spend the least time.
The electrons are shared unequally. (what bond is this)
atomic number
The number of protons in an atom is known as the atom's __________.
smallest units of matter ex- H, O, Na
atoms are the give examples of atoms
amino acids
Proteins are composed of units called
H+ Ca 2+ Cl-
give examples of Ions
dissociation
A mixture of water and a salt would result in breaking down the salt into a mixture of cations and anions. This process is called
polar covalent The unequal electron distribution produces a slight negative charge on the oxygen and a slight positive charge on the hydrogens. These slight charges give water many unique characteristics that make it ideal for many physiological processes.
A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond?
12
An element has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. What will be the mass number of that element?
catalyst
An enzyme is a(n) __________
covalent bond In covalent bonds, atoms share ("co") their valence electrons ("valent"). These bonds are strong because to maintain stability the atoms must stay close enough together to continue sharing their electrons.
Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. (what bond is this)
isotopes
Atoms that are of the same element but contain different numbers of neutrons are called
enzymes
Chemical reactions that occur in the human body are catalyzed by special protein molecules called ________
hydrogen
DNA consists of 2 nucleotide molecule chains held together by weak ______ bonds
The carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids have four single covalent bonds and therefore have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Diets that contain large amounts of saturated fatty acids have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular problems. What makes a saturated fatty acid different from an unsaturated fatty acid?
they lower it
Enzymes have what effect on the activation energy of a reaction? they raise it they nullify it they lower it
sources of energy
Functionally, carbohydrates are most important as ________.
covalent bond In single covalent bonds, one pair of electrons is shared; in double covalent bonds two pairs are shared; and triple covalent bonds involve sharing of three pairs of electrons. Double covalent bonds are common between carbon atoms in some organic molecules.
Involves the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons. (what bond is this)
steroids
Molecules in which of the following groups share a carbon-ring framework? fatty acids fats steroids phospholipids
dehydration synthesis
Polymers are formed via what process? hydrolysis hydration synthesis dehydration synthesis autolysis
electron-> carbon-> water-> glucose-> glycogen
Rank the following from smallest to largest: glycogen water carbon electron glucose
POLAR An unequal sharing between atoms of different elements creates a polar covalent bond. Such bonding often forms a polar molecule because one end, or pole, has a slight negative charge and the other a slight positive charge.
Recall that carbon is the second most common element in our body and is found in all organic molecules. Recall, too, that carbon atoms contain four electrons in their outer electron shell. With this number of electrons, carbon atoms may form up to four single covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between bonding atoms. What kind of covalent bond is formed when the electrons are NOT shared equally between the bonding atoms, for example, when hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond in a water molecule?
catabolism
The term that applies to all of the decomposition reactions that occur in metabolism is ________
DNA
Thymine is found in which of the following? DNA glycerol lauric acid ribonucleic acid
proteins
Variable R-groups, or side chains, are found in
CO2
What is the correct chemical notation for a molecule of carbon dioxide (1 atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen)?
4
What pH value indicates a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration 1000 times higher than that of a pH solution of 7?
breaks down glycogen molecules
What reaction does the liver have during times of high energy demand?
exchange
What reaction is shown below? HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O decomposition exchange hydrolytic dehydration synthesis
Ions
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become
nucleic acids
Which class of molecules directs the synthesis of enzymes? proteins carbs lipids nucleic acids
water H2O
Which is an inorganic compound? O (oxygen) O2 (oxygen gas) H2O (water) C6H12O6 (glucose)
uracil
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA molecules?
carbon dioxide and oxygen
Which of the following important gases are dissolved in body fluids? nitrogen and oxygen nitrogen and radon carbon dioxide and oxygen carbon dioxide and nitrogen
increase rate of reactions
Which of the following is TRUE regarding enzymes? reverse direction of reactions increase activation energy required for reactions to proceed decrease the complexity of products formed in endergonic reactions increase rate of reactions
sucrose
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide? starch glycogen sucrose fructose cellulose
amino acids
Which of the following is connected by peptide bonds and function as a building block for proteins? polypeptides peptides amino acids lipids
atoms of a given element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus
Which of the following is the correct definition of an isotope? atoms of a given element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus a subatomic particle with a positive charge and mass the smallest stable unit of matter chemical structures that contain more than one atom
hydrogen bond Hydrogen bonding is a weak electrical force between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen
Which type of bond is labeled "A"?
hydrogen bonds
Which type of bonds attracts water molecules to each other, causing surface tension and slowing the rate of evaporation?
ribose
Which type of sugar is found in RNA?
they are good electrical conductors
Why are sodium, potassium, and chloride considered electrolytes?
Hydrogen ions are extremely reactive.
Why is it important to precisely regulate the pH of blood or other body fluids?
steroid
cholesterol is a
3 dimensional shape
denaturation is defined as a change in ______ of a protein
non polar covalent
most of the structural components of the body are made up of what bond? nonpolar covalent hydrogen ionic polar covalent
dehydration synthesis
proteins are formed via what process?
Na+ & Cl-
the most abundant ion in body fluids are?
weakly basic
the pH of human blood is weakly acidic strongly acidic neutral weakly basic
