Human Growth and Development Midterm

What is the underlying claim of gene-environment interaction?

Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment.

According to Erikson, a successful resolution of the crisis in middle childhood will lead a child to a sense of what?

Industry

A(n)________ approach to development has been criticized for equating the mind to a computer and for not taking into account the social context in which development takes place.

Information processing

Which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol during prenatal development?

It can lead to a spectrum of symptoms that include both physical and behavioral abnormalities.

Which of the following statements regarding physical growth is most likely to be true of John and Judy, both six years old?

John and Judy have likely begun to lose their primary teeth

Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into?

Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage

18-month old Jamie sees his mother eat kale, while he enjoys graham crackers. Jamie's mother expresses how much she loves kale. When presented with the opportunity to give his mother either some of his graham crackers or some of the kale she likes, which will Jamie give his mother, and why?

Kale, because his mother likes it

Which of the following describes a difference between how monozygotic and dizygotic twins develop?

Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while dizygotic twins come from two zygotes.

Jana, a 15-month old child, looks at herself in a mirror. Without her knowledge, an adult applies a dot of lipstick to Jana's nose. If Jana tries to rub the lipstick off her own nose in this test, what developmental milestone has Jana reached?

Self-awareness

What is the difference between a sperm and an egg?

The sperm is the male gamete, while the egg is the female gamete.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding learning difficulties?

They may change over time

A couple expecting their first child discuss how they plan to provide their child with a sense of value and positive self-concept that is not attached to specific accomplishments or conditions of worth. Carl Rogers would describe the parents as providing ________.

Unconditional positive regard

A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what?

a token economy

Approximately how many girls have been sexually abused in their lifetime?

about 1 in 4

Which of the following is NOT a reason boys tend to report sexual abuse less often than girls?

boys are more likely to be abused by someone outside the family

Which disorder is commonly associated with very low birth weight babies?

cerebral palsy

Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months. How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his infant sister?

children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants

Parents track the number of new words their toddler learns each day and are surprised by how many new words their child has learned at the end of one month. By charting their child's language development, these parents are showing an interest in the ________ of human development.

cognitive domain

A parent tells a school counselor, "I am concerned that my child has developed an inferiority complex. My child feels like he does not measure up to peers." According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, this child may be struggling to accomplish the developmental task of the Industry versus Inferiority stage of development, which is ________.

competence

Ivan, an 8-year-old, no longer thinks a row of pennies in front of him contains more pennies than a row of the same number of pennies with less spacing between coins. What Piagetian concept does this demonstrate Ivan has mastered?

conservation

What stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory do children in middle childhood usually occupy?

conventional

A group of friends get together and their conversation revolves around love and work: relationships, planning for future marriage and children, finishing formal education and establishing their careers, developing independence, and feeling like an adult. This group of friends is in the ________ period of human development.

early adulthood

Which of the following pain relief methods is most common during birth?

epidural

Debbie, a 9-year-old has developed early, and older men make physical advances at her, expecting her to act as old as she looks. What are these older men doing to Debbie, mentally?

fale self-training

Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by connecting them to concepts that she already understands. What is this process called?

fast-mapping

The processes of myelination and synaptic pruning make neural processing ________ and ________ complex.

faster; more

Which of the following is not a long-term consequence of divorce on children?

grief over losses suffered

Which of the senses is the most well-developed in a newborn at the time of birth?

hearing

Jessa feels increasing social pressure to look like the other girls in her class, wearing the same brands of clothing as they do. She feels like she will fit in and be well-liked if she wears similar clothing, but she just doesn't like it, so she doesn't conform. What is this brand-name pressure influencing within Jessa?

her self-concept

Jonah, a 12-month-old, uses the shortened word, ba- to indicate he wants his bottle. What kind of speech does this shortened use of a word represent?

holophrastic speech

In the strange situation test, baby Randall sits passively and waits until it is time to leave. His behavior is indicative of what type of attachment?

insecure-avoidant

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar

is in the zone of proximal development

Conjoined twins are also which type of twin?

monozygotic

This layer of fatty tissue protects axons and speeds transmission of information from one neuron to another.

myelin sheath

Danny is 5 years old. He has been taught in school that adding an "ed" to the end of a word means it's past tense, or something that's already happened. After learning this, Danny begins applying the rule to all words, even those that are supposed to be exceptions. What is this called?

overregulation

In operant conditioning, which is the most effective method of teaching a behavior?

positive reinforcement

Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize language effectively and think about the world symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is sam currently in?

preoperational

In this type of attachment, a child views the parent as a safe base from which to explore the world around themselves.

secure

Molly views herself as a kind and generous person, who is empathetic towards others and capable of helping others in need. This is Molly's:

self-concept

Simon believes his toddler is learning language to interact with others and to survive in the world. Which language learning theory does Simon likely subscribe to?

social pragmatics

Research indicates that family education, income, and occupation strongly influence the academic achievement gap across racial/ethnic groups. Which contextual influence on development does this exemplify?

socioeconomic status

Lorena is 6 months old, and often wakes during the night. Her parents wish she would wake less frequently during the night, but as long as Lorena gets about how many hours of sleep per day, is her sleep considered normal for a child her age?

14-15 hours

What happens with gametes to create chromosomal abnormalities?

the gametes do not divide when they are forming

Why do most women choose to have general prenatal screening before deciding whether or not to have more invasive testing?

Because invasive testing such as amniocentesis and CVS procedures can increase the risk of miscarriage and fetal damage.

A student is close to mastering a new language skill, but the student needs more practice and assistance before performing the skill independently. According to Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and cannot do without help is referred to as ________.

the zone of proximal development

What event occurs at the end of the germinal period?

the zygote is implanted into the uterus lining

A child therapist believes that it is important to understand all the forces that shape and impact children's lives: individual, family, neighborhood, society, and culture. This therapist subscribes to which approach to development?

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model

A researcher studies how children make sense of new information either by making it fit into known information (e.g., calling all round objects "ball") or by modifying their thinking (e.g., learning new words for various round objects). This researcher's work is grounded in Piaget's ________.

theory of cognitive development

Dendrites grow rapidly in infancy, making complicated neural networks possible, through a process called ________.

transient exuberance

A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on ________.

unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties