IAH211C Exam 1
Before federal judges affirmed the right for Wisconsin Chippewa Indians to legally fish, they exercised their right to fish but faced and endured which of the following?
1) Angry protestors blowing whistles 2) Violent and vulgar acts, like being spat on. 3) Roadblocks and other means to prevent Indian fishermen to launch their boats. 4) Death threats and bounties (a price on your head). ALL OF THE ANSWERS
The areas of non-Indian concern to Chippewa (Indian) fishing in Wisconsin were...
1) That Indian fishing threatened tourism. 2) That Indian fishing threatened sports fishing. 3) That Indian fishing threatened water skiing. 4) That Indian fishing could occur in the "ceded" territories (or off reservation). ALL OF THE ANSWERS
Transitional Constitutional Governments
1. Developed written constitutions (the Five Civilized Tribes example) 2. Impact of state societies, especially Pueblo Peoples: prehistoric cultures, Spain, Mexico and the United States: Also, the influence of the "Spanish set from 1620." For most tribes of the lower 48, "no nation was left unscathed by the forces of American expansion and colonialism."
Indigenous peoples are nations, not minorities because...
1. Indian tribes have governments 2. Indian tribes live within distinct territorial units (or have a land base) 3. Indian tribes have signed treaties with the federal government ALL OF THE ANSWERS
Original inhabitants of North America and are nations in the most fundamental sense of the word
1. Integral Attributes: bounded land base, economic system, governmental system, and social cultural distinctiveness (forcing treating making). 2. Treaty Recognized Sovereigns
Three Sovereigns within the United States:
1. The Federal Government 2. State Governments 3. Tribal Governments
The Doctrine of Discovery calls for...
1. The legal/religious claiming of foreign lands (planting a flag) by Christian European nations 2. An agreement between Christian European nations to recognize each others' claims 3. A recognition of Indian land ownership and the exclusive right to acquire that land from Indian nations ALL OF THESE
For most of United States history, American Indians...
1. Were not citizens of the United States 2. Were outside the protection of the United States Constitution 3. Were/are treaty-recognized sovereigns ALL OF THE ANSWERS
The use of the phrase, "might is right", is to emphasize that...
1. When by force of arms the militarily stronger of two sovereigns can force its will upon other, weaker sovereign 2. Interpretations and definitions of long established Doctrines will change when the power relationship between two sovereigns shifts in favor of one over the other 3. Regardless of the facts and circumstances the stronger of the two sovereigns can claim a moral and ethical justification for any deed or action ALL OF THE ANSWERS
Three categories of indigenous governments:
1. original 2. transitional constitutional 3. contemporary constitutional
Tee-Hit-Ton vs United States
5th amendment guarantees compensation for any legal landholder if the government condemned land Ruled that the natives don't have land rights and thus get no compensation
Tourism
A bigger industry than you might think.
Iroquois
A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.
Indian Lands:
Agriculture: Range and Crop, Natural Resources: Energy in the form of coal, oil, natural gas, geothermal, uranium and hydroelectric. Some of these resources have been extracted through open pit mining and fracking.
The Fighting Braves of Michigamua: Adopting the Visage of American Indian Warriors in the Halls of Academia The chapter details and discussion was presented in class. The Michigamua Gallery and the "Roping Day" ceremony footage is provided below. The Best Offense ...: Dissociation, Desire and the Defense of the Florida State Seminoles At Home in Illinois: Presence of Chief Illiniwek, Absence of Native Americans
Although the Michigamua were focused on a single state, their antecedents reach back to the Sons of Liberty.
Lots of money owed
Annuities (money) distributed to federally recognized tribes from time to time or in one big sum are a example of...
General Allotment Act of 1887:
Approved on February 8, 1887, "An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations," known as the Dawes Act, emphasized severalty, the treatment of Native Americans as individuals rather than as members of tribes
Other Accomplishments
Arranging the clearing of streams and waterways to ensure passable routes for communication.
Dekanawidah
Believed to be his relative, helped him in creating a confederacy.
Retirement In 1971, protesters (mostly American Indian students) challenged the use of the mascot in three ways: Offering a critique of racism Flesh-and-blood Indians wanted to reclaim their heritage (to replace the replacement narrative). Protesters asserted an energized, newly politicized Indian identity.
