IR FINAL
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Area where a state has special rights to the resources and trade networks of the waterways
Article 5 of U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
Commits the United States to defend Japanese territories against attack. This is important because US Secretary of Defense James Mattis says he believes Article 5 covers the Japanese administration of the Senkaku Islands
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Enables Japan to provide this security assistance and assists economic growth in developing countries
"Spaghetti Bowl,"
refers to trying to link EU countries into the "Asian noodle bowl" through similar agreements
Sensitive Agricultural Commodities
rice, wheat, sugar, dairy, beef, and pork. Shielded by tariffs and many subject to measures that further mitigate the operation of free markets
East Asian Summit (EAS)
Annual meeting of East Asian leaders following the ASEAN summit
Trade Diversion
''Trade diversion'' refers to the displacement of more-efficient trading partners not party to a given FTA in favor of less-efficient partner country(s), which gain due to preferential treatment
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
A trade agreement led by the U.S. to help foster and boost economic growth in Asia.
Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)
A pact between countries that results in agreeing to lower the tariffs on certain items.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
An organization in which countries' democratic governments work together to promote economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development to help stimulate world trade
Trump Management
A policy set around "disarming" and "disengaging" Trump, largely enacted by PM Shinzo Abe. Essentially, they "disarm" Trump by always appearing to agree with him and never challenging him on anything, and "disengage" from Trump by making sure to separate Economic and Security discussions and hold those meetings w/ literally anyone other than Trump whenever possible. They see Trump's "art of the deal" approach as packaging Economic and Security policies together and don't want to be forced into making trade concessions in order to continue security alliances
Nippon Keidanren (Business Federation)
A top Japanese business group that helped freeze triangle merger rules that made it easier for foreign companies to purchase foreign investments in Japan to protect Japanese businesses from takeover bids
U.S.-Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation
1997 - mandated that Japan would provide non-combat support to American forces
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
A China-centric trading network that joins China with ASEAN countries as well as the EU, primarily along the land-based Silk Road Economic Belt and the oceangoing Maritime Silk Road.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
A collaboration by ASEAN leaders with China to create a new freed trade agreement. Including APEC and TPP, Japan remained a pivotal country with the potential to join any of the three trade agreements in Asia.
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
A competing funding institution to the AIIB which aims to promote social and economic development in Asia.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
A military strategy in which there is the full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more nations. Japan's population density along with its small geographical area, point out the flaws in using MAD
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
A multilateral investment bank led by China to help increase the infrastructure investment in Asia.
Japan-Myanmar Association
A non-partisan group with members comprised of politicians, bureaucrats, and businessmen.
Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)
Air Defence Identification Zone is airspace over land or water in which the identification, location, and control of civil aircraft is performed in the interest of national security
U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation
Allowed India to receive American civilian nuclear technology
Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA)
Allows the American military and its allies to provide each other with aid
"Yokohama Vision" (Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific - FTAAP)
An APEC-wide FTA of of the Asia-Pacific. Notably, it would bring China and the US---the two biggest economic powers---into an FTA, which is a deal that eclipses any economic output of any other FTA in Asia, including RCEP and the TPP
EU-Japan Action Plan (2001)
An action plan covering four major areas: Peace and security; strengthening economic and trade partnerships through globalization; coping with global and societal issues; and and cultural exchanges. Meant to strengthen Japan-EU relations and used as a guide for relations going forward; came about because Japan felt the EU would be focused on expanding the EU to the point of putting Japan on the back-burner, and this plan was meant to assure Japan of proactive action.
Structural Impediments Initiative (SII)
An initiative that dismantled obstacles that stood in the way of the American and Japanese trade systems.
World Bank (WB)
An institution that provides loans to countries for capital programs
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
An intergovernmental group that helps promote and stabilize the growth of Asian countries.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
An organization that aids the cooperation and stability of international trade/spending to help prevent poverty and foster global economic growth.
Collective Self-Defense (CSD)
Article 9 prohibits Japan from exercising collective self defense which entails being able to defend its allies and neighbors
"Asian Noodle Bowl,"
Bilateral FTA agreements that overlap with each other, creating a "bowl of noodles" if you were to consider FTAs between countries as a single noodle and the "bowl" would be the sphere surrounding ASEAN countries
Mystery/Spy Boats (funshinsen)
Boats from North Korea that infiltrated Japanese waters to conduct illegal activities such as drug trafficking and espionage
Nemuro
City in Hokkaido where the Northern Territories movement began
Dynamic Defense Force (DDF)
Concept to enhance Japan's ability to ward off territorial incursions and "shifting south" to counter china
ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office (AMRO)
Contributes to the support for the implementation of the Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) and institutionalization in Asia.
