HW Chapter 26

Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis, is a ______. Gram-negative encapsulated diplococcus Gram-negative flagellated rod Gram-positive coccus that forms grape-like clusters Gram-positive encapsulated coccus

Gram-negative encapsulated diplococcus

Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum, which is ______. Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and strictly anaerobic Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and strictly aerobic Gram-negative, coccus-shaped, and strictly aerobic Gram-negative, coccus-shaped, and strictly anaerobic

Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and strictly anaerobic

Prior to the introduction of vaccines to prevent it, _______ was once the leading cause of meningitis in young children. Multiple choice question. Cryptococcus neoformans Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus

Haemophilus influenzae

Which two individuals independently developed an effective vaccine to control poliomyelitis? Multiple select question. Jonas Salk Alexander Fleming Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Albert Sabin

Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin

The causative agent of meningococcal meningitis, often called meningococcus, is ______, a Gram-negative encapsulated diplococcus. Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria meningitidis

Nerves composed of bundles of axons that carry information to and from the CNS collectively make up the

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by ____________ ______________ , part of the normal microbiota in the nose and throat of many healthy individuals and best known as a cause of pneumonia, as well as the leading cause of meningitis in adults.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Although best known as a cause of pneumonia, ____________ ____________ , a part of the normal microbiota of the throat and nasopharynx of many healthy individuals, is the leading cause of meningitis in adults.

Streptococcus, pneumoniae

are responsible for most cases of "aseptic meningitis," where a lumbar puncture reveals no microorganisms in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Viruses

Because of the typically rapid progression and life-threatening nature of bacterial meningitis, treatment with ______ is begun immediately if the disease is suspected. a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial a broad-spectrum antimicrobial

a broad-spectrum antimicrobial

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of rabies? Multiple choice question. a. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, cough at onset; later, spasms of muscles of mouth and throat, coma, death Reason: These are signs and symptoms of rabies. b. Headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, pain, muscle spasm, followed by paralysis Reason: These are signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis. c. Abrupt onset, fever, headache, vomiting, disorientation, paralysis, seizures, deafness, coma Reason: These are signs and symptoms of viral encephalitis.

a. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, cough at onset; later, spasms of muscles of mouth and throat, coma, death

The causative agent of Hansen's disease is ______. a. Mycobacterium leprae b. Bacillus anthracis Reason: B. anthracis causes anthrax. c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reason: M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. e. Clostridium botulinum Reason: C. botulinum causes botulism.

a. Mycobacterium leprae

Haemophilus influenzae was once the leading cause of meningitis in children under 5 years of age. a. True b. False - Prior to the introduction of vaccines, H. influenzae once caused meningitis in about 1 out of 200 children under 5 years of age. The vaccine has decreased incidence of this type of meningitis in children by over 99%.

a. True

Vaccines are available to prevent what were once the most significant types of bacterial meningitis, resulting in a dramatic drop in the incidence of the disease in recent years. a. True b. False - Vaccines have indeed been developed and are available for the most significant causative agents of meningitis.

a. True

Listeria monocytogenes is characterized as ______. Multiple select question. a. facultatively anaerobic b. Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and motile c. able to grow at 4 degrees C d. endospore-forming Reason: L. monocytogenes does not form endospores. e. Gram-negative, cocci-shaped, and non-motile

a. facultatively anaerobic b. Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and motile c. able to grow at 4 degrees C

In order to prevent the disease, people intimately exposed to cases of meningococcal disease are routinely ______. Multiple choice question. a. given prophylactic antibiotic treatment b. treated with an antiviral protease inhibitor Reason: Recall that meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, not a virus. c. vaccinated with a conjugate vaccine composed of purified A, C, Y, and W135 capsular polysaccharides Reason: The conjugate vaccination, which is not composed of purified polysaccharides, is used to protect individuals at high risk and to control epidemics, but individuals intimately exposed to cases of the disease are routinely given prophylactic treatment with the antibiotic rifampin.

a. given prophylactic antibiotic treatment

Listeria monocytogenes, a motile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive rod, is of special concern in food-borne illness because ______. Multiple select question. a. it is a facultative anaerobe able to grow in vacuum-packed foods b. it forms endospores that allow it to survive harsh conditions c. it can grow at the cold temperatures of a refrigerator d. it is not killed by cooking

a. it is a facultative anaerobe able to grow in vacuum-packed foods c. it can grow at the cold temperatures of a refrigerator

Antibacterial medications can be used to control epidemics of meningococcal meningitis. They are especially useful in ______. Multiple select question. a. jails b. schools c. parks Reason: Remember that antibacterial medications are especially useful at controlling epidemics in confined groups. d. nursing homes e. beaches Reason: Remember that antibacterial medications are especially useful at controlling epidemics in confined groups.