By 1978,Marquette returned to a so-called, more dignified, mascot called the "First Warrior," but he never fully was accepted. In 1987, the First Warrior was retired. In 1993, they retired the "Warriors" nickname as well.
Sockalexis and the Making of the Myth at the Core of Cleveland's "Indian Image."
Chief Wahoo invented and adopted in 1915. Franchise has often taken legal action against any kind of protest and/or opposition. The Indian image was not named in honor of a Penobscot Indian named Louis Francis Sockalexis. The legend of Sockalexis was invented in 1897 when Sockalexis signed with the Cleveland Spiders, the predecessor to "the Indians." "Myth": A dramatic story that justifies a popular institution or custom, that seeks to explain a given practice or value, that articulates a people's wishful thinking, or that justifies present behavior in terms of what supposedly happened in the past. (David Voight, quoted on page 86) An awareness that a historical claim may be nothing more that a tall tale has the potential to alter the behavior of people because "people act on the basis of what they believe to be true, not on what they think is fiction" (87). When confronted with the fiction people can often become angry and defensive. A recurring theme in major episodes in history of white-Indian relations was the suppression of the truth by whites, "sometimes deliberately and sometimes by apparent inadvertence" (88). Stereotypes prevent an authentic understanding of American Indian history. "It is almost as if a culture that is literally saturated with allusions to fictional Indians had no interest in living Indians at all" (94). Most Americans encounter Indians as stereotypical images, like the carved cigar store statues and as heads in profile impressed on coins. Symbols become owned and overtaken by the dominant group. There aren't any real Indians left. Permission is given for the dominant group to determine when traditions and symbols deserve reverence and when those traditions and symbols can be reduced to the quaint and obscure practices of a dead or forgotten people (93). Surface History versus Invisible History Rationalization of the Franchise: appropriation of American Indian imagery is a noble gesture to honor a noble man.
Accomplishment
Convinced his people (and other nations) to join the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois League). It was known as the Six Nations Confedearcy after Tuscarora joined.
The preemptive definition of the Doctrine of Discovery only entitle European nations the...
Exclusive right of first purchase of Indian land
Identify the three definitions of the Doctrine of Discovery
Expansive, absolute and preemptive
1887
General Allotment Act
Allotment, Americanization, and Acculturation (1880s-1920s)
General Allotment Act of 1887 Americanization Acculturation
Indian Resistance
Ghost Dances and Wounded Knee
BASIC Outline of American Indian Treaty Rights
Goods and Services Paid for in Advance Sovereignty Lots of Money Owed Reserved Rights
Preemptive Definition
Grants preemptive right to buy An Exclusive Right of First Purchase
A pacifist
He worked to promote peace amidst constant conflicts amongst various Iroquois nations. He travelled nation to nation to create a permanent confederacy.
According to the authors of American Indian Politics and RMIH, the most common appellations or names are...
Indian or American Indian
Reserved Rights
Indian tribes retain rights like fishing and hunting and land that was never given up or to the United States. Indian land is reserved land, reserved for the exclusive use of Indians, and is similar to other federal lands, like military reservations, which are reserved for the exclusive use of the U.S. Armed Forces. What is important is that these lands exist within the boundaries of states but are not state lands.
According to "Playing Indian/American Identity," American sports team mascots, logos and trademarks originate from...
Indians invented by American colonists, to represent a new American National Identity
Democratic
It practises democracy. It is a confederate government with 'checks and balances'. Women rights were also recognised.
The Revival of Limited Tribal Self-Rule (1920s-1940s)
Meriam Report Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Native American advocacy group in the United States, founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota a response to the Relocation Act, poverty, police harassment, and urban "red ghettos" quickly became a pan-Indian movement across US and Canada
Explained in "Lesson the Third," RMIH and American Indian Politics, the simple definition of "plenary power" is...
Only the federal government can negotiate with Indian nations and only the federal government can create legislation affecting Indian affairs
Early life
Originally from Lake Ontario, he is a member of the Onondaga nation.
Co-editor Springwood talks about his book, Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy, published by University of Nebraska Press. The book is about the controversy surrounding professional sports teams' decision to use Native American mascots.
Panelists discuss and talk about the controversy over sports team mascots and other instances of American Indian stereotypes. The participants included Kevin Gover, Director of the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), Amanda Blackhorse, new plaintiff in a lawsuit against the Washington Redskins, a former National Football League (NFL) football player; the Suzan Shown Harjo, lead plaintiff in the historic lawsuit against the Washington Redskins; and audience comments and questions.