Low-Yield FTA Strategy
Creating multiple low yield FTA's so that the Japan is not dependent on just one country for resources
Foreign Pressure (Gaiatsu)
Criticism and/or demands from outside Japan that forces Japan to take a specific Foreign Policy stance or action.
Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD)
Defense system to counter Chinese and North Korea maritime incursions
"Pacifist Japan"
Despite Japan's reputation as a "weaker" nation for not having an offensive military, Japan has become a much stronger, more secure, and powerful nation giving it a lot to boast about. This includes being the world's third largest economy and playing a large role in the US-Japan security alliance. Japan also has one of the most impressive military forces. Japan's alliance with the US also helps balance the large power of China
"Buck-passing Japan"
Despite the reputation many have given Japan in the past, Japan currently plays a large role in the US-Japan security alliance and has also shown interest in making international contributions using its military forces, rather than "buck-passing."
EU-Japan FTA
EU-Japan FTA center on the fact that the EU feels member countries are being left out of the global standard-setting process of Mega-Regionalism in Asia; agreements on trade as well as foreign policy and things like intellectual property rights are being decided on a large scale in Mega-Regionalism and the EU-Japan FTA is meant to fold the EU into that and give EU member countries a stronger voice through relations w/ Japan
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
Economic aid to states bordering on strategic shipping lanes vital to Japan
Japan-East Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youths (JENESYS)
Educational linkages between Japan and India to foster cross-cultural friendship
"Foreign Peril"
Fear of a foreign takeover on a domestic level resulting from an increased foreign presence.
Yoshida Doctrine
Following the security alliance between Japan and the U.S., the TPP trade agreement was intended to build U.S.-Japan relations and counter China's influence in East Asia.
Constructivism
Foreign policy idea that highlights that one issue can mean different things to different actors
San Francisco Peace Treaty
Formally ended Allied occupation of Japan and restored its national sovereignty in April 1952
Commission to Petition for Returning Islands Attached to Hokkaido (Commission)
Formed by mayor Ishisuke and the residents of Nemuro to return the islands
Yoshida Doctrine
Formulated by PM Yoshida; enabled Japan to rely on the United States for military support, while Japan was able to develop its economy into one of the largest.
"Four Islands (at Once)" Thesis
Formulated by the LDP which demanded all 4 islands back
Japan Coast Guard (JCG)
Founded in order to ensure freedom of the seas
Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) Information Sharing Center (ReCAAP-ISC)
Founded with the intent to reduce piracy by providing things like technical assistance, training and equipment, facilitating cooperation and establishing a regional framework for regional cooperation.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs)
Gave Japan a greater role in global economic management in forms such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to increase Japan's funding shares and voting power. However, with the U.S. as the largest shareholder, they remained a veto power on key issues and stunted Japan's growth.
Shangri-la Dialogue
Held in Singapore yearly, East Asian defense chiefs meet
Alliance for Petitioning the Return of Chishima and the Habomai Islands (Alliance)
Hokkaido based interest group petitioning for the return of these islands
Nippon Foundation
Have been working with minority groups in Myanmar by providing humanitarian assistance and building schools
Irredentism
Political movement formed to reclaim some lost territory
"Asia's Last Frontier"
How Japan portrays Myanmar as it views it as " a new market for 60 million consummer, a promising production base, and cheap workforce for japanese industry. Investing abroad in emerging markets like myanmar can potentially give a good investment return to a japan mired in economic stagnation, demographic decline, and rapid population ageing"
Kashgar, Gwadar
Important ports and focal points of the CPEC
Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs)
Important trade routes that are of vital strategic importance to countries like Japan, which receives 88% of its oil through one strait.
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)
Independent Government agency that oversees the introduction of foreign firms into the Japanese market.
Nuclear Tests
India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974
Abandonment
The risk that the United States, fulfilling its duties as a superpower, will overlook or remove itself entirely from the security treaty.
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)
Infrastructure and Transport proposed to limit foreign ownership of Japanese airports for security purposes.
