I need to finish and rename this set
how many pairs of ribs
12
ribs that can move simultaneously about two axes
2-7
the diahpragm is responsible for approximately how much of the change in thoracic volume?
75%
parallel to the midaxillary line
anterior/posterior axillary line
ribs 11-12 are pulled upward and outward. what it this motion called?
caliper
the product of the tension developed by the respiratory muscles
changes in thoracic cavity dimension during breathing
supports and stabilizes the shoulder joint through a flexible attachment to the manubrium of the sternum
clavicle
what is each pectoral girdle formed by
clavicle and scapula
allows the rib cage to ben and permits the thorax to increase and decrease in size
costal cartilage
how are ribs 8-10 attached to the sternum?
a common cartilaginous strap
what is below each rib within the intercostal muscles?
a vein, artery, and nerve
how does pressure increase in the abdominal cavity during forced exhalation?
abdominal wall muscles compress
primary function of the respiratory system
absorb o2 and excrete co2
limited, short-term ventilation is possible using what
accessory muscles
muscles that compress the thoracic cavity and facilitate exhalation
accessory muscles
assist the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when ventilatory demand increases
accessory muscles of ventilation
muslces that are slightly active during quiet breathing and more active with forceful breathing
accessory muscles of ventilation
thoracic shape and dimension vary from individual to individual. what are they linked to?
age, gender, and race
cartilaginous joint on the lateral edges of the manubrium and sternal body that forms the attachment between the ribs and sternum
costal cartilage
primary muscles of ventilation
diahragm and intercostal muscles
when the ribs move, what happens with the thoracic cavity?
diameter is increased
when ribs 8-10 rotate, elevation of the anterior ends of the ribs produces a small backward movement of the lower sternum. what does this cause?
diameter reduction
a thin, musculotendious, dome-shaped structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
aids in generating high intraabdominal pressures by remaining fixed while the abdominal muscles contract
diaphragm
highly aerobic and fatigue-resistant muscle more capable of long-term rhythmic contraction
diaphragm
primary ventilatory muscle not essential for survival
diaphragm
spinal cord injuries at or above the level of the third cercical vertebrae result in what
diaphragmatic paralysis
where does the highest portion of the right dome of the diaphragm sit posteriorly?
eighth or ninth thoractic vertebra
what kind of tissues form the thoracic cavity?
eipthelial, connective, and muslce
when diaphragmatic tension decreases and the diaphragm returns to its relaxed position, what results?
exhalation
why doesn't the diaphragm actively participate in exhalation
exhalation is passive
originate on the upper ribs and attach to the lower ribs
external intercostal muscles
outermost layer of abdominal wall muscle and lies over the lateral aspects of the abdominal cavity
external obliques
exchange of o2 and co2 exchange between the gas of the atmosphere and blood
external respiration
what is included in the abdominal muscles?
external/internal obliques, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis muscles
ribs 8-12
false ribs
where does the highest portion of the right dome of the diaphragm sit anteriorly?
fifth rib
rib that raises and lowers the sternum
first
ribs 11-12
floating ribs
the accessory muscles of exhalation become active during _______________.
forceful breathing
when lying down in a supine position, the weight of the abdominal contents ___________________________ into the thoracic cavity.
forces the diaphragm farther up
when external intercostal muscles generate tension, ribs lift upward and cause the thoracic cavity to enlarge the thorax. what is this called?
hamberger mechanism
what causes the diaphragm to flatten out?
increased lung volume
where do the ribs lie?
inner portion of the thoracic wall
the outer covering of the thorax is formed by the ______________.
integumentary system
muscles that lie between the ribs and hold them together
intercostal muscles
muscles that lie between the ribs and just behind the external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
lie just underneath the the external obliques and originate on the lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, and inuinal ligaments, and insert nto the pubis and costal region of the lower ribs
internal obliques
exchange of gases between blood and tissues
internal respiration
prallel to the midspinal line
left/right midscapular lines
what does the thoracic cavity house?
lungs, heart, and contents of mediastinum
broad, fan shaped muscles of the upper anterior chest
major/minor pectoralis muscles
three bones that make up the sternum
manubrium, body/gladiolus, xiphoid process
divides the lateral chest into equal halves
midaxillary line
the left and right _______________ are parallel to the midsternal lines.
midclavicular lines
divides the posterior chest into two equal halves
midspinal line
on the anterior chest, this line divides the thorax into equal halves
midsternal
locations of accessory muscles of inspiration
neck, chest, and upper back
why are they called false ribs?
neither directly nor indirectly attached to the sternum
where does the highest portion of the left dome of the diaphragm sit posteriorly?
ninth or tenth thoracic vertebra
what can affect diaphragm function?
non/pulmonary diseases
inner layer of the thoracic wall is lined with what
parietal pleura
originates on the humerus and inserts onto the clavicle and sternum
pectoralis major
normally function to adduct the arms in a hugging motion
pectoralis minor
originates from the anterior region of the ribs 3-5 and inserts onto the scapula
pectoralis minor
a thin fluid-filled space formed between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes
pleural space
how does the diaphragm rise during inspiration if paralyzed?
pressures above and below diaphragm
two motions the ribs move in
pump/bucket handle
a pair of musclular bands that run vertically on the anterior surface of the abdomen
rectus abdominis
least active muscles of the abdominal muscle group
rectus abdominis
muscular bands that arise from the pubis, travel upward over the abdominal cavity, and insert into the costal region of ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process of the sternum
rectus abdominis
predominant accessory muscles
scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoral, and abdominal wall muscles
three pairs of scalene muscles
scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior
forms the socket for the shoulder joint and is stabilized or moved by skeletal muscles of the upper back
scapula
where does the highest portion of the left dome of the diaphragm sit anteriorly?
sixth rib
tissue that forms the various muscles of the chest and back and lies over and between the ribs
skeletal muscle
external marker of the point where the trachea divides into the left and right main stem bronchi
sternal angle/angle of louis
fused connection between the manubrium and the gladiolus
sternal angle/angle of louis
this muscle flexes and rotates the head and is acitve during shoulder shrugging
sternocleidomastoid muscle
originates from the manubrium and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone
sternocleidomastoid muscles
long, vertical flast bone found on the anterior side of the thoracic cavity
sternum
bony parts of the rib cage
sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebral bones, scapula, and clavicle
a shallow depression on the superior edge of the manubrium
suprasternal notch (jugular notch)
movements of the hemidiaphragms are ________________.
synchronous
why is the right hemidiaphragm 1 cm higher than the left?
the liver
what is the respiratory system regulated by?
the nervous system
why are they called true ribs?
they are attached directly to the sternum
why are they called floating ribs
they are not attached to the sternum
cone-shaped cavity that houses the lungs, heart, and the contents of the mediastinum
thoracic cavity
the first ribs and the upper sternum form the opening into the thorax called the what
thoracic inlet/operculum
what is the thoracic cavity formed by?
tissues of the chest, upper back, and diaphragm
lie below the internal oblique muslces
transverse abdominis
most active muscle of the abdominal muscle group
transverse abdominis
flat, triangular muscles located on the upper back and neck
trapezius muscles
muscles that rotate the scapulae, lift the shoulders, and flex the head up and back
trapezius muscles
ribs 1-7
true ribs
what is included in the respiratory system
upper/lower airways, chest wall, respiratory muscles, pulmonary blood vessels, support nerves, and lymphatics
abdominal wall muscles contract--> abdominal cavity compresses--> diaphragm is forced ______________--> thoracic cavity is _________________
upward; compressed
serous membrane that covers the lungs
visceral pleura
what does the thoracic cavity protect?
vital organs