In the context of "discovery" and colonization, mapping is an act of...
Possession and Appropriation
Wilkins and Stark (and) Lomawaima argue that the one of the following legal interpretations of the Doctrine of Discovery is most logical. Which one?
Preemptive
In the "Introduction," American Indian Politics, American Indian tribal governments and communities are defined as...
Preexisting, separate and sovereign peoples
In terms of the 7th fire tradition, Wisconsin (Chippewa) Indian fishing rights aligns best with which of the following rights?
Reserved rights
Goods and Services Bought and Paid for in Advance
Some of the money owed to Indian people and tribes was used to pay for education and for other goods. When Indian people exercise their right to attend a college or university tuition free, which is the case in Michigan, the right is something retained and not something given. Free tuition is not a gift but a payment for Indian land
According to Wilkins and Stark, the relationship between American Indians and the U.S. federal government is over...
Sovereignty
The controversy in Wisconsin in the late 1980s and early to mid 1990s was over what technique of Chippewa fishing, especially Lac Du Flambeau?
Spear Fishing
US Recognition of Indian Title
Started out with Doctrine of Discovery but turned into Treaties Before War of 1812, all land was supposed to be bought from willing natives After War of 1812, discussions of land ownership was without natives Portage des Sioux treaties: 1. Recognition of Indian land rights by the establishment of clear boundaries for Indian Country 2. The use of formal treaties as formal means of dealing with tribal nations 3. Regulation of Indian trade by the federal government as the means of maintaining an exclusive relationships with the tribes, but also to protect the Indians from being defrauded 4. Expenditures by the US designed to promote the civilization and educations of Indians 5. Series of trade and intercourse acts to restrain the actions of whites and provide justice to the Indians
Most Wisconsin Chippewa fishermen fish for...
Subsistence and to feed others
Tribal Termination and Relocation (1940s-1960s)
Termination Relocation
Dealings with internal affairs
The Council could not interfere any tribe's internal affairs.
Becoming the Indians: Fashioning Arkansas State University's Indians:
The Indians (1931) and later the Indian family (Chief Big Track, the Princess and the Brave), dressed in Hollywood version of Indians. Does not reflect the Osage or the Arkansas or any other specific Indian tribe. See the "Myths" section. Taming of the frontier spirit. Homesteading skills and frontier-like activities. Hangin' Judge Parker and Rooster Cogburn of True Grit fame. Other performances: The Teepee, the totem pole, the "War Drum Ritual," the Jumpin' Joe caricature and Running Joe.
The essay, "The History and Origin of American Indian Mascots and Logos," the major premise is that...
The first empirical evidence of the origin of American Indian mascots is the 1754 Albany Plan of Union authored by Benjamin Franklin near the Mohawk Nation in Albany, New York.
People's rights
The people of the five nations have ultimate power over the Council's decisions.
Reserved Rights
The right of federally recognized tribal members to fish the Great Lakes is an example of...
Wennebojo Meets the Mascot: A Trickster's View of Central Michigan University Mascot/Logo
This is an essay fashioned into a trickster story, a common traditional oral story meant to teach a lesson or to have the Trickster reveal absurd, rude and degrading behavior. the wily trickster who provides the real spark in the action, causing trouble wherever he goes. This figure shows up time and again in Native American folklore, where he takes many forms, from the irascible Coyote of the Southwest, to Iktomi, the amorphous spider man of the Lakota tribe.
Legacy
Though unclear, it is believed that the Great Binding Law is model for later constitutional documents such as the US Constitution.
Tribal-State Economic Partnerships:
Usually antagonists, tribes and states can work together for mutual benefit.
Chief Bill Orange and the Saltine Warrior: A Cultural History of Indian Symbols and Imagery at Syracuse University
What does "honor the tribe and the land" mean? Replacement Narrative: The spirits of dead Indians wept as they were replaced by whites. Orange honors the early Dutch or Holland people (William of Orange and/or the Protestant Orangemen of Ireland) The origin and perpetuation of Chief Bill Orange, the Saltine Warrior (1931) Creating a competing legacy by claiming an origin older then any other Farcical display. Manufactured legend. We were the first ones to have Indians dressed up at football games. "I treat the Saltine Warrior as an honor. It's not racism at all." Indian Warrior to Greek Warrior to Otto the Orange By using a primitive savage as their symbol, Syracusans essentially celebrated the perceived superiority of their university and community.
