Human Geo: Agriculture

What conclusion can one make with regard to the connection between the second agricultural revolution and the Industrial Revolution?

Advancements in agricultural production helped feed the expanding population. Technological advancements helped increase agricultural production. A and B only.

What was the advantage of domesticating animals?

Animals provided meat. Animals provided milk. Animals provided furs and skins. Animals were beasts of burden. All of the above.

Mediterranean agricultural products are grown in

Chile. the Central Valley of California. southern Spain. North Africa. all of the above.

Horticulture could potentially include

Mediterranean agriculture. market gardening. truck farming. all of the above.

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, dairy agriculture would dominate in

New England and upstate New York.

Market gardening dominates in

New Jersey and Delaware. parts of Florida. the west coast of Michigan. the Central Valley of California. all of the above.

Clustered rural settlements are most commonly associated with

NewEngland.

Area(s) of the world traditionally known for their circular rural land use patterns include

Northern Germany. Sub-Saharan Africa. A and B only.

Which combination of animals was domesticated in Southwest Asia?

Sheep and goat.

Shifting cultivation is still practiced in many parts of

South America.

Which region is not a major dairy producing area?

Southeast United States.

Agricultural first diffused to Europe from

Southwest Asia.

All of the following were vegetative planting (root crop) hearths except

Southwest Asia.

What area of the world first incorporated domestication of both plants and animals?

Southwest Asia.

Township and range land division system most closely resembles what type of geometric pattern on the landscape?

Square.

The region of the world that benefited the least from the Green Revolution was

Sub-Saharan Africa.

Today circular rural settlements are most commonly associated with

Sub-Saharan Africa.

In upland areas where plantation agriculture is present, what are the two most common crops grown?

Tea and coffee.

What is the best reason for why many dairy farmers in Wisconsin choose to produce butter and cheese rather than fresh milk?

The entire country is their market area for these products.

According to Carl Sauer, what best characterized the invention of plant domestication?

The process was gradual. A number of independent hearths were established. Hearths developed in areas with high biodiversity. All of the above.

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the invention of agriculture?

The process was gradual. There were multiple hearths throughout the world. A and B only.

Even though climatic conditions are suitable for wine production in North Africa and Southwest Asia, why is this form of agriculture not practiced in these regions?

There is not a cultural tradition of consuming wine in these regions.

Livestock ranching and pastoral nomadism both

exist in environments too harsh for crop production.

Globalization has impacted and changed agricultural practices with respect to plantation agriculture by

increased concentration of ownership from MDC companies. increased use of machinery. displacing more workers. increasing migration rates from rural to urban areas. all of the above.

The technical definition of horticulture includes the cultivation of

flowers, fruits, and vegetables.

Due to increased interregional migration, an increasing percent of vegetables in China are being produced

in urban plots.

Globalization impacts dairy farming in all of the following ways except

increased the number of dairy cattle in the United States and the U.K.

The process by which people engaged in shifting cultivation plant crops of varying heights in order to protect lower crops is called

intertillage.

Boserup theorized that when population increased in a subsistence agriculturally based community the level of technology and labor efforts must

increase to meet the demands of increased population pressures.

The trend whereby large corporations buy and control many different steps in a food-processing industry is commonly referred to as

agribusiness.

Swidden agriculture refers to

clearing land to farm using slash and burn techniques. only farming cleared land for one to two years. A and B only.

Shifting cultivation is a threatened form of agriculture because of

competition for resources from logging and mining companies. population increase. A and B only.

The Enclosure Movement altered the geography and agricultural practices of rural England by

consolidating oddly shaped fields. encouraging the use of more farm machinery. A and B only.

Grain produced in the United States is used for all of the following except it is

consumed predominately by local communities throughout the Midwest.

All of the following are environmental impacts of commercial farming except

contribution to the urban heat island effect.

Legal crops such as coffee, tea, and tobacco grown on plantations in the tropics for export to More Developed Countries (MDCs) are commonly referred to as

luxury crops.

The farm crisis in the United States during the late 1970s and 1980s resulted in

many family farms going bankrupt. corporate farms playing a larger role in rural America. increased size of the average farm. making it more difficult for an individual to become a farmer. all of the above.

Pastoral nomadism is a threatened way of life because

of competition for resources. the nomads often cross international borders. it is not an economically viable livelihood. increased population pressures. all of the above.

Pastoral nomads and livestock ranchers both

operate most efficiently in similar climates.

Pastoral nomads potentially contribute to desertification by

overgrazing.

All of the following are examples of intensive commercial agriculture except

paddy rice farming.

The agricultural practice most commonly associated with intensive subsistence agriculture is

paddy rice farming.

Commercial agriculture practiced in the tropics and subtropics is called

plantation agriculture.