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
Intended to modernise Pakistani infrastructure and provide benefit to Chinese corporations
"Checkbook Diplomacy,"
International criticism of the Japanese during the Gulf War that only provided financial aid to the coalition that removed Saddam Hussein from Kuwait
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
JICA is a government agency that ascertain the needs for infrastructure to promote economic developments, and is planning to form well-balanced projects. JICA facilitates a strong Japanese presence in Myanmar by offering tangible benefits to the country and its people.
Fukuda Doctrine (1977),
Japan became the first nation to recognize and interact with ASEAN due to the Fukuda doctrine
"Security Assistance,"
Japan's assistance to civilian policing agencies
"Special Relationship"
Japan's engagement with Myanmar based on shared historical experience during the WWII
Maritime Self Defense Force (MSDF)
Japan's navy, most sophisticated in Asia
Asian Monetary Fund (AMF)
Japan's proposed solution to the height of Japan's economic crisis that what shut down by the U.S. because of its fear of a weaker Japan and strong China.
Economic Statecraft
Japan's pursuit of foreign policy to help deepen regional integration in East Asia and balance against China.
Fukuda Yasuo
Japanese Prime Minister who promised a greater effort for foreign investment in Japan.
China-plus-one
Japanese business strategy to still be partners with China but to diversify their investments to elsewhere in Asia
Political Risk
Japanese businesses concern about the potential risk of investing all of their resources into China. Biggest risk revolves around reliable labor
Entrapment
Japanese fears that the United States would draw them into Cold War conflicts such as the Vietnam War.
Antimilitaristic Prohibitions
Japanese laws building on article 9 that prohibit using nuclear weapons, exporting weapons and limiting defense expenditure to 1% of GNP
Andō Ishisuke
Mayor of Nemuro who led the movement to get back the northern islands
Williamsburg Summit (1983)
Meeting between the seven "Western" nations, including Canada, USA, France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, hosted in the US; Concerned the deployment of Pershing II missiles to force the Soviet Union to return to arms talks. Japan under Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone strongly urged unity between Western nations; as a member of "the West", Japan had a strong interest in a united front both in terms of security and economics. Ultimately, Nakasone's strong support of the indivisibility of the western nations was what brought the members into agreement on policy: before Nakasone's statement, Reagan thought it would be impossible to come to a consensus.
ASEAN Defense Minister's Meeting-Plus (ADMM+)
Meeting of defense ministers in order to combat piracy and other common security issues
Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation (Japan-Australia)
Moves to increase peacekeeping operations of Japanese and Australian militaries
Three Non-Nuclear Principles
No possession, production or introduction of nuclear weapons - 1967
Abduction Issue
North Korean agents had secretly abducted Japanese citizens - mostly from within Japan - during the 1970s to be trainers for North Korean spies infiltrating South Korea disguised as Japanese. (*In 2002, Kim Jong-il officially admitted and apologized for the abduction of Japanese citizens by his agents)
Northern Territories (Kunashiri, Etorofu, Habomai, Shikotan)
Occupied by the USSR at the end of WWII, and a major stumbling point in relations between Japan and Russia
1956 Joint Declaration (Japan-USSR)
Opened diplomatic relations between the USSR and Japan and declared the mutual intent for a comprehensive peace treaty.
National Defense Program Guideline (NDPG)
Outlines the budget and resources to be used for the JSDF
International Peace Cooperation Law (ICPL)
Passed by the Diet in 1992 to allow the JSDF to aid in United Nations peacekeeping operations.
Refugees
People who have crossed country boundaries in order to escape war, persecution, or a natural disaster.
Passive Trade Policy
Playing a passive role in trade as following rules rather than leading and making them. Protection of domestic producers
Counterattack Capabilities
Preemptively striking an enemy base is considered to be permissible under Article 9 if the enemy poses an imminent threat to Japan. Japan wants to acquire weapons for that purpose, such as cruise missiles, as a Counterattack Capability deterrence to North Korea; however, acquisition of Counterattack Capabilities would strain relations with other neighboring countries, notably China.
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Prime Minister Miyazawa played a pivotal role in establishing the ASEAN Regional Forum.
Nobusuke Kishi
Prime Minister of Japan from 1957 to 1960, PM Abe's Grandfather
Fukuda Takeo
Prime Minister who initially set a quota of 500 refugees to be resettled in Japan, which was an order of magnitude higher than previous refugee resettlement; eventually, this number would exceed 10,000. It's likely that PM Takeo believed that resettling Indochinese refugees would relieve foreign pressure w/out setting precedent that would force Japan to capitulate more in the future.