1924: General Citizenship Act
allowed individual Indians to maintain their tribal citizenships and affiliations.
Indian gaming operations
does not mean tribes are economically well off because "Native Americans continue to rank at or near the bottom of nearly every social, health, and economic indicator" (136).
Federal and state governments did not delegate sovereignty to tribes:
it is an original and inherent power.
Until the American Indian Citizen Act of 1924
the U.S. Constitution did not protect or apply to American Indian tribes and even after 1924 the protections of the U.S. Constitution did not necessarily apply to Indian people living on tribal lands.
Ethnocide
the deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group
Tribal focus is on Justice
which centers on tribal sovereignty and maintaining and enhancing their separate land base.
Indigenous land title as recognized by the European and US Powers
"Indian cooperation was the prerequisite for European penetration and colonization of the North American Continent"
From the "Introduction" of American Indian Politics and according to the authors, what is the intent and purpose of the following poster/image?
"Save Veronica" was/is designed to challenge the power of and to demean the purpose of Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA).
Meaning of his name
'he who seeks the wampum belt' - i.e., he seeks wisom
The Indian reservation system
A place to remove Indian tribes A place to civilize the Indian A place to educate the Indian A place to Christianize the Indian A place to keep Indian tribes apart from everyone else
Land Consolidation:
As you know, initially, Indian land was acquired through the treating making process but laws, like the General Allotment Act of 1887 dramatically reduced the Indian land base. "As late as 1887, tribes controlled over two billion acres of land" and "by 1975, tribal lands in the lower forty-eight states totaled only a little more than 54 million acres" (138).
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823):
Based on the Doctrine of Discovery, Chief Justice John Marshall declared the U.S. secured superior legal title to Indian lands.
Indigenous land title as recognized by Spain
Blessing from the pope to justify Spanish land claims and to deny aboriginals land claims Treaties: 1. Establish Peace, friendship, military alliance 2.Delineate territorial boundaries and land cessions 3.Secure European footholds on the frontier against other European competitors
The "expansive" definition of the Doctrine of Discovery "indigenous nations" are imagined as...
Children or Wards who have a mere possesory or occupancy right to land
The absolute definition of the Doctrine of Discovery equates discovery with...
Conquest
However, some states have found ways to exclude Indian voting:
Constitutional ambiguity Political and economic factors Cultural and racial discrimination
Although Indian tribal nations are "distinct, independent communities," they are also considered since early Supreme Court rulings"...
Domestic dependent nations
British Recognition of Indian Title
Looking for permanent settling American-Indian was a non-person Distrust with English after 7 Years War Boundary Line - still used today
ICWA
is an acronym for Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978
Lots of Money Owed
Rather than describing the details, the simple fact is that the United States bought Indian land from Indian tribes. Therefore, the U.S. has paid and still owes Indian tribes lots of money, in the billions if not trillions of dollars.
Expansive Definition
'Legal Fiction' Aboriginals' land is secondary to the discoverers Asserts that indigenous nations have an occupancy or possessory right to lands, but they are incompetent to manage those lands and require a benevolent guardian Discovery as Benevolent Paternalism
Litigation is tool that tribes and tribal members use to "protect and enhance their distinctive political, legal, economic, and cultural rights." The U.S. Supreme Court "often decides more Indian cases than the number of Indians relative to the population as a whole would seem to justify" and this suggests three important points:
-Something more than just tribal rights and resources is involved in such proceedings. -Tribal peoples and their rights and resources are subject to more litigation than any other racial, ethnic, or gender group. -Tribal peoples still believe that the rule of law will one day be duly enforced and thus their rights will be safeguarded by a nation that maintains that the rule of law is an essential feature of democracy.
One of the accusations was that Wisconsin Indian fishing depleted fish populations to a larger degree than any others. This assertion was proven false when which of the following was (or were) shown to statistically kill or harvest more fish?
1) Pollution 2) Sports fishing 3) Habitat Laws, which reduced the geographical areas where fish can grow and thrive ALL OF THE ANSWERS
Non-Indian protesters cited which of the following reasons (some of them not true or factual) to justify their protests?