Boserup's basic thesis with respect to population growth in cultures that practiced subsistence agriculture was that

population increase would be accompanied by an increase in how intensely land would be used.

Many feed fattening farms (feedlots) have located in the southeast and west of the United States because of

proximity to growing markets in the south and west. less severe weather. A and B only.

The goal(s) of sustainable agriculture is to

reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage. help preserve the social fabric of rural communities. preserve the long-term productivity of the land. return to a better system of integrating crops and livestock. all of the above.

Extensive subsistence agriculture predominates in

semi-arid deserts.

Pastoral nomads predominate in

semi-arid deserts. deserts. A and B only.

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, market gardening would be located in

southeastern states.

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume London, England, and Paris, France, is the single market for Europe. Dairy agriculture would be located in

southern England.

The two most widely used and distributed Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) crops are

soybeans and corn.

Another name for truck farming is

specialtyfarming. marketgardening. commercial gardening and fruit farming. intensive commercial agriculture. all of the above.

Growing only enough food to feed your family is an example of

subsistence agriculture.

The main difference between coffee and tea is that

tea is consumed where it is produced.

The biotechnical agricultural revolution is best characterized by

the incorporation of genetically modified crops.

The linear agricultural land use pattern commonly found in Quebec and Louisiana is

the long lot system.

von Thunen's agricultural land use model assumes

there is a flat isotopic plane. there are uniform soils across the landscape. there are no physical features present, such as rivers or mountains. all goods use the same form of transportation. all of the above.

Dairy farmers specialize in other products rather than fresh milk because

they are located outside the milkshed

The land division system most responsible for dispersed rural settlements in many parts of the United States is the

township and range system.

Herders who seasonally move their animals between mountain pastures and lowland valleys practice

transhumance.

The most widely produced grains in the world are

wheat, rice, and maize.

Pastoral nomads do not typically herd

cattle.

Pastoral nomadism still a dominant way of life in many parts of

Central Asia.

_____________ did not contain an agricultural hearth.

Europe.

Which of the following is not considered a luxury crop?

Banana.

All of the following are areas in the United States most susceptible to losing prime agricultural land except

California's Central Valley. the Chicago-Milwaukee-Madison triangle. coastal California. South Florida. all of the above.

Which famous cultural geographer theorized that the invention of agriculture took place in multiple hearths?

Carl Sauer.

Which pairing of animal(s) and region is not correct?

Cattle - South Asia.

What best characterizes intensive commercial agriculture?

Commercial agriculture dominates in MDCs. Due to globalization and competition, profit margins have decreased. Farmers must specialize in order to stay competitive. Farmers are part of a complex and highly integrated system called agribusiness. All of the above.

What geographic factor best explains why a piece of land is used intensively or extensively for agriculture?

Distance to the market.

What agricultural technique allows subsistence farmers in tropical and sub-tropical areas to support a large population with a small amount of arable land?

Double cropping.

How has containerization changed the geography of linkages between production areas and location of consumers?

Due to economies of scale, production areas have shifted to many Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The Suez and Panama canals are less important because of containerization. Containerization has made long distance trade more efficient. Containerization has made long distance trade more profitable. All of the above.

This type of business practice significantly reduces the commodity chain for an agricultural product such as coffee or tea.

Fair trade movement.

How have globalization and improved transportation links changed the geography of production areas for products such as apples, grapes, and fresh cut flowers?

Farmers will seek out areas with the lowest production costs. North American farmers no longer have a competitive advantage all year. Production areas have become more competitive in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Southern hemisphere producers have increased production of these items. All of the above.

What is the best reason why market gardening farms grow highly perishable fruits and vegetables?

Farms are located close to urban centers.

What advantages do cattle feedlots have over traditional methods of livestock ranching?

Feedlots combine a number of steps in the meat packing industry in one location. Feedlots are more efficient at adding weight to cattle. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of cattle prior to being slaughtered. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of the finished product. All of the above.

Europeans evolved from farming a single field in early medieval times to rotating crops into how many different sections or fields by the 18th century?

Four.

According to the von Thunen model, what type of agricultural practice would locate in the outer most concentric ring?

Grazing.

What accounts for dramatic increased yields of wheat in developed countries since the 1950s?

Increased use of machinery. Increased use of pesticides. Increased use of fertilizers. Development of improved seed varieties. All of the above.

Which of the following agricultural practices could be deemed sustainable?

Intensive subsistence. Organic truck farming. A and B only.

All of the following are major wheat producing states except

Iowa.

Most plantation operations are found in

Latin America. Sub-Saharan Africa. Southeast Asia. South Asia. alloftheabove.

Which of the following are negative consequences of the Green Revolution in India?

It increased environmental damage due to the increased use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. It increased interregional migration. It increased the gap between wealthy and poor farmers. All of the above.