a. jails b. schools d. nursing homes

Although signs and symptoms of viral meningitis are similar to those of bacterial meningitis, they are ______. a. less severe and cause little permanent damage in those with normal immunity b. more severe and cause permanent damage, even in those with normal immunity

a. less severe and cause little permanent damage in those with normal immunity

Mycobacterium leprae is ______. anaerobic, round-shaped, and acid-fast anaerobic, round-shaped, and forms endospores aerobic, rod-shaped, and forms endospores aerobic, rod-shaped, and acid-fast

aerobic, rod-shaped, and acid-fast

The botulinum toxin is found in three antigenically distinct types. a. True At least eight antigenically distinct types of botulinum toxin are known, but types A, B, and E are responsible for most human causes of disease. b. False

b. False

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of rabies? Multiple choice question. a. Abrupt onset, fever, headache, vomiting, disorientation, paralysis, seizures, deafness, coma Reason: These are signs and symptoms of viral encephalitis. b. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, cough at onset; later, spasms of muscles of mouth and throat, coma, death Reason: These are signs and symptoms of rabies. c. Headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, pain, muscle spasm, followed by paralysis Reason: These are signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis.

b. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, cough at onset; later, spasms of muscles of mouth and throat, coma, death

Listeria monocytogenes is characterized as ______. Multiple select question. a. endospore-forming Reason: L. monocytogenes does not form endospores. b. Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and motile c. able to grow at 4 degrees C d. Gram-negative, cocci-shaped, and non-motile e. facultatively anaerobic

b. Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and motile c. able to grow at 4 degrees C e. facultatively anaerobic

Why does botulinum toxin result in flaccid paralysis? Multiple choice question. a. It blocks ATP production, without which muscle cells cannot contract. Reason: Botulinum toxin blocks nerve transmission to muscles. b. It blocks nerve transmission to muscles, preventing their contraction. c. It blocks inhibitory neurons, resulting in constant spastic muscle contraction. Reason: Tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory neurons, resulting in constant spastic muscle contraction. d. It prevents myosin from interacting with actin, thereby stopping muscle contraction. Reason: Botulinum toxin blocks nerve transmission to muscles.

b. It blocks nerve transmission to muscles, preventing their contraction.

Epidemic viral encephalitis is usually caused by arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) that ______. Multiple select question. a. are double-stranded DNA viruses Reason: Recall that arboviruses contain a single-stranded RNA genome. b. are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses c. are transmitted by insects, mites, or ticks d. lack an envelope Reason: Recall that arboviruses are enveloped viruses.

b. are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses c. are transmitted by insects, mites, or ticks

Compared to bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis is ______. a. more common and more severe Reason: Viral meningitis is much milder than bacterial meningitis. b. more common and much milder c. rarer but milder Reason: Viral meningitis is both more common and milder than bacterial meningitis. d. rarer but much more severe Reason: Viral meningitis is both more common and milder than bacterial meningitis.

b. more common and much milder

When Listeria monocytogenes enters the ______________ , the resulting bacteremia is the source of meningeal infection.

bloodstream

Meningitis is ______. Multiple choice question. a. characterized by infection and swelling of the ventricles of the heart as a result of bacterial biofilm formation Reason: The three layers of membranes that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord are the meninges; inflammation or infection of these meninges is meningitis. The brain also has ventricles in which the fluid resides and is produced. b. a severe skin rash caused by a bacterial or viral infection Reason: The three layers of membranes that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord are the meninges; inflammation or infection of these meninges is meningitis. c. inflammation or infection of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord d. generalized inflammation or infection of the brain Reason: A generalized inflammation or infection of the brain is encephalitis.

c. inflammation or infection of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord

Rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning ______. Multiple choice question. a. it is often found in animals kept in captivity, e.g., those in zoos Reason: Zoonotic diseases are normally found in animals but can be transmitted to humans. b. it is commonly found in domesticated animals such as dogs and cats Reason: Although dogs and cats can get rabies if not properly vaccinated, zoonotic diseases are those that are normally found in animals but can be transmitted to humans. c. it is normally found in animals but can be transmitted to humans

c. it is normally found in animals but can be transmitted to humans

The central nervous system, or CNS, is comprised of ______. a. the spinal cord Reason: The CNS also includes the brain. b. nerves composed of bundles of axons that branch out to different parts of the body Reason: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of nerves composed of bundles of axons that branch out to different parts of the body. c. the brain and spinal cord d. the brain, spinal cord, and nerves composed of bundles of axons that branch out to different parts of the body Reason: The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord; nerves that branch out to different parts of the body are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

c. the brain and spinal cord

As a general rule, nervous system infections ______. Multiple select question. can have a wide range of effects on the body can be fatal without treatment are very common Reason: Fortunately, they are uncommon. are mild and self-limiting

can have a wide range of effects on the body can be fatal without treatment

Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the

central nervous system (CNS)