1) Tax monies (or public funds) were used to support Wisconsin Indian fishing. 2) Wisconsin Indians were have "special rights" that ordinary U.S. or state citizens do not possess. 3) Wisconsin Indian tribes' "Treaty Rights" are abusive and should be abrogated (repeal or do away with). ALL OF THE ANSWERS
From the "Introduction" of American Indian Politics, what is the best definition of Tribal Law and Order Act, signed by President Obama in 2010?
1)The Tribal Law and Order Act addresses public safety in Indian Country, especially the health and welfare of American Indian women. 2)The Tribal Law and Order Act is the first step in establishing American Indian women sovereignty in Indian Land. 3)The Tribal Law and Order Act helps the sovereign tribal nations to exercise jurisdiction over people committing crimes within their tribal land base. ALL OF THE ANSWERS
Why is the Iroquois constitution or the Great Binding Law important to the overall discussion of images of stereotypical Indians in law, politics and popular culture?
1. Because the language used in the Albany Plan of Union reflects language used in the Great Binding Law. 2. Because the association with American Indians in the Albany Plan of Union was an attempt by representatives of the English American colonies to symbolically represent American independence from English rule. 3. Some Americans believe that the Great Binding Law was a source for the writing of the Albany Plan of Union, Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution. ALL OF THE ANSWERS
Original Indigenous Governments
1. Kinship group or household was/is the basic social building block 2. Individual/personal autonomy was/is essential and to be protected and respected 3. Emotional-spiritual-physical connection to one's homeland has to be recognized and understood (learning is hunting) 4. Political and spiritual worlds are not separated (ghost face) 5. Sovereignty was/is vested in the community and not the leaders (six thumbs thick) 6. Though males hold most the important political leadership positions, women were not discounted and sometimes and in some tribes did hold these same positions 7. The primary thrust was/is more judicial than legislative
In 2018, federally recognized American Indian people are...
1. Members/citizens of their own tribal nations 2. Citizens of the state they reside 3. Citizens of the United States of America ALL OF THE ANSWERS
The "The Great Binding Law" is considered and understood to be...
1. The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations 2. The source for Benjamin Franklin's political cartoon, "Join, or Die," and the Albany Plan of Union 3. The predecessor to the United States Constitution ALL OF THE ANSWERS
Why are indigenous peoples nations and not minorities?
1. Tribal peoples are the original inhabitants of North America, separate peoples inhabiting specific territories that they wield governmental and jurisdiction over. 2. Tribes are treaty-recognized sovereigns. 3. Tribes are subject to the Trust Doctrine. 4. Tribes are subject to Plenary power
1884
American Indians are not subject to the jurisdiction of the United States so could not be citizens of the U.S. by birth.
The right to fish by Wisconsin Chippewa Indians to was not historically honored after the signing of the Wisconsin Indian treaties. How did Wisconsin Chippewa Indian tribes earn back the right to fish?
By challenging the prohibitions, fines, jail time and local laws in federal court and earning a favorable federal court decision based on Constitutional and Treaty laws.
Detribalization
Early attempts/successes to make individual Indians citizens of the United States included a provision that American Indian individuals had to give up tribal citizenship and federal recognition.
French Recognition of Indian title
Embraced Indians, and cherished them Closer relationship than any other European nation
Indigenous Self-Determination
Fishing Rights Struggles and other activities Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 Repudiation of the Termination policy in 1972 Indian Education Act of 1972 American Indian Policy Review Review Commission of 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978
Absolute Definition
Grants legal title to the European discoverers, not the natives Discovery = complete conquest, denies indigenous nations with titles to their land Discovery as Conquest
Sovereignty
Indian Casinos are an example of...
Tribal Self-Governance in an Era of New Federalism (1980s-Present)
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 Public Law 103-413 of 1995 (Self-Governance of Federal financial resources) 1988 rulings on Indian religious freedom The role of presidential executive orders Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act of 2006 Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 The 2012 HEARTH Act Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 Indian Trust Asset Management Act of 2016
What do Wilkins and Stark examine to explain the contest between federal and Indian sovereigns?