In recent years what type of agricultural practice has been most responsible for deforestation of the rain forest in parts of Central and South America?

Livestock ranching.

Which statement regarding agricultural region(s) with respect to Whitttlessey's Agricultural Regions map is no longer applicable?

Plantation agriculture doesn't exist in North America anymore.

What has been the trend with respect to dairy farming in LDCs since the 1970s?

Production has increased as a total percent of world production levels.

Which of the following are examples of extensive subsistence agriculture?

Slash and burn agriculture and nomadic herding.

This crop is often grown on plantations in the tropics and sub-tropics.

Sugarcane. Palm oil. Cocoa. Tea. All of the above.

The most important large-scale commercial wheat producing countries in the world include all of the following except

Switzerland.

Even though post World War II population growth rates hit record numbers, what factor(s) prevented Malthus's predictions from becoming a reality in Least Developed Countries (LDCs)?

The Green Revolution doubled and tripled crop yields in many developing countries. Massive relief on the part of the United States prevented worldwide famine. Technological advancements increased yields throughout the world. High yield varieties (HYVs) increased yields in many parts of the world. All of the above.

How did the second agricultural revolution improve agricultural production?

The four-field system increased yields and soil fertility. New technologies such as the drill press increased production. The Enclosure Movement encouraged the use of machinery. Advances in breeding livestock increased production of meat and dairy. All of the above.

According Carl Sauer, why did vegetative planting first start in Southeast Asia?

The region's high biodiversity allowed people to become more sedentary, which naturally led to experimentation with plants.

Why do different regions of the United States specialize in different dairy products?

Their relative location with respect to the milkshed.

According to the von Thunen model, what costs does a commercial farmer consider when deciding what crops to plant?

Transportation costs. Cost of land. A and B only

Why do societies practicing shifting cultivation only farm the same plot of land for one to two years?

Tropical soils are nutrient poor.

The country that produces the most maize in the world is

United States.

What activity typifies extensive commercial agriculture?

Wheat and grain farming. Livestock ranching. A and B only.

Why did von Thunen include a forestry ring in his model of agricultural land use?

Wood was used for construction purposes and heating. Wood is heavy and therefore expensive to transport. B and C only.

Dairy operations locate on the suburban fringe of metropolitan areas because

access to market is greater.

The invention in the late 1800s that changed the geography of cattle ranching was

barbed wire.

Many farmers in New England turned to specialty farming, such as growing mushrooms, asparagus, herbs, and nursery plants because

dairy farming has become less profitable due to lower milk prices per unit and increasing operating costs.

According to the von Thunen model, the first ring is used for

dairy.

Market gardening farms are located close to large urban areas because

expensive land costs force farmers to grow crops with a higher profit margin. of the highly perishable nature of their crops. transport costs are high due to special handling requirements. farmers need large amounts of capital for specialized machinery. all of the above.

Another term for pastoral nomadism is

extensive subsistence agriculture. nomadic herding. A and B only

Most cereal grains produced in the Untied States are

fed to livestock.

In Mediterranean agriculture farmers derive most of their income from

fruits and vegetables.

Suitcase farms are most associated most with

grainfarming.

The two most important crops grown in the Mediterranean region are

grapes and olives.

Mediterranean agriculture products include

grapes. olives. dates. lemons. all of the above.

Humans survived prior to the invention of agriculture by engaging in

hunting and gathering.

Technology essential for intensive subsistence agriculture is

irrigation.

Dairy farmers locate near urban areas because

it is expensive to transport product to market. milk has a limited shelf-life. A and B only.

Growing or raising a single specialty crop on large tracts of land is called

monoculture.

All of the following are characteristics of shifting cultivation except

primogentric land ownership dominates shifting cultivation societies.

The second agricultural revolution coincided with

the Industrial Revolution.

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, mixed crop and livestock agriculture would be located in

the Midwest.

The area in Canada most associated with grain farming is

the Prairie Provinces.

Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume London, England, and Paris, France, is the single market for Europe. Extensive grain farming would take place in

the steppes of Russia.

All of the following are true regarding contemporary hunting and gathering societies except

their way of life is preserved by many governments.

When comparing the Koppen Climate Regions Map with the Whittlessey Agricultural Regions Map one can conclude that

there is a direct relationship between the patterns on both maps.

Many countries in Europe and Africa are reluctant to import Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) produced foods from the United States because

they could severely alter local agricultural economies. they could possibly crossbreed with domestic varieties. they would cause economic dependence on US corporations. they are considered less nutritious. all of the above.

All of the following are characteristics of pastoral nomads except

they only consume animal products and animal by-products.

The single most important factor contributing to rural land use patterns for most of the Great Plains in the United States is a result of the

township and range land survey system.

All of the following are types of subsistence agriculture except

truck farming.