A spinal tap, or lumbar puncture, allows a sample of cerebrospinal fluid to be obtained by ______. a. making a small incision into the base of the neck where the vertebral column connects to the brain and draining a small sample Reason: A spinal tap is taken via needle from between lumbar vertebrae. b. drilling a small hole through the skull and inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space Reason: A spinal tap is taken via needle from between lumbar vertebrae. c. inserting a needle through the nasal cavity to access the cerebrospinal fluid between the arachnoid and pia membranes Reason: A spinal tap is taken via needle from between lumbar vertebrae. d. inserting a needle between lumbar vertebrae where the spinal cord has tapered to a threadlike structure

d. inserting a needle between lumbar vertebrae where the spinal cord has tapered to a threadlike structure

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of ______. Multiple choice question. a. the sensory nerves that run just under the skin Reason: The PNS includes all the nerves that carry information to and from the CNS, not just those involved in skin sensation. b. the brain and spinal column Reason: The brain and spinal column make up the central nervous system (CNS). c. backup neurons that are not important unless the primary nervous system is damaged Reason: The PNS is made up of the nerves that carry information to and from the CNS. d. nerves composed of bundles of axons that carry information to and from the CNS

d. nerves composed of bundles of axons that carry information to and from the CNS

Generalized inflammation or infection of the brain is called

encephalitis

Consider the micrograph of Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of botulism. The lighter-colored structures indicated by the labeling lines are

endospores

A very small number of people affected with poliomyelitis develop a paralytic disease may follow. This is characterized by weak, floppy, poorly controlled muscles, and sometimes complete loss of muscle function, called ________________ paralysis.

flaccid

Botulinum toxin blocks muscle contraction, resulting in a type of paralysis called _____________ paralysis.

flaccid

Botulism comes in several different forms, including ______. Multiple select question. foodborne intestinal bubonic septicemic respiratory wound

foodborne intestinal wound

The three main forms of botulism are: _______________ botulism, intestinal (infant) botulism, and ____________ botulism.

foodborne, wound

The form of Hansen's disease in which cell-mediated immunity fails to stop the proliferating bacteria is called ______________ leprosy. It is also known as multibacillary Hansen's disease.

lepromatous

The individual in this figure is suffering from _______, which is characterized by the loss of fingers and collapse of the supporting cartilage in the nose. tuberculoid leprosy lepromatous leprosy toxoplasmosis cryptococcosis

lepromatous leprosy

loss of fingers or toes or deformity of the face

leprosy

Listeria monocytogenes causes a foodborne disease called _______________ , which can result in meningitis.

listeriosis

Inflammation or infection of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord is called

meningitis

Of the following, which is the most common result of listeriosis? hepatitis encephalitis pancreatitis meningitis

meningitis

Viral meningitis occurs _____ often than bacterial meningitis and is _______ severe. less; less less; more more; less more; more

more; less

The leading causes of epidemic encephalitis in the United States, which include La Crosse encephalitis virus, St. Louis and West Nile encephalitis viruses, and eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses, are all transmitted by ____________.

mosquitoes

Regarding the type of tissues it affects, the botulinum toxin, an exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, is a type of

neurotoxin

Although botulism is not a nervous system infection, it is often considered in chapters on infections of the nervous system because its key symptom is _______________.

paralysis

The key symptom of botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum, is ______. heavy bleeding hyperthermia dysentery severe coughing paralysis

paralysis

Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are similar to those of pneumococcal meningitis except that they are often distinguished by the presence of purplish spots on the skin called _________ , as shown in the image.

petechiae

Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are similar to those of pneumococcal meningitis except that they are often distinguished by the presence of purplish spots on the skin called _____________as shown in the image.

petechiae

In pregnant women, Listeria monocytogenes crosses the ________________ and produces widespread abscesses in tissues of the fetus.

placenta

In severe cases of _______, the respiratory muscles are paralyzed, and individuals must be placed in mechanical ventilators, or "iron lungs." Multiple choice question. tetanus rabies poliomyelitis meningitis toxoplasmosis

poliomyelitis

paralyzed limbs or inability to breather without mechanical assistance

poliomyelitis

Destruction of motor neurons resulting in permanent paralysis of a group of muscles, such as those of an arm or a leg, is the characteristic feature of the nervous system disease .

poliomyelitis or polio

Myelitis is best defined as an inflammation of the _______. spinal cord peripheral nervous system central nervous system brain

spinal cord

Meningitis can be diagnosed by obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid using a procedure called a __________ ________ , or lumbar puncture.

spinal tap

The limited type of Hansen's disease, in which cell-mediated immunity successfully stops the proliferating bacteria, is called _______________ leprosy; it can also be called paucibacillary Hansen's disease.

tuberculoid

Botulism comes in several different forms, including ______. Multiple select question. wound foodborne septicemic respiratory intestinal bubonic

wound foodborne intestinal

Rabies is a classic ______________ disease, meaning one normally found in animals, but it can be transmitted to humans.

zoonotic