Indian Law and Policy
Indian Removals, Relocations, and Reservations (1830s-1880s)
Indian Removal: In the 1830s-1840s, tribes were compelled to sign removal treaties, suffer coerced migration and the loss of lands east of the Mississippi. Indian Removal led to Indian tribes being declared by Supreme Court decisions as "domestic dependent nations," "subject to the guardianship protection of the federal government," "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries," "enough sovereignty to exclude states from exercising power over Indian peoples" and lands, "are under the protection of the federal government" and therefore, are not independent.
Sovereignty
Indian tribes have governments, which are recognized by the treaty making process. In this way, Indian people are not simply ethnic minorities or racial groups. Their identities are political. They are members of Indian tribes. No other racial group or ethnic minority has governments. Sovereignty also confers the right to govern and like states Indian tribes can make laws of their own as long as those laws do not violate the U.S. Constitution. Take for example Indian casino operations. Tribes can open and operate casinos just like the states of Nevada and New Jersey. If the Supreme Court decides to make "gambling" unconstitutional, then Indian tribes and the many states engaged in legalized gambling would all have to cease operations.
American Indians have three polities:
Individual American Indians are members/citizens of their own tribal nations, the United States and the State that they reside.
Basic Premise of the Doctrine of Discovery
Mapping is an act of possession and appropriation of European and Christian nations. Claim to land predates ownership by many, sometimes hundreds, of years. Claims do not mean ownership. The Doctrine of Discovery is an agreement between European nations to restrict each Nation's areas of potential colonization. Wars and revanchism often change the borders of discovery claims. As an illustrative instrument of the Discovery Doctrine, mapping is an act of possession and appropriation of European and Christian nations to claim American Indian lands. Claim to Indian land predates ownership by many, sometimes hundreds, of years. Claims do not mean ownership. The Doctrine of Discovery is an agreement between European nations to restrict each other's areas of potential colonization of the Americas. Wars and revanchism often change the borders of discovery claims. The United States of America negotiated for, fought wars to obtain and purchased directly, the Discovery rights from European nations, most notably, England, France and Spain
1871
No more treaties will be negotiated. Despite a treaty, individual American Indians are ruled to be outside the United States. Federal law can override Indian treaty rights in some cases.
The 7th fire legacy is an element of what form of tribal governments that is carried over to all three?
Original (Traditional)
The Formative Years (1775-1820s)
The Promotion of Civilization and Education of Indians. The Regulation of Trade and Commerce with Tribes. Clear Boundaries. Use of Treaties to maintain peace, acquire Indian land and to exclude states any power over Indian people, lands and in the field of Indian policy.
Goods and services bought and paid for in advance
The Tuition Waiver for American Indian students attending institutions of higher education in Michigan is an example of...
"The Rescue," by Horatio Greenough (1837), shows...
The physical superiority of the white pioneer American over the muscular and handsome ignoble savage.
Indians as patriots and the seven categories
Traditional Patriotism Measured-Separatism Patriotism Anti-American Patriotism Environmental Patriotism Assimilative Patriotism Co-optive or Colonized Patriotism Apatriotic Patriotism
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Tribes were/are distinct, independent political bodies in which the laws of states have no force. However, since 1996, the force of state laws are beginning to have an effect on tribal governments and the age-old "exclusive" power of the federal government over tribes.
Does the right for Wisconsin Indian tribes to fish predate European and or American contact and nation-to-nation relations?
True
Timber:
Unlike fish and wildlife, which are considered a property right of the tribes, timber is considered part of the trust lands and therefore timber belongs to the federal government (held for the benefit of the Indians).
What is Indian Federal Recognition?
Where an individual Indian is determined to be legally (hence, federally recognized) American Indian and is a member of an Indian tribe through a measure of a Degree of Indian Blood (or DIB) certified by federal standards
"Join, or Die"
a short and striking or memorable phrase / a motto associated with a political party or movement or other group / a war cry (Pathos): "Join, or Die" calls the American colonies to action by asserting the positives of unity and the dangers of disunity.
prophecy
a didactic tool the engagement of the spiritual realm without resorting to "ghostly effect" or romantic notions of Native American spirituality or the ghostly, Vanishing Indian conflations of time; lessons from the past used to inform the present and future can be guided by spiritual leaders or be an internal process can be guided by spiritual leaders or be an internal process
Lighting the 7th Fire
a documentary, not a ghost film
State governments
are encroaching on tribal economic sovereignty and despite that Indian tribes and people pay no taxes on "trust lands," Indians "pay federal income tax and numerous business and sales taxes" (137).
