Human Physiology Chapter 10

plasma

55% of the blood volume

four blood types

A, B, AB, and O

AIDS

T lymphocyte count less than 200 mm3 involved in graft rejection --> fights tumors and viruses via direct ce;l attack

polycythemia

abnormal increase in RBC can have some benefit --> more hemoglobin= less fatigue caused by bone marrow cancer and living in high altitude blood doping (lance armstrong) EPO: produced as a synthetic substance, but also produced naturally in the body

monocyte, neutrophil

actively phagocytic leukocytes

lymphocyte

after originating in bone marrow, may be formed in lymphoid tissue

monocyte, lymphocyte

agranular leukocytes

red blood cell

also called an erythrocyte, anucleate

eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte

also called white blood cells

leukopenia

an abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs is ____________ (below 4,ooo mm3) caused by certain drugs like corticosteroids and anticancer agents

leukocytosis

an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells is _____________ (above 11,000 mm3

less

an anemia resulting from a decreased RBC number causes the blood to become _____ viscous

monocytes

avid phagocytes largest of the WBCs resemble large lymphocyte kidney shaped/indented nucleus "clean up team" chronic/ long term infection ex: tuberculosis

hematopoiesis

blood cell formation occurs in red bone marrow formed by bone marrow myeloid stem cell: all but lymphocyte lymphoid stem cell: only lymphocyte

1. 5 2. 7.35-7.45 3. 100.4 4. 8 5. 5 to 6

blood is 1. ____ times thicker than water 2. ph of _______ (slightly base/alkaline) 3. temperature of ________ degrees Fahrenheit 4. ___% of body weight 5. _______ liters

connective

blood is classified as what type of tissue

oxygen

blood is scarlet red in color when it is loaded with _________; otherwise, it tends to be dark red

antigen

body recognizes as foreign and tries to mount attack against it

leukemia

bone marrow cancer produce excessive amount of immature WBC cant fight infection

hemoglobin

carries the oxygen in erythrocytes (main carrier) iron protein

mismatch blood

causes kidney failure, death agglutination

agglutination

clogging of blood vessels throughout body, can cause death due to mismatch of blood signs: chills, fever, nausea, vomiting

red blood cell

contains hemoglobin

anemia

decrease in oxygen carrying capability of the blood caused by lack of iron, sudden hemorrhage, lack vitamin B, lysis

red blood cells

erythrocytes anucleate contain hemoglobin 1 drop= 4-6 million mm3 cannot: reproduce, grow, divide, synthesize proteins they last 3-4 months then they break down and are absorbed by the liver

platelets

fragments of cells called megakaryocytes; blood clotting

megakaryocyte

fragments to form platelets

sickle cell anemia

genetic condition, RBC became abnormally shaped due to hemoglobin (spiky sharp, crescent shape) oxygen released at lower rate and causes pain low iron level RBC become deformed and clump up causing blockage and pain

eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil

granular leukocytes

erythropoietin

hormone that the kidneys produce stimulates RBC production

eosinophil

increases during parasite attacks

monocyte

increases in number during prolonged infections

phlebotomy

individuals trained to collect blood from people, package it, and send it out phlebotomist: collects blood samples Greek word: vein

histamine

inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site

HIV

kills lymphnoid stem cells

agranulocytes

lack visible cytoplasmic granules nuclei are closer to norm- spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped ex: lymphocytes and monocytes

basophil

least numerous leukocyte

buffy coat

less than 1% of the blood volume

formed elements

living blood cells are called

granulocytes

lobed nuclei-several rounded nuclear areas contain granules in cytoplasm ex: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

neutrophil

most numerous leukocyte

nuetrophils

most numerous, avid phagocytes increase during short term/acute infections very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains, pink

erythrocytes

most of compacted cell mass is composed of ______________

hematocrit

normal _____________ values are in the area of 42%- 47% of the volume of whole blood

monocytes

phagocytic agranular WBCs are ___________

1. vascular spasms 2. platelet plug 3. coagulation (blood clotting)

phases of hemostasis

plasma

primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood

basophils

rarest of wbc inflammatory chemicals draw cells to site respond to histamine, decrease inflammation, causes __________ to mobilize to area contain heparin

basophil

releases histamine during inflammatory reactions

lymphocytes

second most numerous leukocytes in blood, smallest leukocyte, found in lymph nodes/lymphnoid tissue larger than RBC nucleus takes up most of cell, increase during viral attacks (kills viruses)

buffy coat

space that separates the plasma and formed elements

hemostasis

stoppage of blood has 3 phases time? 3-5 minutes

eosinophils

telephone receiver, blue/red nucleus allergic reaction killing parasitic worms in the digestive system (body)

clotting

the "fibers" of blood only become visible during __________

5.5 (5-6)

the cardiovascular system of an average adult contains approximately __ liters of blood

lymphocytes

the leukocytes particularly important in the immune response are ____________

4.5-5.5

the normal RBC count is ________ million/mm3

7.35

the normal pH range of blood is _____ to 7.45

lymphocyte

the only WBC type to arise from lymphoid stem cells is the _____________

leukocytes and platelets

the so-called "buffy coat" is composed of _____________ and _____________ and is found at the junction between the other two blood elements

erythrocytes

transport oxygen to cells and tissue anucleate contains hemoglobin biconcave disc (somewhat depressed center) outnumber WBC 1000 to 1

thrombus

undesirable blood clot formed on inside of blood vessel if occurs in the heart is called: myocardic infarction (heart attack) anti coagulants: treatments -blood thinners such as cumodin, aspirin, and heperin

O

universal donor

AB

universal recepient

hematocrit

volume of blood accounted for by cells

kidneys

when blood becomes too acidic or too basic, both the respiratory system and the _________ may be called into action to restore it to its normal pH range

chemotaxis

white blood cells migrate to infection to kill it when cells follow a chemical gradient

diapedesis

white blood cells move into and out of blood vessels by the process of ____________

luekocytes

white blood cells; fight infection/disease