Abenomics
Prime minister Abe's administration's economic growth strategy for Japan: Monetary policy, flexible fiscal policy, and structural reform. Joining the TPP would help facilitate the main objectives of abenomics.
Nakayama Proposal (1991),
Proposed a multilateral security architecture that would serve Japanese interests.
Protectionism
Protection securing the property rights of Japan's free trade agreements including agriculture and national interest.
Association for Countermeasures Related to Northern Territories (Association)
Quasi-government agency related to the affairs of the Northern Territories.
Grand Strategy
Refers to Japan's security strategy for much of the post war period as broadly formulated to Prime Minister Yoshida.
Security-Economic Nexus
Refers to the relationship between Japan and China as being one with lotsa economic cooperation but little political cooperation
Trade Reciprocity
Refers to trade numbers being more equal between countries; the example given was that Toyota alone sold 2.1 million cars in the US, while US cars and trucks sold in Japan were only about 15,000 total in 2016. "Reciprocity" was the reason given for Trump pulling out of the TPP
Mega-Regionalism
Regional foreign policy and trade agreements that promote Regionalism to an extent that supplants or downplays globalism; Regionalism but More So. In this instance, Mega-Regionalism is a major problem for the EU as it has interest in the region but is not part of the region, and Mega-Regionalism vastly favors agreements between countries present in the region already
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO)
The rules for trade between nations/ the market of exporting to other countries
South China Sea (SCS)
Sea where China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines all have territorial claims
National Defense University
Seeks to train future members of the self-defense forces
MacArthur Line
Showed the military border that existed around post-war japan
U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
Signed in 1960 between the two governments as an affirmation of the Yoshida doctrine, one of the longest lasting bilateral alliances in history
Tanaka Toshifumi
Socialist Governor of Hokkaido
Japan Communist Party (JCP)
Supports the return of the Islands along with a termination of the US-Japan alliance
Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)
Systems, prices, and business practices that hindered the American and Japanese market.
"Three Non-Nuclear Principles"
The Diet of Japan's commitment to not manufacture, process, or import nuclear weapons. While these resolutions of the diet represent Japan's stance of nuclear weapons, they are not legally binding.
Yoshihiko Noda
The Japanese Prime Minister after Naoto who continued support for free trade agreements making the TPP a priority of his administration.
Naoto Kan
The Japanese Prime Minister in 2010 who initially declared that Japan would take part in talks regarding Japan joining the TPP.
Nōkyō (Japan Agricultural Cooperatives, JA)
The Japanese agricultural cooperative organization that criticized the decision to join TPP negotiations saying that it threatened Japan's agriculture and sovereignty of other interests.
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
The Japanese government's plan to cooperate with neighboring countries to avoid isolation and facilitate the overseas expansion of Japanese corporations.
"Re-Militarization"
The Korean mass media accused Japan of inflating the abduction issue and other North Korean-related cases out of proportion in order to legitimize its real hidden ambition of 're-militarization'. South Korea accused Japan of trying to use this incident as an excuse to bring back its military/some Japanese even assumed that South Korea might join North Korea and turn towards Japan.
Ministry of Economy & Trade and Industry (METI)
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (経済産業省 Keizai-sangyō-shō) or METI, is a ministry of the Government of Japan. It was created by the 2001 Central Government Reform when the Ministry of International Trade and Industry merged with agencies from other ministries related to economic activities, such as the Economic Planning Agency.
Ministry of Finance (MOF)
The Ministry of Finance is one of the cabinet-level ministries of the Japanese government. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Finance (財務大臣 Zaimu-daijin), who is a member of the Cabinet and is typically chosen from members of the Diet by the Prime Minister.
Sanctions, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), Strategic and Global Partnership
The NPT designates the UN security council as nuclear weapons states, Japan heavy sanctioned India following its tests in the 1990s
U.S. Pivot
The U.S. pivot toward Asia and Japan concerns the rise of China in the region setting the stage for U.S. support on Asian trade agreements.
Economic Nationalism
The argument of whether or not nationalism in Japan affects policy making.
Cabinet Legislation Bureau (CLB)
The body within the executive branch that determines whether or not legislation proposed by the government violates existing laws. The CLB's stance against nuclear proliferation in Japan stems from article 9 in the US imposed constitution.
Keiretsu (Business Groups)
The business groups that increased the number of shares that could be held by a company to prevent foreign acquisitions by reducing the number of stocks publicly traded.
Chiang-Mai Initiative (CMI)
The combined efforts of East Asian governments to help the regional economy crisis.
Plaza Accord
The currency intervention run by the U.S. to raise the value of the yen and bring about the depreciation of the dollar to help the Japanese trading market.
Japan Defense Agency (JDA)
The former version of Japan's Ministry of Defense. A recent assessment of the JDA revealed that there is a negative public opinion regarding nuclear proliferation in Japan, however this is not definitive
Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP)
The free trade agreement supported by APEC leaders as a solution to facilitate investments and lower costs of overlapping agreements.
"30 Comrades"
The group of the Burmese nationalists led by Aung San (father of Suu Kyi) that fought for the independence of Burma. Aung San and his comrades were trained by the Imperial Army in Hainan Island and later they became the nucleus of the modern Burmese Army
Newly-Industrialized Economies (NIEs)
The growing importance of trade and export platforms among Asian countries and the diminishing importance of the U.S. in Japan's trade market.
ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting (ADMM)
The highest defense consultative and cooperative mechanism in ASEAN. ADMM Plus focuses on East Asian diplomatic and security issues having bearing on Tokyo's national interests
"Reactive State"
The idea that Japan sets foreign policy in reaction to foreign policy or demands set forth by the United States; essentially, the power structure between Japan and the US is so one-sided that Japan sets FP "in reaction" to the US; or if not the US, then Western powers In General
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
The idea that the acquisition of Japanese firms by foreign capital poses a threat to Japan's national interest.
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)
The international treaty to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote the peaceful use of nuclear power.
Foreign Investment Law
The law set in the 1950s regarding Japanese authorities putting limitations on major foreign investments in Japan, so that the nation would not have to rely on foreign capital.
Liberalization
The liberalization of US and Japanese policies regarding trade to help facilitate new free trade agreements, including those involving the TPP.
Gaiatsu (Foreign Pressure)
The long tradition of Japanese trade liberalization under foreign pressure.
Nuclear Hedge
The nuclearization of Japan. Although there continue to be plutonium reprocessing facilities in Japan, debates exploring the advantages to the proliferation of nuclear resources among civilians is still uncertain
Reactive State
The previous view of Japan passive stance on policy activism; more stagnant.
Postal Privatization
The privatization of the Japanese postal service that Prime Minister Koizumi pushed in an attempt to persuade voters using anti-American rhetoric (this failed to gain support).
Developmental State
The state of Japan planning industrial policies capable of changing Japan's position in the international division of labor. Showing how state-level variables impact Japan's economic diplomacy and how policy activism has grown.
Security Identity
The state policy, especially national security policy, follows the identity shared by the majority of citizens that was formed by the historical trajectory of the state (from footnote on p274). Both South and North Korea share the same ethno-national identity, and the desire for reunification drove the South to adopt the Sunshine Policy toward North
"Sunshine Policy"
This policy, which became official during the Kim administration, asserted that all Koreans must overcome the confrontational South-North relational structure of the Cold War to bring peace and stability to the Korean Peninsula. A product of South Korea's democratization in the 1990s, promoted the concept of 'peaceful coexistence' and 'mutual security' by acknowledging the existence of non-zero-sum solutions to the two Koreas' security problems. The policy also involved delinking humanitarian aid from hard security politics, and loosening government control on the private sector's activities with the North.
"Securitization"
U.S. members of the TPP advocating the significant role the TPP would play in foreign policy in order to get more nations onboard.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
UN programme created in 1950, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is designed to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless peoples, and assist in their repatriation, integration, or resettlement.
Peacekeeping Operations (PKO)
United Nations missions to maintain peace in a specific region. (Kosovo, Haiti, Kashmir)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
When a government invests directly into another country
Trade and Foreign Exchange Liberalization Guidelines
With the obligations from the OECD, the Japanese government implemented guidelines in 1960 to help set the direction for foreign exchange liberalization.
"Pivotal State,"
countries whose fate determines the survival and success of the surrounding region and ultimately the stability of the international system
Multilayered Trade Strategy
favoring multilateral trade agreements over bilateral agreements with multiple FTA's with regional groups
"Workhorse Model,"
ffers a predictable causal chain to explain liberalizing or protectionist outcomes: preferences >coalitions>institutions>outcomes. First step is to determine the preferences of economic actors based on international competitiveness. Then establish the emergence of pro and anti trade coalitions that can make use of a wide range of advocacy tactics
WTO-Plus Rules
most of the rules require China to accord national treatment to foreign individuals and enterprises with respect to their investment and business activities in China
